3.1 Types of transferTypes of transfer

PositivePositive transfertransfer

DescriptionDescription….

where one ________ or situation helps the

learning and performance of another

________(or situation)

e.g. the arm action of throwing a ball helps

the action of the racquet arm when

_____________________________

EffectsEffects…

Negative transferNegative transfer

DescriptionDescription….

where one skill or situation

___________the ____________and

performance of another skill (or situation)

e.g. the flexed arm in throwing hinders the

straight arm required for cricket bowling

EffectsEffects…EffectsEffects…

transfers the S-R _______of one ______to another

helps to develop the correct motor programme

EffectsEffects…

performer can respond incorrectly to

___________ stimuli

differences in kinaesthetic ____________can

cause ____________

3.2

DescriptionDescription…

where a ______________learned skill affects the

current learning or performance of another skill

can be positive or negative/ proactive transfer can

_______________or ______________the learning or

performance of a new skill

EffectsEffects…

e.g. the previously learned

throwing action…

Proactive transferProactive transfer Types of transfer

...can affect a new skill that

looks similar, such as a serve

in ____________

old skillnew skill

Retroactive transferRetroactive transfer

EffectsEffects…

e.g. the current learning of

a serve in tennis…

can be ____________or negative/ retroactive transfer

can help or hinder the _____________of a new skill

...can affect the previously

learned throwing action

where the current learning of a _________skill effects the

_____________of a ______________ learned skill

DescriptionDescription…

old skillnew skill

3.3

Bilateral transferBilateral transfer

DescriptionDescription…

transfer from limb to ________ (from one

________of the body to the other)

e.g. a footballer _________________________

Types of transferTypes of transfer

EffectsEffects…

can be positive or ___________

when ____________, bilateral transfer helps an

attacker to deceive a defender e.g. using the

non-dominant foot to shoot or pass

____________shot

Ways of optimising the effect of positive transfer Ways of optimising the effect of positive transfer 3.4

Optimising transfer means maximising

the use of transfer to help the speed and

______________of learning.

Positive transfer can occur between two

_________ (or from one situation to

another).

____________shot

____________smash _____________spike

E.g. these three skills transfer positively

from a ______________action, (and

occur in situations where the

environment is constantly __________).

Ways of optimising the effect of positive transfer Ways of optimising the effect of positive transfer 3.5

Practice and learning situations should

include positive transfer

Build on similar skills to promote transfer

Make learner aware of ______________-

elements or subroutines

Ensure a clear demonstration of where

__________can take place

___________skill must be well

____________practice for open skills e.g.

2 attackers v 1 defender for passing in

football replicates the game situation

e.g. handball throw similar to volleyball

spike

e.g. foot position during a throw is the

same as a tennis serve

e.g. demonstrate that the flexed elbow

in a badminton smash is the same as in a

volleyball spike

e.g. the correct throwing action must be