UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar³hann Mar... · 2018-10-12 · UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar Jóhann Mar Ólafsson June 2018 Abstract The aim of this study was to

UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar

Jóhann Mar Ólafsson

Thesis of 60 ECTS credits

Master of Science (MSc) in Sustainable Energy

Science

June 2018

ii


Thesis of 60 ECTS credits submitted to the School of Science and Engineering

at Reykjavík University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Sustainable Energy

Science

June 2018

Supervisors:

Juliet Ann Newson, Supervisor

Professor, Reykjavík University, Iceland

Victor Pajuelo Madrigal, Co-Supervisor

GIS and Earth Observation specialist, Svarmi, Iceland

Daniel Ben-Yehoshua, Co-Supervisor

Geologist, Svarmi, Iceland

Examiner:

Mark Harvey

Professor, University of Auckland, NZ

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Copyright


June 2018

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June 2018

Abstract

The aim of this study was to produce and analyze a thermal map of a geothermal

area in Iceland. Austurengjar, an area part of the Krýsuvík volcanic system on the

Reykjanes Peninsula was selected. The area was mapped by a UAV equipped with

a dual thermal and RGB camera. The resulting thermal image and RGB orthophoto

were compared to conventional mapping methods and analyzed. Temperature

polygons were created for various temperature ranges in to obtain a greater

understanding of the thermal distribution in the area. The methods for UAV

mapping showed promising results as highly detailed images were produced after

a flight of ten minutes. The results show that UAVs could be a key tool in baseline

geothermal mapping and monitoring in the near future.

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Fjarkönnun á jarðhitasvæði í Austurengjum


júní 2015

Útdráttur

Markmið þessarar rannsóknar var að kortleggja háhitasvæði kennt við Austuengjar

á Reykjanesskaganum. Svæðið var kortlagt með þyrildi sem var útbúið með

tvískiptri hitamyndavél. Útfrá þeim gögnum voru bæði myndakort sem og hitakort

búin til. Þessi kort voru borin saman og greind m.t.t. hefðbundra

rannsóknaraðferða. Marghyrningar (e. polygons) voru útbúnir fyrir mismunandi

hitabil til þess að greina betur hitadreifingu innan svæðisins. Aðferðirnar við

fjarkönnun á þessu svæði lofa góðu þar sem hágæða kort voru búin til á svæðinu

eftir flug sem tók einungis 10 mínútur. Niðurstöðurnar gefa til kynna að þyrildi

geta haft þýðingarmikið hlutverk í grunnrannsóknum á háhitasvæðum sem og

eftirliti á háhitasvæðum.

x



Thesis of 60 ECTS credits submitted to the School of Science and Engineering

at Reykjavík University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Sustainable Energy Science

June 2018

Student:


Supervisors:

Juliet Newson

Supervisors:

Victor Pajuelo Madrigal

Supervisors:

Daniel Ben-Yehoshua

Examiner:

Tough E. Questions

xii

The undersigned hereby grants permission to the Reykjavík University Library to reproduce

single copies of this Thesis entitled UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar and to

lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only.

The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright

in the Thesis, and except as herein before provided, neither the Thesis nor any substantial

portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever

without the author’s prior written permission.

date


Master of Science

xiv

Acknowledgements

There are many people to think for their help during this project.

First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Juliet Newson for her immeasurable

help and uplifting attitude.

Thanks to my supervisors from Svarmi ehf, Victor Pajuelo Madrigal and Daniel

Ben-Yehoshua, for their help during this study and field work.

Thanks to Svarmi ehf for sponsoring this project via the use of their equipment,

personnel, data and resources.

Thanks to my friends and fellow students whose presence and help made this

project bearable.

Lastly, thanks to my family and girlfriend for their support and understanding for

the duration of this project.

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xvii

Contents

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ xv

Contents ............................................................................................................................xvii

List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xix

List of Tables ....................................................................................................................xxii

List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xxiv

List of Symbols ............................................................................................................... xxvi

1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1

2 Background ....................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Brief History of Aerial Surveying of Earth’s Surface ............................................ 2

2.2 Review of UAV use for geological surveys ........................................................... 4

2.3 Iceland: Geologic setting for this study .................................................................. 9

2.3.1 Austurengjar ............................................................................................. 13

2.3.2 Previous field research ............................................................................. 14

2.3.3 Emissivity ................................................................................................. 17

3 Methods ........................................................................................................................... 21

3.1 Flight planning ...................................................................................................... 21

3.2 Field procedures .................................................................................................... 23

3.3 Image processing .................................................................................................. 23

3.4 Image analysis....................................................................................................... 25

3.5 Shallow soil temperatures ..................................................................................... 25

4 Results .............................................................................................................................. 26

4.1 Ground conditions................................................................................................. 28

4.2 Thermal map and QGIS ........................................................................................ 31

4.2.1 Isolating temperature values ..................................................................... 34

4.2.2 Section 1 ................................................................................................... 34

4.2.3 Section 2 ................................................................................................... 46

4.2.4 Section 3 ................................................................................................... 60

4.3 Thermal gradient and heat flow ............................................................................ 76

4.3.1 Thermal conductivity ............................................................................... 78

4.3.2 Heat flow .................................................................................................. 81

5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 83

5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 85

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 86

xviii

Appendix A ........................................................................................................................ 90

Appendix B ....................................................................................................................... 130

xix

List of Figures

Figure 1 A comparison between a) manually interpreted faults and b) automatic detection

method [20].............................................................................................................................. 5 Figure 2 a sketch showing the setup for the experiment as well as the laser positioning [21].

................................................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 3 The photo on the left shows a digital elevation photo that was created in October

2013. The middle photo shows the changes in elevation between May and October. The

photo on the right shows the derived surface velocity along with the direction of flow [22]. 7 Figure 4 A calibrated thermal infrared orthophoto of the Waikite area. The black box on the

photo is expanded in Figure 5 [18]. ......................................................................................... 8 Figure 5 The expanded area. Image a) shows calibrated temperature and image b) shows

heat flux. Pixel size is 19cm [18]. ........................................................................................... 8 Figure 6 Iceland’s position within the North Atlantic and the surrounding geological

junctions. The solid black line represents the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the dotted line

represents the mantle plumes position over its 65 million years [27]. .................................. 10

Figure 7 All identified volcanic systems in Iceland. The dotted circle represents the location

of the mantle plume [27]. ...................................................................................................... 11

Figure 8 Geothermal areas in Iceland [30]. ........................................................................... 12

Figure 9 All options for Iceland’s Master Plan for nature protection and energy utilization.

The Austurengjar area can be seen highlighted by yellow [33]. ........................................... 13 Figure 10 Place names around the Austurengjar area. The stars on the figure represent

geothermal locations and the large yellow star above Austurengjar area the subject of this

thesis [33]. ............................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 11 Austurengjar Geothermal Manifestation Map 1 [34]. ........................................... 16

Figure 12 Austurengjar Geothermal Manifestation Map 2 [34]. ........................................... 16 Figure 13 Thermal Gradient of the Stream at Austurengjar [34]. ......................................... 17

Figure 14 Top view of the initial image position. The green line follows the position of the

images in time starting from the large blue dot. .................................................................... 22 Figure 15 The number of overlapping images computed for each pixel of the orthomosaic.

Red and yellow areas indicate low overlap and poor results whereas green areas indicate

high overlap and good results. ............................................................................................... 24 Figure 16 The research area. This picture was created from the UAV imaging process from

the RGB camera. On this image certain areas have been divided into section and

subsequently each geothermal feature has been labelled (data source: Svarmi ehf). ............ 27

Figure 17 An overview of the field research area. This photo looks northeast and was taken

from the main geothermal feature in the south. It is represented by the letter (a) on Figure 16

(photo by Juliet Newson). ...................................................................................................... 28

Figure 18 Photo from locality (b). The UAV taking off from the ground (photo by Juliet

Newson). ................................................................................................................................ 29

Figure 19 Photo from locality (c). Steam rising from geothermal feature 8 in the South. The

dark lower section of the steam is the shadow of the adjacent hill. The shadows of the field

team can also be seen on the steam (photo by Juliet Newson). ............................................. 29

Figure 20 Photo taken from locality (d). The “mud forest” that could be seen on the east and

south side of the main geothermal feature (photo by Juliet Newson). .................................. 30

Figure 21 Photo from locality (e). The stream running from the main geothermal feature

(photo by Juliet Newson). ...................................................................................................... 31 Figure 22 The color ramp and temperature values of the thermal image (Figure 23). .......... 32

xx

Figure 23 The thermal image created of the research area (data source: Svarmi ehf). ......... 33 Figure 24 Thermal polygon representing temperature values from 0-10°C. The square on

the top left side of the figure represents the enlarged part on the right (data source: Svarmi

ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 35

Figure 25 Section 1 overlaid by the 0-20°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).

............................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 26 Section 1 overlaid by the 0-30°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).

............................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 27 Section 1 overlaid with the 0-40°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi

ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 28 Section 1 overlaid by the 10-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).

............................................................................................................................................... 41



............................................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 31 The thermal polygon representing temperature values from 0-10°C. The square

on the left side of the figure represents the enlarged part on the right (data source: Svarmi

ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Figure 32 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-20°C temperature polygon. .................................... 48

Figure 33 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-30°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi

ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 49 Figure 34 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-40°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi

ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 51

Figure 35 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-50°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi

ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 52 Figure 36 Section 2 overlaid by the 10-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).



............................................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 39 Section 2 overlain by the 40-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).

............................................................................................................................................... 59 Figure 40 Thermal polygon representing temperature values from 0-10°C. The square on

the bottom left side of the figure represents the enlarged part on the right (data source:

Svarmi ehf). ........................................................................................................................... 60





............................................................................................................................................... 67


............................................................................................................................................... 69




xxi


............................................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 50 Temperature time series for each thermocouple for the duration of this survey. . 77

Figure 51 The average temperature plotted against depth. .................................................... 78 Figure 52 Dry and wet thermal conductivities as functions of porosity. Here, the gray line

represents the chosen porosity for this study and the red curly bracket represent the range of

saturation values [39]. ............................................................................................................ 79

xxii

List of Tables

Table 1 Typical average emissivity values for materials listed over the range of 8-14 μm,

from [37]. .................................................................................................................................18 Table 2 Specification of the ThermalCapture Fusion camera. ................................................22 Table 3 Polygon temperature range .........................................................................................34 Table 4 Average temperature values at depth. ........................................................................78

Table 5 The symbols and their corresponding values used in the equations. All the values

were obtained from [42]. .........................................................................................................80 Table 6 Thermal conductivity values for each saturation percentage. ....................................81

Table 7 The calculated heat flow for each saturation value. ...................................................81

xxiii

xxiv

List of Abbreviations

GCP Ground Control Point

TIR Thermal infrared

UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

UAS Unmanned Aerial System

GPS Global Possitioning System

DSM Digital Surface Model

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DTM Digital Terrain Model

RGB Red Green Blue

xxv

xxvi

List of Symbols

Symbol Description Value/Units

ε Emissivity Ratio

M

Total radiant

existance W m-2

σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant

W m-2 K-4

α(λ) Absorptance of terrain element

Ratio

ρ(λ) Reflectance of terrain element

Ratio

τ(λ) Transmittance of terrain element

Ratio

Φ Porosity Fraction

Sl Liquid saturation Fraction

xxvii

1

Chapter 1

1Introduction

This study looks at the use of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) for geothermal surveys

in Iceland. This thesis is a co-project between Reykjavík University and Svarmi ehf. Svarmi

ehf is one of the leading companies in Iceland in remote sensing applications.

The study area selected for this thesis was Austurengjar, an area in SW Iceland. It was

mapped using a modified commercial UAV and a dual camera. This area is suitable for such

a study as it has not previously been mapped by UAV survey. This thesis aim is to map this

geothermal area for the first time using UAV mounted sensors. Other factors in favor of

mapping Austurengjar are as follows:

- A geothermal field, reasonably close to the researchers’ headquarters.

- Easily accessible from the road.

- Minimal outside interference, i.e. only a few visitors are ever observed there.

- Currently not under utilization, so that the data produced by this survey can serve as

baseline data for future research.

- No UAV restrictions.

- Previous surface studies that allow us to comment on the quality and quantity of data

for different type of surveys.

The objective of this thesis is to create an orthophoto of a geothermal area in Iceland,

using a UAV and a thermal camera, which has not been mapped in this way before. This

survey then provides baseline information about the undisturbed geothermal system.

Additionally, examples will be given to compare traditional methods of exploration to UAV

mapping.

In chapter 2 of this study the background of remote sensing is covered and a few

examples of the use of modern UAV applications are given. Following those sections, the

2 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND

geological background of Iceland is covered as well as previous studies of the Austurengjar

area. In chapter 3 the methods for UAV mapping and processing are shown. The results are

described in chapter 4 and subsequently interpreted in chapter 5. Afterwards a conclusion

for UAV applications are discussed.

2Background

2.1 Brief History of Aerial Surveying of Earth’s Surface

The word photogrammetry comes from the Greek words photo (light writing), gram

(graphic) and metry (measure). Photogrammetry is described by The American Society for

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) as “the art, science and technology of

obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through processes

of recording measuring and interpreting images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant

energy and other phenomena” [1].

“Remote Sensing techniques are used to gather and process information about an object

without direct physical contact” [1]. The earliest recorded history of remote sensing was in

1859 where Gaspard Felix Tournachon photographed Paris from above using balloons.

During the American Civil war, balloons were also used for reconnaissance purposes. Aerial

photographs have been taken from airplanes from as early as 1909 for a wide range of uses,

both military and civilian. Satellites were first employed for remote sensing in 1960 when

the American military launched the Discoverer into Earth’s orbit and NASA alongside the

Department of Defence launched the satellite TIROS-1, an experimental weather satellite

which systematically provided the first image of the entire globe. In 1972 NASA designed

and launched the first Earth Resource Technology Satellite (ERTS-1), later known as

Landsat 1, in a joint initiative with the USGS and other departments. From 1972 until 1984

NASA launched a total of five satellites (Landsat 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) [2]. The Landsat project

is still active today and plans to launch the satellite Landsat 9 in 2020 [3]. From 1978 and

towards the end of the 20th century, Landsat satellites have provided valuable information in

a variety of scientific fields with the purpose of improving, measuring and monitoring

Earth’s resources as well as inspiring new approaches to data analysis and academic research

[2]. The main limitation of research satellites is their pixel resolution. The spatial resolution

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF AERIAL SURVEYING OF EARTH’S SURFACE

3

range from older satellites is around 1 km whereas the newest satellite (WorldView-4) can

provide a finer spatial resolution of 30 cm [4] [5]. Additionally, using sensors that sense

above the atmosphere or that are at a height where the atmosphere can affect readings the

user must perform atmospheric corrections to get the real surface reflectance instead of the

Top-of-atmosphere reflectance [6]. Other noteworthy limitations of satellite imagery are

their potential high cost per scene, finding suitable repeat times and cloud contamination [7].

These limitations can be somewhat circumvented by using aircraft equipped with

imaging sensors, such as lidar and TIR (thermal infrared) [8]. Light detection and ranging

(lidar) has been used on airplanes since 1960 but acquiring accurate lidar data was not

possible until Global Positioning Systems (GPS) became commercially available in the late

1980s. Lidar has been used on both airplanes and satellites and has proven useful in creating

topographical maps due to its accuracy [9]. Aerial thermal infrared (TIR) surveys for

monitoring geothermal areas have been recognized since the 1970s [10]. TIR surveys are

applicable wherever there is a temperature difference in the environment and are also able

to differentiate geologic surface materials [11] [12]. TIR surveys have become a popular

method for monitoring geothermal areas, particularly over regular intervals allowing

resource managers to respond to changes more quickly [10].

In theory, airplanes may be used for repetitive finer-scale studies but in practice they are

also hampered by financial limitation since the data acquisition process is costly [4].

In 2006, UAVs emerged as a relatively cheap alternative to satellite and airplane

mapping the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs are also referred to as Unmanned

Aerial Systems, UAS, or “drones”) [13]. From these images, digital surface models (DSM)

and digital elevation models (DEM) are built. Digital surface models include vegetation,

buildings and other features on the surface whereas a digital elevation model represents

earth’s bare surface [14].

DSM models, along with a digital image and the internal characteristics of the imaging

sensor, enable the production of an orthophoto [16]. An orthophoto eliminates relief

displacement from perspective imagery as remote sensing images suffer from relief

displacement and scale variation due to perspective projection. Therefore, the orthomosaic

image has a constant orthographic projection, i.e. viewed from the Nadir point, and provides

the orthophoto with the same characteristics as a map. Having map-like characteristics, as

well as the popularization of digital cameras, lidar systems and GPS make orthophotos an

important component in GIS databases [17].


One of the earliest, if not the first, large georeferenced temperature-calibrated geothermal

orthophoto from a UAV was published by [18]. The orthophoto is of the Waikite geothermal

area in New Zealand and encapsulates an area of 2.2 km2. In order to accurately georeference

remote sensing images ground control points (GCPs) are needed. Survey grade equipment

is optimal for georeferencing orthophotos, but most UAVs are equipped with GPS systems

which can be used for less accurate georeferencing of orthophotos. UAVs can also be

equipped with RTK-GPS that can be of cm accuracy, reducing the need for GCPs [19]. GCPs

are usually represented on orthophotos by an object placed on the ground by the researcher.

These objects are not necessarily the same but plastic sheets or flags are common. For

thermal imaging, aluminum plates are optimal due to their low emissivity [10].

Mapping using UAVs has several advantages. With recent technological advances and

commercialization, UAVs have become a cheap alternative in mapping as they can map

small areas in high resolution. Ultimately, pricing depends on the scope of the project in

question, e.g. if a UAV were to cover the same footprint as a satellite the cost trade-off would

not be beneficial. Equipped with both digital cameras as well as a GPS system, a trained

individual can control the UAV in-situ or even upload a pre-programmed flight. Some UAVs

have the option to add or remove equipment, allowing the user to customize the survey to

their specific needs. The use of a UAV can also shorten exploration and monitoring times

as the UAV covers distances quicker than humans. Additionally, UAVs can be used when

there is cloud-cover due to their ability to fly at low altitudes and can also reach dangerous

areas which would be hazardous to humans [18] [10]. Lastly, UAVs can provide higher

resolution as images taken from a lower altitude enable a higher resolution in the final image,

resulting in a resolution as high as 0.3 cm/pixel. “In contrast, the best resolution available

from manned aircrafts or satellites is typically 20-50 cm/pixel” [20].

The most notable disadvantage of UAVs is the battery life, a general concern in cold

conditions like Iceland. That disadvantage can be circumvented as the user can change

batteries for repeated flights over an extended area or use a gasoline powered UAV.

Additionally, newer batteries can last up to 30 minutes for regular UAVs and up to 90

minutes for fixed wing UAVs. Lastly, the weather dependency of UAVs can limit their use,

e.g. an inability to fly in high winds and rain.

2.2 Review of UAV use for geological surveys

This section will provide various examples on different usage of UAVs. Its purpose is to

2.2 REVIEW OF UAV USE FOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS

5

show their versatility and give the reader a broader perspective on UAVs for research

purposes.

A case study done in Piccaninny Point, Tasmania, had the purpose of mapping strike-

slips faults with UAVs and test new computer vision routines. The study shows that mapping

faults and joints using semi-automatic mapping tools with data gathered by a UAV is

possible. Furthermore, comparing UAV data and the mapping methods used in this study

with data from satellites or aircrafts shows that the spatial accuracy generated could range

from millimeters to centimeters. Therefore, it is more accurate than previously obtained data

from satellites or airplanes [20].

Figure 1 A comparison between a) manually interpreted

faults and b) automatic detection method [20].

The use of drones to measure surface flow mapping was demonstrated in [21]. A

recreational drone, equipped with a GoPro camera and four lasers, was shown to yield

accurate surface flow maps of sub-meter deep water bodies. The drone was flown over an

artificially channeled stream, recording a full HD video at 60 Hz, and the surface velocity

was measured using tracers, both natural and artificial. The data collected from both the

drone and the onsite flow sensing systems were in good agreement. The system of lasers

used in the experiment enabled remote photometric calibration of the data acquired, leaving

out the otherwise necessary use of GRPs (ground referencing points). Furthermore, the lasers

were utilized for pixel calibration and flow velocimetry analysis. The laser system

demonstrated that lower cost observations are possible if fixed reference objects are not

required [21].


Figure 2 a sketch showing the setup for the experiment as

well as the laser positioning [21].

A study on the Himalayan glaciers was done in 2014 a fixed-wing UAV. This was flown

over a tongue of the Himalayan glacier, before and after the melt and monsoon season. The

data acquired resulted in a highly detailed ortho-mosaic and a digital elevation model. Using

the differences in the models created, the glacier mass loss and surface velocity were derived

with good accuracy. “The potential of using UAVs in glaciology is high and it may

revolutionize classical field-based methods” [22].

2.2 REVIEW OF UAV USE FOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS

7

Figure 3 The photo on the left shows a digital elevation photo

that was created in October 2013. The middle photo shows the

changes in elevation between May and October. The photo on

the right shows the derived surface velocity along with the

direction of flow [22].

Volcanology and geothermal studies are other disciplines that benefit from the use of

UAVs. La Selinelle, a mud volcano situated on the southwest perimeter of Mt. Etna was the

subject of an experiment using UAVs and thermal cameras. The thermal data gathered with

a UAV and cameras was in agreement with measurements done in situ. The experiment

proved that more detailed mapping of the volcanic areas was possible using UAVs and that

UAVs could prove to be relevant in earth science monitoring operations [23].

Volcanic gases collected by a UAV were measured in the La Fossa crater in Vulcano,

Italy. Using an ultraviolet spectrometer to remotely sense SO2 flux and an infrared

spectrometer with an electrochemical sensor to remotely sense SO2 flux and CO2/SO2 ratios,

respectively, showed that UAVs have promise in volcanic gas measurements [13].

A small area within the Tauhara field in New Zealand was mapped with a small UAV

carrying a Sony HDR-AS100V as well as a FLIR Tau 320 infrared camera. The use of an

infrared camera provided detailed information of geothermal surface features, as areas

shown in the RGB images were seen bare ground whereas the thermal images showed high

temperature. The study demonstrates both advanced techniques in sampling, processing and

analyzing data as well as both the possible utility and limitations of UAVs in geothermal

sciences [10].


The Waikite valley thermal area in New Zealand was mapped with an infrared camera

as well a digital camera with the purpose of creating a georeferenced, thermal-calibrated

orthophoto of the area. The data gathered was calibrated against surface measurements taken

at the time of the survey, and using a Monte Carlo analysis, an estimate on the heat loss of

the thermal lakes and streams in the area was done. This report showed that larger scale

thermal imaging and mapping of geothermal areas is possible using UAVs [18].

Figure 4 A calibrated thermal infrared orthophoto of the

Waikite area. The black box on the photo is expanded in Figure

5 [18].

Figure 5 The expanded area. Image a) shows calibrated

temperature and image b) shows heat flux. Pixel size is 19cm

[18].

Thermal mapping in geothermal areas in Iceland can be traced to airplane mapping in

2.3 ICELAND: GEOLOGIC SETTING FOR THIS STUDY

9

the late 1960s [24]. Studies have been done on thermal mapping in Iceland and two recent

studies focusing on thermal imaging in Iceland are discussed in this thesis.

Two thermal images of Reykjanes geothermal area were taken in 2004 and 2011 from

an airplane. A comparison of the images shows an increase in surface temperature in the

area [25].

The second study done compared in-situ thermal measurements with handheld thermal

images taken at ground level. That comparison showed the temperature difference between

the two being as high as 75°C. That temperature difference is related to the distance from

which the images were taken. The distance being 400 m away from the thermal feature being

measured. That distance greatly affects the thermal accuracy of the camera. Additionally,

the in-situ temperature measurements were taken at a depth of 10 cm whereas the thermal

camera provides only surface temperature data. They conclude that remote sensing cannot

replace conventional geothermal mapping, but rather complement it. By using both methods

and changing the approach of geothermal mapping, mapping and monitoring geothermal

fields would improve [26].

Previous studies have highlighted the potential use of UAVs in surveying and

exploration. It has proved to be a cost-effective solution as an alternative or alongside

ground-based methods that can produce imagery similar and comparable to commercially

produced LiDAR and images obtained from manned aircraft. The creation of DSM and

DEM models from orthophotos are useful in all stages of exploration and the addition of

thermal infrared cameras is likely to become a necessary tool in future exploration of

geothermal and volcanic areas. The use of UAVs is still in its early stages and further

development of UAVs, as technology evolves, will increase the options available for

research. With increased payload capabilities, improved flight time and cheaper, more

available equipment, new avenues of exploration and airborne measurements could be

explored.

2.3 Iceland: Geologic setting for this study

Iceland is a basalt plateau located between two physiographic structures in the North

Atlantic Ocean, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Greenland-Iceland-Faeroe Ridge. Iceland’s

construction is considered to be a result of a spreading plate boundary and a mantle plume

and it thought to be 24 million years old. The mantle plume itself is still active and has been


for the past 65 million years, although Iceland is the only active part of it today. The Iceland

basalt plateau has a crustal thickness of 10-40 km and covers an area of about 350.000 km2

of which only 30% is above sea level, the remainder of the basalt plateau forms a 50-200

km wide shelf around the island [27].

Figure 6 Iceland’s position within the North Atlantic and the

surrounding geological junctions. The solid black line represents

the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the dotted line represents the mantle

plumes position over its 65 million years [27].

The principal geological structure in Iceland is linked to the volcanic systems on the

island. These volcanic systems are characterized by volcano-tectonic architecture that

includes either a fissure swarm (dyke) or a central volcano or both, with a typical lifetime of

0.5-1.5 million years. The fissure swarms are extended features within each system and are


11

normally aligned sub-parallel to the axis of the hosting volcanic zone, whereas the central

volcano is the largest edifice in the system and the focal point of eruptive activity. 30

volcanic systems have been identified in Iceland and 20 of those 30 systems features a fissure

swarm in a various state of maturity [27].

Figure 7 All identified volcanic systems in Iceland. The

dotted circle represents the location of the mantle plume [27].

The combination of high mantle heat flow and fractured volcanic rocks result in many

manifestations of geothermal activity. Geothermal activity in Iceland is divided into low

temperature areas (<150°C) and high temperature areas (>200°C) [28]. The high

temperature areas can be found within belts of active volcanism and rifting and lie astride

active fissure swarms. The low temperature areas are located within Quaternary and Tertiary

formations and are linked to recent sub-vertical fracturing and faulting [29].


Figure 8 Geothermal areas in Iceland [30].

In the southwest the mid-ocean ridge rises above sea-level at the end of the Reykjanes

Peninsula (area 1 in Figure 7Figure 8). The Reykjanes Peninsula in SW Iceland is defined

by its volcanic systems that are arranged along the plate boundary in an echelon manner.

The fissure swarms in the area are oblique to the system boundary and are usually named

after the geothermal areas they occur in. Seismicity on the Reykjanes Peninsula is high and

episodic in nature, although no volcanic activity has occurred in the area since shortly after

the settlement of Iceland [31].

The Krýsuvík volcanic system (area 2 in Figure 8) consists of a fissure swarm without a

central volcano. Krýsuvík also hosts one of the high temperature geothermal areas on the

Reykjanes Peninsula. It can be divided into: Trölladyngja, Sandfell, Austurengjar and

Sveifluháls. The first mention of exploration is recorded in 1755 when shallow wells, of less

than 3 m, were drilled in the area. A number of shallow wells were drilled in 1941-1953 and

in the 1960’s four deep exploration wells were drilled. The exploration wells were not

promising as they showed high temperature at 300-400 m depth but lower temperatures at

deeper levels. In the 1970s additional exploration was initiated by Orkustofnun where four

more exploration wells were drilled. All four of the new wells had the same result as earlier


13

exploration well, displaying an inverse thermal gradient with the maximum temperature

reached at 500 m [32].

2.3.1 Austurengjar

Austurengjar is a valley located south of lake Kleifarvatn in Krýsuvík. Four of the early

shallow wells were drilled in the area between 1941-1945 and were mostly focused near

Kleifarvatn lake. The area itself has a few hot spots with geothermal activity and has been

categorized as category 2 (on hold) in Iceland’s master plan for nature protection and energy

utilization, Figure 9. For this reason, no new test wells can be drilled in the area although it

is thought the production capacity is in the order of 100MWe if harnessed [33].

Figure 9 All options for Iceland’s Master Plan for nature

protection and energy utilization. The Austurengjar area can be

seen highlighted by yellow [33].

The east part of the Austurengjar area extends south beyond Kleifarvatn lake, includes

both Sveifluháls and Móhálsadal to the Trölladyngja area where it extends south again along

the Sveifluháls ridge as seen on Figure 10. The Sveifluháls ridge is about 15km long and is

mostly made of hyaloclastites. Some older metamorphic rocks can be seen along the ridge.

South of lake Kleifarvatn, in Austurengjar, a fissure swarm is related to geothermal activity.


Figure 10 Place names around the Austurengjar area. The

stars on the figure represent geothermal locations and the large

yellow star above Austurengjar area the subject of this thesis

[33].

2.3.2 Previous field research

This study is focused on the Austurengjar area, Figure 10. The geothermal activity at

Austurengjar lies in the S-W extension of the topographic depression occupied by

Kleifarvatn. The geothermal activity here is in the easternmost expression of the Krýsuvík

system; the geothermal surface features were mapped as part of a field study of the entire


15

Krýsuvík surface features by Hogenson (2017).

The following description of the geothermal surface features is based on Hogenson’s

work. The largest geothermal feature is at the southernmost end of the valley. That

geothermal feature is described as a large body of muddy water with parts of it boiling,

Figure 11. The site itself also consisted of smaller, scattered fumaroles that ran along the

edges of the slope surrounding the geothermal feature and mud pots that ranged from 2-5

meters in size [34].

The large geothermal feature also has a stream that runs off it and flows into Kleifarvatn

to the north (Figure 13). The stream itself and the area surrounding the large geothermal

feature mainly consists of grey silt and clay with some red, orange and light brown clay near

fumaroles. The soil temperature measurements in the main margins of the large geothermal

feature range from 21.3 – 66.3°C, whilst the temperature closer to the feature ranged between

90.1 – 98.5°C. The stream that runs from the main geothermal feature has a decreasing

temperature gradient of 3.8 – 6.7°C per meter away from the source [34].

Other areas of activity can be seen to the north end of the valley, along its western side.

Those areas mostly consist of partially covered or saturated warm ground with its main areas

being small mud pots and gaseous springs. Temperature measurements in the area show a

temperature range of 71.2 – 79.3°C in the small springs and a ground temperature of 26.1 –

32°C, Figure 12 [34].

The purpose of this thesis is the mapping of the Austurengjar area with a UAV. To the

authors knowledge this is the first such study done in this area. The resulting data provides

the reader with a different ‘picture’ of the area than a surface study. The field work for this

study was done in January whereas Hogenson’s was done in April. Therefore, a noticeable

difference is seen on the images in the form of snow cover or lack thereof. Nevertheless, an

interesting comparison can be made between the two different techniques used in each study

and the contrasting results.


Figure 11 Austurengjar Geothermal Manifestation Map 1

[34].

Figure 12 Austurengjar Geothermal Manifestation Map 2

[34].


17

Figure 13 Thermal Gradient of the Stream at Austurengjar

[34].

2.3.3 Emissivity

In order to interpret thermal images an understanding of thermal radiation in necessary.

Normally, temperature measurements are performed with a temperature probe and measure

the kinetic temperature of the body being measured. The kinetic temperature can be thought

of as the internal temperature of the object in question. But, objects also radiate energy as a

function of their temperature. This external radiation of an object can be measured by using

thermal scanning to determine the objects radiant temperature. Any object that has a

temperature value greater than 0 K emits radiation [35].

Emissivity (ε) is the efficiency with which an object radiates energy compared to a perfect

emitter, or a so-called blackbody that has an emissivity value of 1. Emissivity can vary both

with different wavelengths and temperatures. Most thermal sensing is done within the region

of 8-14 μm because it contains the peak energy emissions for most surface features. The

emissivity values for each feature can also vary depending on their condition, e.g. wet or dry

soil have different emissivity, see Table 1. Atmospheric interruptions can also distort the level

of radiation coming from the ground, depending on its absorption, scattering or emission.

Atmospheric absorption and scattering tend to make objects on the ground appear colder than

they are whereas atmospheric emission can make them warmer. Other effect such as dust,

fog, smoke or water droplets can also affect the thermal measurements [35].


Table 1 Typical average emissivity values for materials

listed over the range of 8-14 μm, from [35].

Material Typical Average Emissivity (ε) over 8-14 μma

Clear water 0.98-0.99

Wet snow 0.98-0.99

Human skin 0.97-0.99

Rough ice 0.97-0.98

Healthy green vegetation 0.96-0.99

Wet soil 0.95-0.98

Asphaltic concrete 0.94-0.97

Brick 0.93-0.94

Wood 0.93-0.94

Basaltic rock 0.92-0.96

Dry mineral soil 0.92-0.94

Portland cement concrete 0.92-0.94

Paint 0.90-0.96

Dry vegetation 0.88-0.94

Dry snow 0.85-0.90

Granitic rock 0.83-0.87

Glass 0.77-0.81

Sheet iron (rusted) 0.63-0.70

Polished metals 0.16-0.21

Aluminum foil 0.03-0.07

Highly polished gold 0.02-0.03

The interactions of incident energy absorption, reflection or transmission on a terrain is

described in [35]. They state the relationship of incident energy and its disposition when

interacting with terrain as:

𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝑅 + 𝐸𝑇 (2.1)

Where:

EI = energy incident on surface of terrain element

EA = component of incident energy absorbed by terrain element

ER = component of incident energy reflected by terrain element

ET = component of incident energy transmitted by terrain element

They go on to divide each part of equation (2.1) by EI and defining each ratio on the right

side of the equation:


19

𝛼(𝜆) =𝐸𝐴

𝐸𝐼 𝜌(𝜆) =

𝐸𝑅

𝐸𝐼 𝜏(𝜆) =

𝐸𝑇

𝐸𝐼 (2.2)

Equation (2.2) can be restated as:

𝛼(𝜆) + 𝜌(𝜆) + 𝜏(𝜆) = 1 (2.3)

Thusly defining the interrelationship between the properties of each element among the

terrain. The Kirchhoff radiation law states that the spectral emissivity of an object equals its

spectral absorption. Therefore:

𝜀(𝜆) = 𝛼(𝜆) (2.4)

Therefore:

𝜀(𝜆) + 𝜌(𝜆) + 𝜏(𝜆) = 1 (2.5)

Lastly, most object are assumed to be opaque to thermal radiation in remote sensing

applications. Therefore, the value of incident transmitted energy equals zero and can be

removed from the equation.

𝜀(𝜆) + 𝜌(𝜆) = 1 (2.6)

From equation (2.6) it is clear that within the thermal region of the spectrum there is a

direct relationship between an objects emissivity and its reflectance. Therefore, the lower an

objects reflectance, the higher its emissivity and vice versa. For example, water has

negligible reflectance in the thermal spectrum and therefore has an emissivity that is almost

equal to 1. The opposite can be said for sheet metals as their reflectance is very high and

therefore have low emissivity.

The Stefan-Boltzman law (M = σT4) can be applied to blackbody radiators. That law can

also be extended to real materials by reducing the radiant existence (M) by the emissivity

factor (ε):

𝑀 = 𝜀𝜎𝑇4 (2.7)

By adding the emissivity factor to the Stefan-Boltzman law, equation (2.7) describes the

interrelationship between a measured signal (M) and temperature and emissivity parameters.

It is also worth mentioning that emissivity can differ within surface features that have the

same temperature.


Thermal sensors measure the radiant temperature of an object, Trad. The kinetic energy

of that object can also be related to its radiant temperature. Within a blackbody those two

energies would be equal, for real objects however the emissivity factor must be considered.

Therefore, the relationship between the radiant and kinetic temperature of an object is:

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀1/4𝑇𝑘𝑖𝑛 (2.8)

Equation (2.8) showcases that the radiant temperature recorded by a remote sensor will

always be lower than the kinetic temperature of said object. Also, worth noting is that remote

sensing only detect radiation from the topmost surface layer and therefore might not

represent the actual temperature within the object itself. Additionally, the diurnal

temperature variation must be considered when determining the optimal time for remote

thermal sensing [35].

21

Chapter 3

3Methods

3.1 Flight planning

Once a field of exploration has been selected, various field methods can be used for drone

mapping. A flight plan can be determined using software such as UgCS©, which is used for

DJI quadcopters [18].

In-situ calibrations are necessary and can be done using temperature probes (e.g. type-k

thermocouple). These measurements should be done immediately after each flight in order

to maximize the efficiency of the image calibration afterwards. Also, worth noting is that

flights and measurements done early morning or at night can minimize the effect of sunlight

on the image calibration. Ground Control Points (GCPs) are an important factor when doing

aerial research. Establishing GCPs prior to flying and marking them with an accurate enough

GPS unit is necessary for the images to be accurately georeferenced.

For this thesis the field research was conducted at January 19th, 2018. The flight over the

research area was planned using Mission Planner©, an open source autopilot project. The

flight was preprogrammed in the morning before heading out to the field. The used

Quadcopter for this survey was a 3DR Solo, modified for thermal imaging, and it was flown

by Daniel Ben-Yehoshua from Svarmi ehf. The flight was conducted at a speed of 5 m/s at

an altitude of 130m. Acquired images had a frontal overlap of 90%, which represents the

percentages of overlaps between one image and the next, and a sidelap of 82% which

represents the overlap between different flight legs. The flight resulted in a resolution of 17

cm/pixel. The flight pattern can be seen on Figure 14.

The camera used for this flight was a ThermalCapture Fusion, a dual camera with both

infrared (Spectral band: 7.5 – 13.5 μm) and RGB sensors allowing it to perfectly align

thermal and RGB images.

22 CHAPTER 3: METHODS

Table 2 Specification of the ThermalCapture Fusion

camera.

Dimensions 60 x 30 x 56 mm (W x H x L)

Weight 130 g

Resolution 640 x 512 pixel (thermal) & 1600 x 1200 pixel (visual)

Thermal resolution 0.03K (industrial grade)

Figure 14 Top view of the initial image position. The green

line follows the position of the images in time starting from the

large blue dot.

3.2 FIELD PROCEDURES 23

3.2 Field procedures

The field survey was conducted January 19th, 2018 around midday. The Austurengjar

area is a 30-minute hike away from the parking lot area next to Grænavatn. Once at the

research location the field was explored and GCPs were set down on three places. However,

relative geolocations were all that was needed for this survey and therefore accurate GCPs

were not necessary. Wooden pegs were set down at the GCP locations and can be accurately

geolocated for further research if necessary. The field area was covered in snow except for

the geothermal features. Once the research area had been scouted the UAV flight could

begin. The flight was preprogrammed in the morning before heading out to the field,

nevertheless it had to be altered due to the altitude of the steam rising from Austurengjahver.

The flight took around 10 minutes, covered a total distance of ~3 km.

3.3 Image processing

For this thesis the program PixD4 was used to process the images once extracted from

the camera. All processing and post-processing was done by Daniel Ben-Yehoshua from

Svarmi ehf. 268 color (RGB) images were taken by the UAV as well as 263 thermal images.

These images were acquired from the ThermalCapture Fusion camera by using the

ThermoViewer software which is provided with the camera. The program allows the user to

process and extract the data collected by the camera. The thermal images were extracted

from the camera in TIFF format and were radiometrically corrected by the camera itself. The

RGB data was also extracted.

The next step was to extract the navigation file from the UAV and subsequently geotag

the RGB and thermal images. During flight the UAV sends a trigger message to the camera

when it is supposed to take an image. The time between the trigger message and when the

image is taken is not instantaneous but is corrected for within the camera itself. The image

is correlated with a GPS location of the trigger.

The last step in the image processing part was to load the images into Pix4D. Pix4D can

create a digital terrain model (DTM) from the RGB images by adjusting to the altitude, focal

length and lens distortion of the camera [10]. The process of creating the RGB orthophoto

took ~40 minutes on a 64-bit Windows 10 computer with 128 GB of RAM and an Intel Core

i7 processor. The RGB orthophoto had a 14,4% relative difference between initial and

optimized internal camera parameters. Matching the images within the program yielded

promising results as a median of 25824 matches were found per calibrated image. There was

24 CHAPTER 3: METHODS

little to no offset between initial and computed image positions and the overlap for each

image was very high, see Figure 15.

Figure 15 The number of overlapping images computed for

each pixel of the orthomosaic. Red and yellow areas indicate

low overlap and poor results whereas green areas indicate high

overlap and good results.

From the thermal camera 263 out of 268 thermal images were calibrated within Pix4D.

They had a median of 7045 keypoints per image and a median of 2606 matches per calibrated

image. The overlap for the thermal image was higher than for the RGB orthophoto and the

offset between initial and computed images was low.

3.4 IMAGE ANALYSIS 25

The thermal image generated from Pix4D was a pixel-value based grayscale reflectance

map. In order to produce an absolute temperature, map the following formula was applied

in the Index Map Generator in Pix4D: Grayscale * 0.04 – 273.15.

3.4 Image analysis

Once the images had been processed by Pix4D the subsequent orthophoto and thermal

image were analyzed with QGIS [36]. Due to the absence of accurate GCPs the thermal

image was georeferenced to the RGB orthophoto. With the thermal layer calibrated on top

of the orthophoto each temperature value could be isolated, and the accurate temperature of

the research area obtained. In order to enhance the geothermal understanding of the area the

temperature values were isolated within the raster calculator function. Those rasters were

then polygonised and layered on top of the thermal image in a step-by-step process.

3.5 Shallow soil temperatures

For this study a thermal probe was used to obtain the heat flow near the large geothermal

feature in the southern part of the research area, a feature previously studied by Hogenson

(2017). Therefore, the temperature probe was left on-site for five days with the aim of

gathering temperature data for heat flux calculations. This was done due to convenience since

the equipment needed for this part of the research was available and this type of data had not

yet been gathered for this specific location.

The data gathered was not correlated to the data gathered from the UAV due to the lack of

survey grade GPS equipment.

A temperature probe was used for in-situ measurements and was left on the field for five

days. The temperature probe was a PP6-36-K-U-18 Point Profile Probe that has 6 different

thermocouples placed 44 mm apart, starting at the base of the thermometer and upwards. The

probe was connected to a four channel RDXL4SD data logger. Since the data logger had only

4 channels and the probe had six thermocouples, two thermocouples on the probe were not

used. Therefore, the top thermocouple of the four used was placed at the surface to determine

the surface boundary layer and the rest of the thermocouples were at a depth of: 4.445 cm,

13.335 cm and 22.225 cm. The data logger was stored within a Storm Pelican case and locked

with a padlock to avoid external tampering. The thermocouple was placed close to the main

geothermal feature in the south, approximately four meters from the stream that runs from

the feature (later shown on Figure 16).

26

Chapter 4

4Results

The UAV was equipped with a ThermalCapture Fusion camera that produced a Red

Green Blue (RGB) orthophoto as well as a thermal orthophoto of the research area. A picture

is worth a thousand words and the RGB orthophoto is no exception to that old saying.

The RGB orthophoto created from Pix4D represents an area of 0.1192 km2 and is divided

into sections. The research area was divided into three sections and each geothermal feature

was numbered. All the sections and geothermal feature numbers will be referred to by these

descriptions for the remainder of this thesis. The orange arrows on the figure represent the

locations and directions of photos that are represented in the next chapter. The orange X

marks the location of the thermal probe.

3.5 SHALLOW SOIL TEMPERATURES 27

Figure 16 The research area. This picture was created from

the UAV imaging process from the RGB camera. On this

image certain areas have been divided into section and

subsequently each geothermal feature has been labelled (data

source: Svarmi ehf).

28 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS

4.1 Ground conditions

Figure 17 An overview of the field research area. This photo

looks northeast and was taken from the main geothermal feature

in the south. It is represented by the letter (a) on Figure 16 (photo

by Juliet Newson).

Field research was conducted on January 19th, 2018. That date was picked due to time

constraints, a perfect weather window, and availability of party members. Given the seasonal

weather, conditions for UAV mapping were excellent. Wind direction was optimal (NNE)

and wind speed minimal. Cloud cover was almost non-existent, and the sun was shining.

There was snow cover over all the area, except for the geothermal features, which can be

seen on the images in this chapter.

Due to the geothermal status of the area some limitations were put upon the UAV. The

steam cloud rising from geothermal feature 8 affects how the UAV must be operated. The

thermal camera cannot penetrate the steam cloud itself [37], so the fact that the wind

direction was blowing the steam away from the field area was beneficial. Due to the height

of the steam rising high from the geothermal feature the flight had to be executed at 130m

which resulted in a pixel size of 17 cm.

4.1 GROUND CONDITIONS 29

Figure 18 Photo from locality (b). The UAV taking off from

the ground (photo by Juliet Newson).

Figure 19 Photo from locality (c). Steam rising from

geothermal feature 8 in the South. The dark lower section of the

steam is the shadow of the adjacent hill. The shadows of the field

team can also be seen on the steam (photo by Juliet Newson).


The conditions surrounding geothermal feature 8 were interesting as steam had clearly

affected the area surrounding the feature. Hogenson, 2017, described the soil surrounding

the main geothermal feature as silt and clay with some color alterations. Those statements

are true, but due to frost in the ground they couldn’t be seen clearly. Due to weather

conditions and thermal expansion, sections of the ground had risen from the earth to create

a “mud forest” which rose to about 20 cm.

Figure 20 Photo taken from locality (d). The “mud forest”

that could be seen on the east and south side of the main

geothermal feature (photo by Juliet Newson).

Snow also covered both sides of the stream running from the main geothermal feature in

section 3. However, snow cover was absent on the ground around the head of the stream

(which is the outflow from geothermal feature 8).

4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 31

Figure 21 Photo from locality (e). The stream running from

the main geothermal feature (photo by Juliet Newson).

4.2 Thermal map and QGIS

The RGB image described in chapter 4.1. provides a good basemap and an understanding

of the research area. The thermal image created of the area gives a clear picture of the

temperature distribution in an area of anomalously high geothermal heat flow.

The thermal image provided below has a color ramp ranging from black (cold) to white

(hot) as seen on Figure 22. Each color represents a certain temperature as can be seen from

the temperature values on Figure 22. The temperature values extracted from the thermal area

range from -35,2°C up to 59,7°C. The temperature values that range below zero cannot be

determined as useful because the thermal camera has difficulty with accurately representing

those values. Hence, those values were excluded from the thermal image in QGIS by

selecting only the values that ranged from zero and above.


Figure 22 The color ramp and temperature values of the

thermal image (Figure 23).

The thermal image shows that the higher temperature areas are closer to the southmost

part of the research area as that is where the main geothermal feature is located (Figure 23).

Geothermal feature 8 can clearly be seen as the hottest part of the area. Unfortunately,

the steam ascending from the pool affects the image due to the thermal cameras inability to

penetrate it. Therefore, in the area of the steam cloud, temperature values are attributed to

the steam itself rather than the pool below. It can, however, be seen that the edges of the

pool are less affected by the steam and are an approximate representation of the

temperatures. The stream running from feature 8 is also visible on the thermal image.

The features within section 2 are clearly shown. The smaller, scattered, geothermal

features in area 4 are visible as well as features 5, 6 and 7.

Features 1, 2 and 3 in section 1 are portrayed in a darker color than feature 8. Features 2

and 3 have an interesting thermal distribution since the southern part of both of those pools

is darker than the rest. The northernmost geothermal feature, however, does not share that

characteristic since its darker parts are on its eastern side. Both streams running from feature

2 are also shown.


Figure 23 The thermal image created of the research area

(data source: Svarmi ehf).


4.2.1 Isolating temperature values

To ascertain the temperature values of the thermal map in a polygonised form, each

thermal value was isolated. Using the raster tool in QGIS those values were isolated and

subsequently categorized. Those categories were in turn made into vectorized polygons to

represent each temperature category. Each category has a temperature range of 10°C and

each image has its temperature range either increased or decreased by adding another

categorized polygon to it or by removing one. The temperature interval could have any

range, but for the sake of simplicity an interval of 10°C was chosen. The temperature range

for each polygon can be seen in Table 3.

Table 3 Polygon temperature range

Figure number Temperature range (°C)

Figure 24, Figure 31, Figure 40 0-10




Figure 35, Figure 44 0-50




Figure 39, Figure 48 40-60

Figure 49 50-60

The temperature polygons are presented for each section, starting with section 1 and

ending with section 3. Additionally, the lower temperature polygons are presented first, and

the temperature range is gradually increased. The entire thermal orthophoto for each polygon

can be seen in Appendix B.

4.2.2 Section 1

To begin with, the lowest temperature range was selected. The blue color on Figure 24

represents temperature values from 0-10°C. All subsequent images for section 1 will

represent the same area but the thermal map overview has been removed. By isolating the

values, it can be seen where the cooler thermal areas are located. The analysis of each

polygon is a visual interpretation where yellow pixels or ‘spots’ within each feature are

identified as having a higher temperature value than the polygon in question.

In section 1 of the research area geothermal feature number 1 has blue polygons on its

eastern and northern edges whereas the feature itself is not covered. Geothermal feature


number 2 is completely covered, suggesting that the temperature values in that feature do

not exceed 10°C. Geothermal feature number 3 has no polygons in its center but has thermal

polygons on its southern side. The two small streams running from feature 2 and 3 are

overlaid with blue polygons.

Figure 24 Thermal polygon representing temperature values

from 0-10°C. The square on the top left side of the figure

represents the enlarged part on the right (data source: Svarmi

ehf).

By adding an additional 10°C to the temperature polygon and increasing its range to 0-

20°C, a larger area is covered by the polygon (Figure 25). In section 1 almost all three

geothermal features are covered by the polygon. Feature 3 is not completely covered as

several yellow spots can be seen within the feature. The streams running from features 2 and

3 are completely covered by the polygon.


Figure 25 Section 1 overlaid by the 0-20°C temperature

polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).

When the temperature polygon range is increased to 0-30°C, both features 1 and 2 are


still completely covered. Feature 3 is still not entirely covered as three yellow spots can still

be seen within the feature, Figure 26.




By increasing the temperature polygon range to 0-40°C it can be stated that no

temperature values in section 1 of the thermal map exceed 40°C as all three features are

completely covered by the polygon, Figure 27.


Figure 27 Section 1 overlaid with the 0-40°C temperature


The temperature polygons shown in the first part of this chapter can provide a good


understanding of the temperature range of the thermal map, ranging from the coldest parts

to gradually encompassing every temperature value available. However, subtracting these

values by removing the colder ones in a step-by-step process, a different perspective of the

hottest areas can be obtained.

By removing the lowest temperature polygon, 0-10°C, higher temperature values can be

seen more clearly as the polygon itself is clearly visible on the thermal image. The features

in section 1 are less covered by the polygon than before. The 10-60°C temperature polygon

covers the middle and southern part of feature 1. The polygon is only visible on a few places

in feature 2. In feature 3 the polygon covers its northern and western sides and few spots are

visible outside of the feature. The 10-60°C temperature polygon provides a stark contrast to

the 0-10°C temperature polygon as the areas they cover are reversed, see Figure 24 and

Figure 28.




By subtracting more of the lower values from the temperature range, fewer polygons in


section 1 are visible. Only one small polygon is visible within feature 1 and none can be

seen in feature 2. The highest number of polygons in section 1 are seen in feature 3. The

difference in polygon use is notable and can be seen by comparing Figure 29 to Figure 25.




Following the same process and subtracting the lowest temperature values, a similar


trend can be seen in the 30-60°C polygon as in the 10-60°C and 20-60°C temperature

polygons. The polygon overlay shrinks and fewer polygons can be seen in section 1 of the

thermal image except for in feature 3. The temperature polygon is seen in four places in

feature 3, Figure 30, whereas these four spots can also be seen Figure 26. As stated earlier

in this chapter, temperature values above 40°C cannot be seen within section 1 and therefore

no additional polygons are presented for section 1.





4.2.3 Section 2

The 0-10°C temperature polygon is the first polygon to be overlaid on section 2. All

subsequent images for section 2 will represent the same area but the thermal map overview

has been removed. The scattered features seen in area 4 are mostly surrounded by the thermal

polygon although a few are entirely covered.

The scattered mud pots, feature number 4, are mostly surrounded by the thermal

polygons although a few are filled out completely. Feature 5 is somewhat covered by the

thermal polygon as it overlays its northern and eastern sides. The thermal polygon covers

most of feature 6 aside from three spots seen near its western and eastern sides. Feature 7 is

also covered by the thermal polygon on its sides with the largest part of the polygon on its

southern side, Figure 31.

Figure 31 The thermal polygon representing temperature

values from 0-10°C. The square on the left side of the figure


ehf).

Increasing the range of the thermal polygon to 0-20°C commonalities can be seen with

section 1 as a greater part of each feature is covered by the polygon, Figure 32. Only a few

spots can be seen in area 4 where the thermal polygon does not completely cover some


features. The thermal polygon covers more of feature 5 but six spots are still visible. Fewer

spots can be seen within feature 6 as it is mostly covered by the thermal polygon. Feature 7

follows suit as only eight spots are identified within that feature.



polygon.

Increasing the temperature range to 0-30°C only one spot can be seen in area 4. Features


5, 6 and 7 are not completely covered as four spots can be seen in feature 5, one in feature 6

and three in feature 7, Figure 33.




The 0-40°C temperature polygon covers most of section 2. Area 4 is entirely covered as

well as features 6 and 7. The only spots seen on this thermal map are located within feature

5, Figure 34.




By overlaying the section 2 with the 0-50°C temperature polygon, no spots can be seen


within the section. Therefore, no temperature values don’t exceed 50°C in section 2, Figure

35.




Following the same procedure as in section 1 the lowest thermal polygons are removed

in a step-by-step process, starting with the 0-10°C polygon. The 10-60°C temperature

polygon is visible within area 4 as most features within the area are overlain by the polygon.

Features 5, 6 and 7 are also covered by the polygon, Figure 36.




Lowering the temperature range to 20-60°C the thermal polygon covers less of the


geothermal features in section 2. Only five places in area 4 are overlain by the temperature

polygon. The areas that the polygon covers within features 5, 6 and 7 is less than before,

Figure 37.




By reducing the temperature polygon to cover only temperature values between 30-60°C


even less areas within section 2 are overlain by the polygon. Only one feature within area 4

is partially covered by the temperature polygon. Feature 5 has the greatest concentration of

the temperature polygon in section 2 as four places area covered. Feature 6 only has one

small polygon overlay and feature 7 has three, Figure 38.




By decreasing the temperature polygon range to 40-60°C only two places are seen within


section 2. Feature 6 is the only feature within section 2 overlaid by the new temperature

polygon as is it seen in two places, Figure 39.

Figure 39 Section 2 overlain by the 40-60°C temperature



4.2.4 Section 3

The 0-10°C temperature polygon is the first polygon overlaid on section 3. All

subsequent images for section 3 will represent the same area but the thermal map overview

has been removed. Feature 8 is the only feature in section 3 and is only slightly covered on

its edges by the 0-10°C temperature polygon. The stream running from feature 8 is partially

covered by the polygon and the further away from feature 8 larger parts of the stream are

covered. Lastly, the 0-10°C temperature polygon covers the southernmost part of feature 8.

That part of the polygon can be attributed to the thermal camera registering the temperature

value from the steam rather than the pool below, Figure 40.

Figure 40 Thermal polygon representing temperature values

from 0-10°C. The square on the bottom left side of the figure


ehf).

The edges of feature 8 are completely covered with the 0-20°C temperature polygon.

The two warmer areas to the east of feature 8 are also covered by the polygon. A greater part

of the stream running from feature 8 is covered but the part of the stream closest to feature

8 is not covered. The 0-20°C temperature polygon encompasses more of the steam rising


from feature 8, Figure 41.




Similar changes are seen in the 0-30°C temperature polygon as feature 8 is still

surrounded by the temperature polygon. The polygon, however, only increased slightly on

the edges of the feature. The most notable changes are seen in the stream running from

feature 8 as only a small part of it near the feature is not covered. The temperature polygon

also encapsulated more of the steam rising from feature 8, Figure 42.




The changes that can be seen by increasing the temperature range to 0-40°C follow the


same theme as the polygons before, as this polygon increases mostly at the sides of the

feature 8 as well as encapsulating more of the steam coming from the feature. The stream

running from the feature is also completely covered., Figure 43




The temperature polygon that represents all temperature values from 0-50°C covers all


most of feature 8. Only a few spots can be seen in the feature 8 that are not covered by the

polygon. Those spots are mainly on its northern and western side with a small exception to

its southwestern side, Figure 44.




Following the same procedure shown in the previous two chapters the lowest


temperature polygon is removed first and afterwards each subsequent polygon in a step-by-

step process. By removing the 0-10°C temperature polygon the 10-60°C temperature

polygon covers most of feature 8 and half of the stream running from the feature. The visible

part of feature 8, e.g. the part not overlaid by the polygon, is the steam rising from the feature,

Figure 45.




Subtracting more of the lower values from the temperature polygon, now with a range


of 20-60°C, less of the steam rising from feature 8 is covered by the polygon. Notably, the

temperature polygon also covers less of the stream running from the feature, Figure 46.




By lowering the temperature range to 30-60°C the temperature polygon shrinks as it

covers less of the steam and stream coming from feature 8. The polygon also becomes more

concentrated as it shrinks towards the sides of the feature that is not covered by steam.

Notably, the polygon covering the stream only extrudes a small distance from feature 8,

Figure 47.




The 40-60°C temperature polygon covering feature 8 becomes even more concentrated


than before. No parts of the stream running from the feature are covered except the very

small part protruding from the geothermal feature and only the bottommost part of the steam

is covered, Figure 48.




Lastly, by only including the highest temperature values (50-60°C), no temperature


polygons can be seen outside of section 3. The 50-60°C temperature polygon seen on feature

8 is on the features eastern, northern and southwestern edges, see Figure 49.




Concluding this chapter, the temperature polygons overlaid on the thermal image are

relatively easy to make. By isolating the temperature values and creating a temperature range

the hottest and coldest part of the thermal map are well represented. The thermal polygons

provide a valuable understanding of where the geothermal upflow in the area is concentrated,

indicating where both the colder thermal areas area as well as the hotter ones. The most

important factor there is that the enhanced perspective they provide of the area. Seeing an

aerial image, Figure 16, it is clear where the hottest part of the area is from the steam coming

out of it. But what the temperature polygons provide is a clearer understanding of the areas

that are less obvious to the naked eye. The three features in section 1 have different

temperature values and feature 2 is less represented by the higher value temperature

polygons. All feature within section 2 are clearly shown by the temperature polygon. The

thermal map and polygons provide a good overview on that area since it could be hard to

map on-site by conventional methods due to the sheer number of features within that area.

By adding the thermal polygons one after another, an understanding of those features can be

more easily reached than before. Section 3 is the only section that is represented by all

temperature polygons. The steam rising from feature 8 is the only notable variation between

polygons as it either increases or decreases depending on the temperature range for each

polygon.

4.3 Thermal gradient and heat flow

Heat transmission in the earth can occur in three ways; by conduction, convection or

radiation. In geothermal areas conduction occurs in a thin layer near the surface that has a

steep temperature gradient that is often maintained by subsurface convection, referred to as

a heat-pipe mechanism. In a thin near-surface layer the heat-pipe mechanism maintains a

high conductive transfer where sub-surface steam condensation in enhanced [38].

Convection near the surface is commonly associated with direct discharge through cracks

or vents as well as the discharge of steam through soil. Radiation occurs when heat is emitted

from the ground surface. The surface heat flux of a geothermal area consists of both

conductive and convective components and can be used to calibrate reservoir models. The

conductive component can be obtained by using near-surface soil parameters along with

temperature gradients and thermal conductivity. The convective component can be

measured with a water-filled calorimeter [38].

4.3 THERMAL GRADIENT AND HEAT FLOW

77

The temperature probe that was used for this chapter was left in the research area in a

secure case and measuring temperature at four different depths for five days. This was done

in order to gain a greater understanding of the heat flow in shallow ground at the research

area. By logging the temperature values at a specific location for a few days, an average

value for each depth can be obtained. All the temperature values and corresponding dates

and time can be seen in Appendix A.

The temperature values for each thermocouple were plotted against time for the duration

of the temperature survey. The first temperature measurement for all thermocouples was at

13:55 on the 19th of January 2018. As seen on Figure 50 the diurnal cycle usually has its

highest temperature at surface level, T3 and T4, around 14:00 each day. There is a noticeable

temperature drop in T1 and T2, starting at the 78-hour mark. Two hours later the temperature

starts increasing again and almost reaches the systems equilibrium point during the survey.

Figure 50 Temperature time series for each thermocouple for

the duration of this survey.

An average value for each temperature value at their specific depths was obtained from

Microsoft Excel and plotted. The average temperature values we’re taken from all the

available temperature data from the thermal probe. The depth is the same at all times for

each temperature probe value (T1, T2, T3 and T4).

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 24 48 72 96 120

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Hours

Temperature time series

T1 T2 T3 T4


Table 4 Average temperature values at depth.

Temperature probe Average temperature (°C) Depth (cm)

T1 24.42739323 -22.225

T2 12.35375552 -13.335

T3 0.73460972 -4.445

T4 -0.897790869 0

Figure 51 The average temperature plotted against depth.

From Figure 51 it can be concluded that the heat flow at shallow depth at the location of

the temperature probe is conductive rather than convective. That can be seen from the slope

of the graph as it is linear instead of curved.

Additionally, the geothermal gradient can be calculated from the graph. The data from

T4 was excluded from the calculations since the T4 measurements were located above

ground. Therefore, the geothermal gradient is represented in Equation (4.1).

𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝛥𝑇

𝛥𝑍 (4.1)

From this equation we can determine the geothermal gradient as 1.33 °C/cm which

translates to 133 °C/m.

4.3.1 Thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity is an essential parameter when modelling heat transfer in soils.

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Dep

th (

cm)

Temperature (°C)

Average temperature at depth


79

Simple conductive models are often the starting point of mathematical modelling for

geothermal soils. The thermal conductivity has several factors that are important to consider;

porosity, the conductivity of solid particles and the conductivity of interstitial fluids (air,

water, steam, or a combination within all three). All these parameters should be combined

when calculating the overall effective thermal conductivity. Other factors such as the soil

porosity and the interstitial composition of the fluid also contribute when calculating the

effective thermal conductivity within soils [39].

The thermal conductivity of completely saturated soil and completely dry soil are related

to porosity. To demonstrate the relationship between thermal conductivity for both mediums

and porosity, Figure 52, where two generic curves for each medium show how the

conductivity changes with porosity [39].

Figure 52 Dry and wet thermal conductivities as functions of

porosity. Here, the gray line represents the chosen porosity for

this study and the red curly bracket represent the range of

saturation values [39].

The effective thermal conductivity of the soil for a given porosity can therefore be

calculated as a function of the saturation of wet and dry soil. Once the effective thermal

conductivity has been obtained the heat flux at the measurement location can be estimated.

Near surface heat flow is used when calibrating heat flow in reservoir modelling and

therefore is the objective within this section of this thesis [39].

In order to calculate thermal conductivity (K) this study uses the method in [40]. The formula

has the thermal conductivity K as a function of the square root of saturation.

𝐾 = 𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌 + √𝑆𝑙(𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇 − 𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌) (4.2)


In this formula KWET and KDRY represent the wet and dry thermal conductivity and Sl

represents liquid saturation. Prior to calculating thermal conductivity, KWET and KDRY are

established using a step-by-step process described in [40].

A mean value can be obtained from two models. One with parallel heat flow to the layers of

rocks and fluids and the other where the heat flow is across the layers of rocks and fluids.

𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿 = (1 − 𝜙)𝐾𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐾 + (𝜙 × 𝐾𝐴𝐼𝑅) (4.3)

𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿 = (1 − 𝜙)𝐾𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐾 + (𝜙 × 𝐾𝑊𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑅) (4.4)

1

𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑆=

𝜙

𝐾𝐴𝐼𝑅+

1−𝜙

𝐾𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐾 (4.5)

1

𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑆=

𝜙

𝐾𝑊𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑅+

1−𝜙

𝐾𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐾 (4.6)

In these equations (ϕ) represents porosity and its porosity value (0,492) was selected from

[41]. The rest of the values used can be seen in Table 5.

Table 5 The symbols and their corresponding values used

in the equations. All the values were obtained from [42].

Symbol KAIR KWATER KROCK

Thermal conductivity

(Wm-1K-1)

0,025 0,6 3,55*1

From equations (4.3 - 4.6), the mean values for the KWET and KDRY series can be obtained.

𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇 =𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑆 + 𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿

2 (4.7)

𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌 =𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑆 + 𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿

2 (4.8)

When these values have been determined, they can be inserted into Equation (4.2).

Rather than choosing a specific saturation value, due to an inability to measure the saturation

in situ, a range of saturation values from 0.1-0.8 are represented in the calculations.

1 The star-marked value is an average value taken from all thermal conductivity values for rocks in [42].


81

4.3.2 Heat flow

From the equations provided in chapter 4.3 the thermal conductivity of the area can be

calculated. By inserting all values into Equation (4.2), results for each value of saturation

are obtained, see Table 6.

Table 6 Thermal conductivity values for each saturation

percentage.

Saturation value Thermal conductivity K (Wm-1K-1)

0.1 1.120566126

0.2 1.198286037

0.3 1.257922621

0.4 1.308198588

0.5 1.352492604

0.6 1.392537455

0.7 1.429362496

0.8 1.463638409

Lastly, since the values for thermal conductivity and the thermal gradient have been

calculated the heat flux at the measurement location can be calculated. Calculating heat flux

from the values provided is relatively simple, by multiplying the thermal conductivity and

the thermal gradient as seen in Equation (4.9).

𝑄 = 𝑘 ∗𝛥𝑇

𝛥𝑍 (4.9)

These calculations are done for each of the thermal conductivity values with regards to

their corresponding saturation values, see Table 7.

Table 7 The calculated heat flow for each saturation value.

Saturation value Heat flux (W/m2)

0.1 149.3213

0.2 159.6779

0.3 167.6248

0.4 174.3243

0.5 180.2267

0.6 185.5629

0.7 190.4701

0.8 195.0375

The calculated heat flux applies to the point source in the hot area in which the

thermometer was placed, see Figure 16. When placing the thermometer, a location closer to

the large geothermal feature was chosen first. This location proved to be unsuitable since

82 : RESULTS

the temperature values in that location exceeded 100°C. Placing the temperature probe that

close to the large geothermal feature resulted in steam rising from that location and a new

fumarole being created. The heat flux ranges from 156 to 213 W/m2 and matches similar

heat flow studies done in Kairapiti in New Zealand [39].


83

Chapter 4

5Discussion

From the contents of this study, it is clear that the utilization of UAVs in thermal mapping

represent significant improvements in geothermal data collection compared to conventional

mapping techniques. Within this chapter I will compare the methods of obtaining UAV data

to conventional methods as well as their resulting data. Both the RGB data and the

temperature polygons will be compared to previously obtained data. Lastly, I will go over

the advantages and disadvantages of UAVs.

The quality of the RGB orthophoto is demonstrated by the high level of detail regarding

the distribution and shape of the geothermal features in the area. Most notably, the small

scattered geothermal features in section 2. Additionally, every other geothermal feature in

the area is clearly shown as large unfrozen bodies of water. Furthermore, geothermal feature

8 is clearly the hottest feature in the area due to it being the only ‘steaming’ feature. Lastly,

the stream running from feature 8 is indicating temperature values greater than 0°C.

A quantitative view of the topography can be seen on the RGB orthophoto. Exposed

geological features are identifiable from their cast shadows. Thus, the southwest orientation

of these features, which is characteristic of the regional structural, is apparent in the RGB

orthophoto. The sizes and shapes of each geologic feature can be seen on the RGB

orthophoto as every geothermal feature is easily distinguishable.

The geothermal features seen in the survey, on both RGB and TIR orthophotos, are those

with liquid water. Geothermal features such as warm soil are not seen except for a small area

around the outlet to feature 8. It is possible that there are areas of warm ground under thick

snow, given that the survey was conducted in winter.

Thus, a summer survey may provide different information on the extent of geothermal

activity. In addition, changes in soil moisture content due to spring rainfall and summer dry

periods may affect the shape and area of pools.

This geothermal area is currently in a natural state. If the area is to be subsequently

utilized for geothermal production this survey provides valuable baseline data for future

geothermal surface feature monitoring programs.

84 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION

The temperature polygons provide a simplistic view of the thermal distribution in

Austurengjar. The 10°C temperature interval was selected for simplicity, but the temperature

polygons can be generated for any resolution of heat data. A good comparison can be made

between conventional mapping methods, e.g. Hogenson (2017), and this study.

This exploration technique enables rapid quantification and spatial mapping of thermal

features in a geothermal area. The information density collected by the UAV allows for the

generation of detailed information regarding the shape and size of all discernible geothermal

features. In the context of the Austurengjar area, previous conventional thermal mapping

produced results which generalized many individual features into broader thermal areas. In

contrast, the orthophotos produced in this study identified multiple features within the

previously identified thermal areas. Furthermore, the temperature gradients within the

thermal areas that are identified by conventional exploration methods can be significantly

refined by the higher resolution spatial data gathered via UAV survey methods.

Thus, this type of data has its advantages and disadvantages. Comparing it to data

gathered by conventional on-site mapping the level of detail obtained by the UAV is much

higher. Comparing the UAV data to satellite data, the level of detail obtained by the UAV

is substantially greater (30cm/pixel compared to 0.3cm/pixel). In cases with limited spatial

extent such as the Austurengjar geothermal area, this increased resolution can be rapidly

attained via UAV.

Despite the significantly increased resolution of RGB and thermal photogrammetry, this

technique cannot provide other information such as physical ground temperature, water

chemistry or soil composition which may be of interest. Therefore, combining it with

conventional methods would be optimal for geothermal surface feature studies.

Lastly, it is worth mentioning that the radiant temperature of an object is never equal to

its kinetic temperature. The UAV only measured the radiant temperature of the area and if a

researched wanted to measure the kinetic temperature of a feature within the area those

measurements would need to be done by conventional methods.

5.1 CONCLUSION 85

5.1 Conclusion

This study has generated new data on the temperature distribution in this natural state

geothermal area. It has demonstrated the use of UAVs and thermal imaging in Iceland and

produced the first, to this authors knowledge, high quality RGB and thermal orthophotos of

a geothermal area in Iceland. The use of thermal polygons demonstrated here can provide a

good understanding of the thermal distribution within geothermal areas where conventional

temperature contours might be ill suited. Concluding, mapping with a UAV can be a quick

compared to conventional on-site mapping, as the flight took only ten minutes whereas

mapping everything by hand could take several hours. Additionally, the level of detail

obtained from the camera equipped UAV is superior to anything done by hand. Furthermore,

with technological advancement and increased availability to such technology conventional

mapping could change drastically in the coming years. Lastly, UAVs equipped with thermal

cameras could play a vital role in future baseline geothermal studies or monitoring.

86

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89

90

Appendix A

The temperature values logged by the thermal probe over 113 hours and four different depths.

Place

Date Time Value

Unit Value

Unit Value

Unit Value

Unit

1 19-01-18

13:55:35

24.6

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

1.8 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

2 19-01-18

14:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

1.1 T4 KTemp C

3 19-01-18

14:15:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

4 19-01-18

14:25:35

25 T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

5 19-01-18

14:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

6 19-01-18

14:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

7 19-01-18

14:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.4 T4 KTemp C

8 19-01-18

15:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-3.8 T4 KTemp C

9 19-01-18

15:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.9 T4 KTemp C

10 19-01-18

15:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

11 19-01-18

15:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3 T4 KTemp C

12 19-01-18

15:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.2 T4 KTemp C

13 19-01-18

15:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

14 19-01-18

16:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

91

15 19-01-18

16:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-2.7 T4 KTemp C

16 19-01-18

16:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-2.9 T4 KTemp C

17 19-01-18

16:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

18 19-01-18

16:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.9 T4 KTemp C

19 19-01-18

16:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.7 T4 KTemp C

20 19-01-18

17:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.7 T4 KTemp C

21 19-01-18

17:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-4 T4 KTemp C

22 19-01-18

17:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.9 T4 KTemp C

23 19-01-18

17:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-4.1 T4 KTemp C

24 19-01-18

17:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-4 T4 KTemp C

25 19-01-18

17:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-4.1 T4 KTemp C

26 19-01-18

18:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-4 T4 KTemp C

27 19-01-18

18:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-4.1 T4 KTemp C

28 19-01-18

18:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.8 T4 KTemp C

29 19-01-18

18:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-4 T4 KTemp C

30 19-01-18

18:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-4 T4 KTemp C

31 19-01-18

18:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-4 T4 KTemp C

92

32 19-01-18

19:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.8 T4 KTemp C

33 19-01-18

19:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.8 T4 KTemp C

34 19-01-18

19:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

35 19-01-18

19:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.8 T4 KTemp C

36 19-01-18

19:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-4.2 T4 KTemp C

37 19-01-18

19:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-4.1 T4 KTemp C

38 19-01-18

20:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-4.1 T4 KTemp C

39 19-01-18

20:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-4.3 T4 KTemp C

40 19-01-18

20:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.8 T4 KTemp C

41 19-01-18

20:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.6 T4 KTemp C

42 19-01-18

20:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.2 T4 KTemp C

43 19-01-18

20:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

44 19-01-18

21:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

45 19-01-18

21:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.7 T4 KTemp C

46 19-01-18

21:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-2.9 T4 KTemp C

47 19-01-18

21:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.6 T4 KTemp C

48 19-01-18

21:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.7 T4 KTemp C

93

49 19-01-18

21:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-2.3 T4 KTemp C

50 19-01-18

22:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

51 19-01-18

22:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

52 19-01-18

22:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

53 19-01-18

22:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

54 19-01-18

22:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

55 19-01-18

22:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-1.6 T4 KTemp C

56 19-01-18

23:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-1.4 T4 KTemp C

57 19-01-18

23:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-1.4 T4 KTemp C

58 19-01-18

23:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-1.6 T4 KTemp C

59 19-01-18

23:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-1.5 T4 KTemp C

60 19-01-18

23:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-1.9 T4 KTemp C

61 19-01-18

23:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.2 T4 KTemp C

62 20-01-18

00:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.6 T4 KTemp C

63 20-01-18

00:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.7 T4 KTemp C

64 20-01-18

00:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.3 T4 KTemp C

65 20-01-18

00:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.4 T4 KTemp C

94

66 20-01-18

00:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

67 20-01-18

00:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

68 20-01-18

01:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-1.4 T4 KTemp C

69 20-01-18

01:15:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

70 20-01-18

01:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-1.4 T4 KTemp C

71 20-01-18

01:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-1.2 T4 KTemp C

72 20-01-18

01:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-1.4 T4 KTemp C

73 20-01-18

01:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-1.2 T4 KTemp C

74 20-01-18

02:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-1.5 T4 KTemp C

75 20-01-18

02:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

76 20-01-18

02:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-1.8 T4 KTemp C

77 20-01-18

02:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.8 T4 KTemp C

78 20-01-18

02:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-2.1 T4 KTemp C

79 20-01-18

02:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2 T4 KTemp C

80 20-01-18

03:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.2 T4 KTemp C

81 20-01-18

03:15:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.3 T4 KTemp C

82 20-01-18

03:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-2.5 T4 KTemp C

95

83 20-01-18

03:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-2.9 T4 KTemp C

84 20-01-18

03:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.7 T4 KTemp C

85 20-01-18

03:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-2.8 T4 KTemp C

86 20-01-18

04:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-2.7 T4 KTemp C

87 20-01-18

04:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-2.8 T4 KTemp C

88 20-01-18

04:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-3 T4 KTemp C

89 20-01-18

04:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.2 T4 KTemp C

90 20-01-18

04:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

91 20-01-18

04:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.2 T4 KTemp C

92 20-01-18

05:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.8 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

93 20-01-18

05:15:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.6 T4 KTemp C

94 20-01-18

05:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

95 20-01-18

05:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.8 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

96 20-01-18

05:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-0.8 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

97 20-01-18

05:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

98 20-01-18

06:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

99 20-01-18

06:15:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

96

100 20-01-18

06:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.6 T4 KTemp C

101 20-01-18

06:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.8 T4 KTemp C

102 20-01-18

06:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-4.3 T4 KTemp C

103 20-01-18

06:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-4 T4 KTemp C

104 20-01-18

07:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.8 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

105 20-01-18

07:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

106 20-01-18

07:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

107 20-01-18

07:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.2 T4 KTemp C

108 20-01-18

07:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

109 20-01-18

07:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-1.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.7 T4 KTemp C

110 20-01-18

08:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-1.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

111 20-01-18

08:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-1.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

112 20-01-18

08:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-1.2 T3 KTemp C

-3.8 T4 KTemp C

113 20-01-18

08:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-1.2 T3 KTemp C

-3.6 T4 KTemp C

114 20-01-18

08:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-1.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

115 20-01-18

08:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-1.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.9 T4 KTemp C

116 20-01-18

09:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.6 T4 KTemp C

97

117 20-01-18

09:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.7 T4 KTemp C

118 20-01-18

09:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.7 T4 KTemp C

119 20-01-18

09:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-4.4 T4 KTemp C

120 20-01-18

09:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

121 20-01-18

09:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

122 20-01-18

10:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

123 20-01-18

10:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-1.1 T3 KTemp C

-4.1 T4 KTemp C

124 20-01-18

10:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.6 T4 KTemp C

125 20-01-18

10:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

126 20-01-18

10:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-3 T4 KTemp C

127 20-01-18

10:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.8 T4 KTemp C

128 20-01-18

11:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.9 T4 KTemp C

129 20-01-18

11:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

130 20-01-18

11:25:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

131 20-01-18

11:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

132 20-01-18

11:45:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.2 T4 KTemp C

133 20-01-18

11:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

98

134 20-01-18

12:05:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.6 T4 KTemp C

135 20-01-18

12:15:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-1.2 T4 KTemp C

136 20-01-18

12:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

137 20-01-18

12:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

138 20-01-18

12:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

139 20-01-18

12:55:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

140 20-01-18

13:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

141 20-01-18

13:15:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

142 20-01-18

13:25:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

1.2 T4 KTemp C

143 20-01-18

13:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

1.4 T4 KTemp C

144 20-01-18

13:45:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

1.6 T4 KTemp C

145 20-01-18

13:55:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

146 20-01-18

14:05:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

1.2 T4 KTemp C

147 20-01-18

14:15:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

1 T4 KTemp C

148 20-01-18

14:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

149 20-01-18

14:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

150 20-01-18

14:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

99

151 20-01-18

14:55:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

152 20-01-18

15:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

153 20-01-18

15:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.5 T4 KTemp C

154 20-01-18

15:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.5 T4 KTemp C

155 20-01-18

15:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

156 20-01-18

15:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2 T4 KTemp C

157 20-01-18

15:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2.2 T4 KTemp C

158 20-01-18

16:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2.1 T4 KTemp C

159 20-01-18

16:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.3 T4 KTemp C

160 20-01-18

16:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-2.1 T4 KTemp C

161 20-01-18

16:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2.2 T4 KTemp C

162 20-01-18

16:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-2.1 T4 KTemp C

163 20-01-18

16:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-2.5 T4 KTemp C

164 20-01-18

17:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.4 T4 KTemp C

165 20-01-18

17:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.8 T4 KTemp C

166 20-01-18

17:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.9 T4 KTemp C

167 20-01-18

17:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.5 T4 KTemp C

100

168 20-01-18

17:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-2.7 T4 KTemp C

169 20-01-18

17:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.5 T4 KTemp C

170 20-01-18

18:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.6 T4 KTemp C

171 20-01-18

18:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3 T4 KTemp C

172 20-01-18

18:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.3 T4 KTemp C

173 20-01-18

18:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

174 20-01-18

18:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.6 T4 KTemp C

175 20-01-18

18:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.5 T4 KTemp C

176 20-01-18

19:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-2.9 T4 KTemp C

177 20-01-18

19:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

178 20-01-18

19:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.2 T4 KTemp C

179 20-01-18

19:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.6 T4 KTemp C

180 20-01-18

19:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

181 20-01-18

19:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.8 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

182 20-01-18

20:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.7 T4 KTemp C

183 20-01-18

20:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.7 T4 KTemp C

184 20-01-18

20:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

101

185 20-01-18

20:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-1 T3 KTemp C

-3.9 T4 KTemp C

186 20-01-18

20:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

187 20-01-18

20:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.9 T3 KTemp C

-3.6 T4 KTemp C

188 20-01-18

21:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.8 T3 KTemp C

-4.2 T4 KTemp C

189 20-01-18

21:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.8 T3 KTemp C

-3.9 T4 KTemp C

190 20-01-18

21:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

191 20-01-18

21:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

192 20-01-18

21:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

193 20-01-18

21:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

194 20-01-18

22:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

195 20-01-18

22:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

196 20-01-18

22:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-3.5 T4 KTemp C

197 20-01-18

22:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.2 T4 KTemp C

198 20-01-18

22:45:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.5 T4 KTemp C

199 20-01-18

22:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-2.4 T4 KTemp C

200 20-01-18

23:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-2.2 T4 KTemp C

201 20-01-18

23:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-2.4 T4 KTemp C

102

202 20-01-18

23:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-2.5 T4 KTemp C

203 20-01-18

23:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.7 T3 KTemp C

-2.7 T4 KTemp C

204 20-01-18

23:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.6 T3 KTemp C

-2.6 T4 KTemp C

205 20-01-18

23:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-2.4 T4 KTemp C

206 21-01-18

00:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.4 T4 KTemp C

207 21-01-18

00:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.7

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.6 T4 KTemp C

208 21-01-18

00:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.4 T4 KTemp C

209 21-01-18

00:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.5 T4 KTemp C

210 21-01-18

00:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.6 T4 KTemp C

211 21-01-18

00:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.3 T4 KTemp C

212 21-01-18

01:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-2.3 T4 KTemp C

213 21-01-18

01:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.9 T4 KTemp C

214 21-01-18

01:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.9 T4 KTemp C

215 21-01-18

01:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-1.2 T4 KTemp C

216 21-01-18

01:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-2.6 T4 KTemp C

217 21-01-18

01:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.1 T4 KTemp C

218 21-01-18

02:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.2 T4 KTemp C

103

219 21-01-18

02:15:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-1.4 T4 KTemp C

220 21-01-18

02:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-1.2 T4 KTemp C

221 21-01-18

02:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

222 21-01-18

02:45:35

25 T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-1.9 T4 KTemp C

223 21-01-18

02:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-1.5 T4 KTemp C

224 21-01-18

03:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.6 T4 KTemp C

225 21-01-18

03:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.6 T4 KTemp C

226 21-01-18

03:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.8 T4 KTemp C

227 21-01-18

03:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.1 T4 KTemp C

228 21-01-18

03:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-1.9 T4 KTemp C

229 21-01-18

03:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-1.9 T4 KTemp C

230 21-01-18

04:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.5 T3 KTemp C

-2.3 T4 KTemp C

231 21-01-18

04:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-2.2 T4 KTemp C

232 21-01-18

04:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-2.1 T4 KTemp C

233 21-01-18

04:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.8 T4 KTemp C

234 21-01-18

04:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.9 T4 KTemp C

235 21-01-18

04:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-3.1 T4 KTemp C

104

236 21-01-18

05:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

237 21-01-18

05:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-3.4 T4 KTemp C

238 21-01-18

05:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-3 T4 KTemp C

239 21-01-18

05:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2.7 T4 KTemp C

240 21-01-18

05:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2.5 T4 KTemp C

241 21-01-18

05:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2.4 T4 KTemp C

242 21-01-18

06:05:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2.3 T4 KTemp C

243 21-01-18

06:15:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-2.2 T4 KTemp C

244 21-01-18

06:25:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

245 21-01-18

06:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.8 T4 KTemp C

246 21-01-18

06:45:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

247 21-01-18

06:55:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

248 21-01-18

07:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

249 21-01-18

07:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

250 21-01-18

07:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

251 21-01-18

07:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.5 T4 KTemp C

252 21-01-18

07:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

105

253 21-01-18

07:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

254 21-01-18

08:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.7 T4 KTemp C

255 21-01-18

08:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

256 21-01-18

08:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.9 T4 KTemp C

257 21-01-18

08:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1 T4 KTemp C

258 21-01-18

08:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

259 21-01-18

08:55:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.2 T4 KTemp C

260 21-01-18

09:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

261 21-01-18

09:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

262 21-01-18

09:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

263 21-01-18

09:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-1 T4 KTemp C

264 21-01-18

09:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-1 T4 KTemp C

265 21-01-18

09:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

266 21-01-18

10:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

267 21-01-18

10:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.9 T4 KTemp C

268 21-01-18

10:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

269 21-01-18

10:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

106

270 21-01-18

10:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

271 21-01-18

10:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

272 21-01-18

11:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

273 21-01-18

11:15:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.5 T4 KTemp C

274 21-01-18

11:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

275 21-01-18

11:35:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.5 T4 KTemp C

276 21-01-18

11:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

277 21-01-18

11:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

278 21-01-18

12:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

279 21-01-18

12:15:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

280 21-01-18

12:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

281 21-01-18

12:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

282 21-01-18

12:45:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

283 21-01-18

12:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

284 21-01-18

13:05:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

285 21-01-18

13:15:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

286 21-01-18

13:25:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

107

287 21-01-18

13:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

288 21-01-18

13:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

289 21-01-18

13:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

290 21-01-18

14:05:35

25.2

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

291 21-01-18

14:15:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

292 21-01-18

14:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

293 21-01-18

14:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.8 T3 KTemp C

1 T4 KTemp C

294 21-01-18

14:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.8 T3 KTemp C

0.9 T4 KTemp C

295 21-01-18

14:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

296 21-01-18

15:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

297 21-01-18

15:15:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

298 21-01-18

15:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

299 21-01-18

15:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

300 21-01-18

15:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

301 21-01-18

15:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

302 21-01-18

16:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

303 21-01-18

16:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

108

304 21-01-18

16:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

305 21-01-18

16:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

306 21-01-18

16:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

307 21-01-18

16:55:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

308 21-01-18

17:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

309 21-01-18

17:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

310 21-01-18

17:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

311 21-01-18

17:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

312 21-01-18

17:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.5 T4 KTemp C

313 21-01-18

17:55:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

314 21-01-18

18:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

315 21-01-18

18:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

316 21-01-18

18:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

317 21-01-18

18:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

318 21-01-18

18:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

319 21-01-18

18:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

320 21-01-18

19:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

109

321 21-01-18

19:15:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

322 21-01-18

19:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

323 21-01-18

19:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

324 21-01-18

19:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

325 21-01-18

19:55:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

326 21-01-18

20:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

327 21-01-18

20:15:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

328 21-01-18

20:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

329 21-01-18

20:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

330 21-01-18

20:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

331 21-01-18

20:55:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.5 T4 KTemp C

332 21-01-18

21:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

333 21-01-18

21:15:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

334 21-01-18

21:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-0.9 T4 KTemp C

335 21-01-18

21:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.9 T4 KTemp C

336 21-01-18

21:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

337 21-01-18

21:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.9 T4 KTemp C

110

338 21-01-18

22:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

339 21-01-18

22:15:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

340 21-01-18

22:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

341 21-01-18

22:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

342 21-01-18

22:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-0.9 T4 KTemp C

343 21-01-18

22:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

344 21-01-18

23:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

345 21-01-18

23:15:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

346 21-01-18

23:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

347 21-01-18

23:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

348 21-01-18

23:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-0.9 T4 KTemp C

349 21-01-18

23:55:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

350 22-01-18

00:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

351 22-01-18

00:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

352 22-01-18

00:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

353 22-01-18

00:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

354 22-01-18

00:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1 T4 KTemp C

111

355 22-01-18

00:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1 T4 KTemp C

356 22-01-18

01:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

357 22-01-18

01:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1 T4 KTemp C

358 22-01-18

01:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1 T4 KTemp C

359 22-01-18

01:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

360 22-01-18

01:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.2 T4 KTemp C

361 22-01-18

01:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

362 22-01-18

02:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

363 22-01-18

02:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

364 22-01-18

02:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-1.5 T4 KTemp C

365 22-01-18

02:35:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.4 T3 KTemp C

-1.6 T4 KTemp C

366 22-01-18

02:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-1.4 T4 KTemp C

367 22-01-18

02:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.3 T3 KTemp C

-1.4 T4 KTemp C

368 22-01-18

03:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

-0.2 T3 KTemp C

-1.2 T4 KTemp C

369 22-01-18

03:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

-0.1 T3 KTemp C

-1 T4 KTemp C

370 22-01-18

03:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

371 22-01-18

03:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0 T3 KTemp C

-0.9 T4 KTemp C

112

372 22-01-18

03:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

373 22-01-18

03:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

374 22-01-18

04:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

375 22-01-18

04:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.8

T2 KTemp C

0.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

376 22-01-18

04:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

377 22-01-18

04:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

378 22-01-18

04:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

379 22-01-18

04:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

380 22-01-18

05:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

381 22-01-18

05:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.5 T4 KTemp C

382 22-01-18

05:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

383 22-01-18

05:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.5 T4 KTemp C

384 22-01-18

05:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.5 T4 KTemp C

385 22-01-18

05:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.5 T4 KTemp C

386 22-01-18

06:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

387 22-01-18

06:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

388 22-01-18

06:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

113

389 22-01-18

06:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

390 22-01-18

06:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

391 22-01-18

06:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

12.9

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

392 22-01-18

07:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

393 22-01-18

07:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

394 22-01-18

07:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

395 22-01-18

07:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

396 22-01-18

07:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

397 22-01-18

07:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

398 22-01-18

08:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

399 22-01-18

08:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

400 22-01-18

08:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

401 22-01-18

08:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

402 22-01-18

08:45:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

403 22-01-18

08:55:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

13.1

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

404 22-01-18

09:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

405 22-01-18

09:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

114

406 22-01-18

09:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

407 22-01-18

09:35:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

408 22-01-18

09:45:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

409 22-01-18

09:55:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.2

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

410 22-01-18

10:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

411 22-01-18

10:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

412 22-01-18

10:25:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

413 22-01-18

10:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

1.8 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

414 22-01-18

10:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

415 22-01-18

10:55:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

416 22-01-18

11:05:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.3

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

417 22-01-18

11:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

-0.5 T4 KTemp C

418 22-01-18

11:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

419 22-01-18

11:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

420 22-01-18

11:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

421 22-01-18

11:55:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

422 22-01-18

12:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

-1.3 T4 KTemp C

115

423 22-01-18

12:15:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

-1.5 T4 KTemp C

424 22-01-18

12:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

1.8 T3 KTemp C

-1.5 T4 KTemp C

425 22-01-18

12:35:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.6

T2 KTemp C

1.8 T3 KTemp C

-1.6 T4 KTemp C

426 22-01-18

12:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.5

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

-1.4 T4 KTemp C

427 22-01-18

12:55:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.7

T2 KTemp C

2 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

428 22-01-18

13:05:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.6

T2 KTemp C

2 T3 KTemp C

-1.2 T4 KTemp C

429 22-01-18

13:15:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.6

T2 KTemp C

2.1 T3 KTemp C

-1.1 T4 KTemp C

430 22-01-18

13:25:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.7

T2 KTemp C

2.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.9 T4 KTemp C

431 22-01-18

13:35:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.7

T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

432 22-01-18

13:45:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.7

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

433 22-01-18

13:55:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.7

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

434 22-01-18

14:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.7

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

-0.8 T4 KTemp C

435 22-01-18

14:15:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.8

T2 KTemp C

3 T3 KTemp C

-0.7 T4 KTemp C

436 22-01-18

14:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.8

T2 KTemp C

3.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

437 22-01-18

14:35:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

438 22-01-18

14:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

439 22-01-18

14:55:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

116

440 22-01-18

15:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

441 22-01-18

15:15:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

442 22-01-18

15:25:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

443 22-01-18

15:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

444 22-01-18

15:45:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

445 22-01-18

15:55:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

14 T2 KTemp C

3 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

446 22-01-18

16:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

447 22-01-18

16:15:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

14 T2 KTemp C

3.1 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

448 22-01-18

16:25:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

14 T2 KTemp C

3 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

449 22-01-18

16:35:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

3 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

450 22-01-18

16:45:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

2.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

451 22-01-18

16:55:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

2.9 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

452 22-01-18

17:05:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

14 T2 KTemp C

3 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

453 22-01-18

17:15:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

454 22-01-18

17:25:35

25.7

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

455 22-01-18

17:35:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

456 22-01-18

17:45:35

25.7

T1 KTemp C

13.9

T2 KTemp C

2.5 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

117

457 22-01-18

17:55:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

13.8

T2 KTemp C

2.3 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

458 22-01-18

18:05:35

25.7

T1 KTemp C

13.6

T2 KTemp C

2.3 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

459 22-01-18

18:15:35

25.7

T1 KTemp C

13.4

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

1 T4 KTemp C

460 22-01-18

18:25:35

25.7

T1 KTemp C

13 T2 KTemp C

1.8 T3 KTemp C

1.1 T4 KTemp C

461 22-01-18

18:35:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

12.6

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

462 22-01-18

18:45:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

12.5

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

1.4 T4 KTemp C

463 22-01-18

18:55:35

25.6

T1 KTemp C

12.3

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

1.5 T4 KTemp C

464 22-01-18

19:05:35

25.5

T1 KTemp C

12.1

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.9 T4 KTemp C

465 22-01-18

19:15:35

25.4

T1 KTemp C

11.9

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

466 22-01-18

19:25:35

25.3

T1 KTemp C

11.7

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

467 22-01-18

19:35:35

25.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

468 22-01-18

19:45:35

24.6

T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

469 22-01-18

19:55:35

23.8

T1 KTemp C

11.1

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

470 22-01-18

20:05:35

22.7

T1 KTemp C

10 T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

471 22-01-18

20:15:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.5 T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

472 22-01-18

20:25:35

21.7

T1 KTemp C

9.2 T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

473 22-01-18

20:35:35

21.5

T1 KTemp C

9 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

118

474 22-01-18

20:45:35

21.3

T1 KTemp C

8.8 T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

475 22-01-18

20:55:35

21.2

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

476 22-01-18

21:05:35

21.2

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

477 22-01-18

21:15:35

21.1

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

478 22-01-18

21:25:35

21 T1 KTemp C

8.5 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

479 22-01-18

21:35:35

21 T1 KTemp C

8.7 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

480 22-01-18

21:45:35

21 T1 KTemp C

8.7 T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

481 22-01-18

21:55:35

21 T1 KTemp C

8.9 T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

482 22-01-18

22:05:35

21.2

T1 KTemp C

8.8 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

483 22-01-18

22:15:35

21.3

T1 KTemp C

8.8 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

484 22-01-18

22:25:35

21.4

T1 KTemp C

8.8 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

485 22-01-18

22:35:35

21.3

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

486 22-01-18

22:45:35

21.4

T1 KTemp C

8.8 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

487 22-01-18

22:55:35

21.3

T1 KTemp C

8.8 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

488 22-01-18

23:05:35

21.3

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

489 22-01-18

23:15:35

21.4

T1 KTemp C

8.7 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

490 22-01-18

23:25:35

21.4

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

119

491 22-01-18

23:35:35

21.4

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

492 22-01-18

23:45:35

21.4

T1 KTemp C

8.7 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

493 22-01-18

23:55:35

21.4

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

494 23-01-18

00:05:35

21.5

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

495 23-01-18

00:15:35

21.5

T1 KTemp C

8.7 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

496 23-01-18

00:25:35

21.5

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

497 23-01-18

00:35:35

21.5

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

498 23-01-18

00:45:35

21.6

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

499 23-01-18

00:55:35

21.6

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

500 23-01-18

01:05:35

21.6

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

501 23-01-18

01:15:35

21.8

T1 KTemp C

8.9 T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

502 23-01-18

01:25:35

21.7

T1 KTemp C

8.8 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

503 23-01-18

01:35:35

21.7

T1 KTemp C

8.9 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

504 23-01-18

01:45:35

21.8

T1 KTemp C

8.6 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

505 23-01-18

01:55:35

21.8

T1 KTemp C

8.9 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

506 23-01-18

02:05:35

21.8

T1 KTemp C

8.8 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

507 23-01-18

02:15:35

21.8

T1 KTemp C

9.1 T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

120

508 23-01-18

02:25:35

21.8

T1 KTemp C

8.8 T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

509 23-01-18

02:35:35

21.9

T1 KTemp C

9.4 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

510 23-01-18

02:45:35

22 T1 KTemp C

9.5 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

511 23-01-18

02:55:35

22 T1 KTemp C

9.7 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

512 23-01-18

03:05:35

21.9

T1 KTemp C

9.7 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

513 23-01-18

03:15:35

22 T1 KTemp C

9.5 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

514 23-01-18

03:25:35

22 T1 KTemp C

9.5 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

515 23-01-18

03:35:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.6 T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

516 23-01-18

03:45:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.6 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

517 23-01-18

03:55:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.4 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

518 23-01-18

04:05:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.5 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

519 23-01-18

04:15:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.7 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

520 23-01-18

04:25:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.6 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

521 23-01-18

04:35:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.6 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

522 23-01-18

04:45:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.7 T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

523 23-01-18

04:55:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.5 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

524 23-01-18

05:05:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.7 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

121

525 23-01-18

05:15:35

22.1

T1 KTemp C

9.7 T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

526 23-01-18

05:25:35

22.2

T1 KTemp C

9.8 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

527 23-01-18

05:35:35

22.2

T1 KTemp C

9.8 T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

528 23-01-18

05:45:35

22.2

T1 KTemp C

9.8 T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

529 23-01-18

05:55:35

22.2

T1 KTemp C

9.8 T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

530 23-01-18

06:05:35

22.2

T1 KTemp C

9.8 T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

531 23-01-18

06:15:35

22.2

T1 KTemp C

9.8 T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

532 23-01-18

06:25:35

22.2

T1 KTemp C

9.9 T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

533 23-01-18

06:35:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

10 T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

534 23-01-18

06:45:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

10.1

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

535 23-01-18

06:55:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

10.2

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

536 23-01-18

07:05:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

10.3

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

537 23-01-18

07:15:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.3

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

538 23-01-18

07:25:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

10.3

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

539 23-01-18

07:35:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.1

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

540 23-01-18

07:45:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

9.9 T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

541 23-01-18

07:55:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

10.1

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

122

542 23-01-18

08:05:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

9.9 T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

543 23-01-18

08:15:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

10 T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

544 23-01-18

08:25:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.2

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

545 23-01-18

08:35:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.3

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

546 23-01-18

08:45:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.3

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

547 23-01-18

08:55:35

22.3

T1 KTemp C

10.3

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

548 23-01-18

09:05:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.4

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

549 23-01-18

09:15:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.5

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

550 23-01-18

09:25:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.5

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

551 23-01-18

09:35:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.3

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

552 23-01-18

09:45:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.4

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

553 23-01-18

09:55:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.5

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

554 23-01-18

10:05:35

22.4

T1 KTemp C

10.5

T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

555 23-01-18

10:15:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.6

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

556 23-01-18

10:25:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.6

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

557 23-01-18

10:35:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.6

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.9 T4 KTemp C

558 23-01-18

10:45:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.6

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.9 T4 KTemp C

123

559 23-01-18

10:55:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.6

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

560 23-01-18

11:05:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.7

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

561 23-01-18

11:15:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.7

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

562 23-01-18

11:25:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.7

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

563 23-01-18

11:35:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.8

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

564 23-01-18

11:45:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.8

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

565 23-01-18

11:55:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.8

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

566 23-01-18

12:05:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

10.9

T2 KTemp C

1.8 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

567 23-01-18

12:15:35

22.5

T1 KTemp C

11 T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

568 23-01-18

12:25:35

22.6

T1 KTemp C

11 T2 KTemp C

2 T3 KTemp C

1 T4 KTemp C

569 23-01-18

12:35:35

22.6

T1 KTemp C

11 T2 KTemp C

2.1 T3 KTemp C

1.1 T4 KTemp C

570 23-01-18

12:45:35

22.6

T1 KTemp C

10.8

T2 KTemp C

2.3 T3 KTemp C

1.2 T4 KTemp C

571 23-01-18

12:55:35

22.7

T1 KTemp C

10.9

T2 KTemp C

2.3 T3 KTemp C

1.6 T4 KTemp C

572 23-01-18

13:05:35

22.6

T1 KTemp C

10.9

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

2.2 T4 KTemp C

573 23-01-18

13:15:35

22.6

T1 KTemp C

11 T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

1.4 T4 KTemp C

574 23-01-18

13:25:35

22.6

T1 KTemp C

11 T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

2 T4 KTemp C

575 23-01-18

13:35:35

22.6

T1 KTemp C

11.1

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

1.8 T4 KTemp C

124

576 23-01-18

13:45:35

22.6

T1 KTemp C

11.1

T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

1.5 T4 KTemp C

577 23-01-18

13:55:35

22.7

T1 KTemp C

11.2

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

1.8 T4 KTemp C

578 23-01-18

14:05:35

22.7

T1 KTemp C

11.2

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

1.9 T4 KTemp C

579 23-01-18

14:15:35

22.7

T1 KTemp C

11.2

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

1.8 T4 KTemp C

580 23-01-18

14:25:35

22.7

T1 KTemp C

11.2

T2 KTemp C

2.4 T3 KTemp C

1.5 T4 KTemp C

581 23-01-18

14:35:35

22.8

T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

2.5 T3 KTemp C

1.8 T4 KTemp C

582 23-01-18

14:45:35

22.8

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

2.2 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

583 23-01-18

14:55:35

22.8

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

2.1 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

584 23-01-18

15:05:35

22.8

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

2 T3 KTemp C

1.1 T4 KTemp C

585 23-01-18

15:15:35

22.8

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

1.2 T4 KTemp C

586 23-01-18

15:25:35

22.7

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

587 23-01-18

15:35:35

22.8

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

1.4 T4 KTemp C

588 23-01-18

15:45:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.5

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

1.4 T4 KTemp C

589 23-01-18

15:55:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.5

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

590 23-01-18

16:05:35

22.8

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.8 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

591 23-01-18

16:15:35

22.8

T1 KTemp C

11.5

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

1.2 T4 KTemp C

592 23-01-18

16:25:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.5

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

1.1 T4 KTemp C

125

593 23-01-18

16:35:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.5

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

1.1 T4 KTemp C

594 23-01-18

16:45:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

1 T4 KTemp C

595 23-01-18

16:55:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.5

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

1.2 T4 KTemp C

596 23-01-18

17:05:35

22.8

T1 KTemp C

11.5

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

597 23-01-18

17:15:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

1.2 T4 KTemp C

598 23-01-18

17:25:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

599 23-01-18

17:35:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

1.2 T4 KTemp C

600 23-01-18

17:45:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

1.3 T4 KTemp C

601 23-01-18

17:55:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

1.2 T4 KTemp C

602 23-01-18

18:05:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

1.1 T4 KTemp C

603 23-01-18

18:15:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

604 23-01-18

18:25:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

605 23-01-18

18:35:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.1

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

1 T4 KTemp C

606 23-01-18

18:45:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.2

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

1 T4 KTemp C

607 23-01-18

18:55:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

1.1 T4 KTemp C

608 23-01-18

19:05:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

1 T4 KTemp C

609 23-01-18

19:15:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0.9 T4 KTemp C

126

610 23-01-18

19:25:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.9 T4 KTemp C

611 23-01-18

19:35:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

612 23-01-18

19:45:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.9 T4 KTemp C

613 23-01-18

19:55:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.9 T4 KTemp C

614 23-01-18

20:05:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.9 T4 KTemp C

615 23-01-18

20:15:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

616 23-01-18

20:25:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

617 23-01-18

20:35:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

618 23-01-18

20:45:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

619 23-01-18

20:55:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

620 23-01-18

21:05:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

621 23-01-18

21:15:35

22.9

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

622 23-01-18

21:25:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0.8 T4 KTemp C

623 23-01-18

21:35:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0.7 T4 KTemp C

624 23-01-18

21:45:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

0.7 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

625 23-01-18

21:55:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

626 23-01-18

22:05:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

0.6 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

127

627 23-01-18

22:15:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

628 23-01-18

22:25:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

629 23-01-18

22:35:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

630 23-01-18

22:45:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.3

T2 KTemp C

0.8 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

631 23-01-18

22:55:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

0.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

632 23-01-18

23:05:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

633 23-01-18

23:15:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

634 23-01-18

23:25:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

635 23-01-18

23:35:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

636 23-01-18

23:45:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.1 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

637 23-01-18

23:55:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.3 T4 KTemp C

638 24-01-18

00:05:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

639 24-01-18

00:15:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.4

T2 KTemp C

1.2 T3 KTemp C

-0.6 T4 KTemp C

640 24-01-18

00:25:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.5

T2 KTemp C

1.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

641 24-01-18

00:35:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.6

T2 KTemp C

1.5 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

642 24-01-18

00:45:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.5

T2 KTemp C

1.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.4 T4 KTemp C

643 24-01-18

00:55:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.6

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

128

644 24-01-18

01:05:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.6

T2 KTemp C

1.6 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

645 24-01-18

01:15:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.6

T2 KTemp C

1.7 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

646 24-01-18

01:25:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.7

T2 KTemp C

1.9 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

647 24-01-18

01:35:35

23 T1 KTemp C

11.7

T2 KTemp C

2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

648 24-01-18

01:45:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.8

T2 KTemp C

2.1 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

649 24-01-18

01:55:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.8

T2 KTemp C

2.2 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

650 24-01-18

02:05:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.8

T2 KTemp C

2.3 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

651 24-01-18

02:15:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.8

T2 KTemp C

2.3 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

652 24-01-18

02:25:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.9

T2 KTemp C

2.4 T3 KTemp C

-0.1 T4 KTemp C

653 24-01-18

02:35:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

11.9

T2 KTemp C

2.5 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

654 24-01-18

02:45:35

23.1

T1 KTemp C

12 T2 KTemp C

2.5 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

655 24-01-18

02:55:35

23.2

T1 KTemp C

12 T2 KTemp C

2.5 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

656 24-01-18

03:05:35

23.2

T1 KTemp C

12 T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

657 24-01-18

03:15:35

23.2

T1 KTemp C

12.1

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

658 24-01-18

03:25:35

23.2

T1 KTemp C

12.1

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

-0.2 T4 KTemp C

659 24-01-18

03:35:35

23.2

T1 KTemp C

12.1

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

660 24-01-18

03:45:35

23.2

T1 KTemp C

12.1

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

129

661 24-01-18

03:55:35

23.2

T1 KTemp C

12.1

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

662 24-01-18

04:05:35

23.2

T1 KTemp C

12.2

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

663 24-01-18

04:15:35

23.3

T1 KTemp C

12.3

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

664 24-01-18

04:25:35

23.3

T1 KTemp C

12.3

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

665 24-01-18

04:35:35

23.3

T1 KTemp C

12.3

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

0.2 T4 KTemp C

666 24-01-18

04:45:35

23.3

T1 KTemp C

12.3

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

667 24-01-18

04:55:35

23.4

T1 KTemp C

12.4

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

0.3 T4 KTemp C

668 24-01-18

05:05:35

23.4

T1 KTemp C

12.4

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

669 24-01-18

05:15:35

23.4

T1 KTemp C

12.4

T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

670 24-01-18

05:25:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.4

T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

0.4 T4 KTemp C

671 24-01-18

05:35:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.4

T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

672 24-01-18

05:45:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.5

T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

0.6 T4 KTemp C

673 24-01-18

05:55:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.5

T2 KTemp C

2.6 T3 KTemp C

0.5 T4 KTemp C

674 24-01-18

06:05:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.6

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

675 24-01-18

06:15:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.6

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

0.1 T4 KTemp C

676 24-01-18

06:25:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.6

T2 KTemp C

2.8 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

677 24-01-18

06:35:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.6

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

130

678 24-01-18

06:45:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.6

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

679 24-01-18

06:55:35

23.5

T1 KTemp C

12.6

T2 KTemp C

2.7 T3 KTemp C

0 T4 KTemp C

Appendix B

The following thermal orthophotos represent every temperature polygon range given in

the study. The data source for every orthophoto in this section is Svarmi ehf.

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

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Documents

UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar³hann Mar... · 2018-10-12 · UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar Jóhann Mar Ólafsson June 2018 Abstract The aim of this study was to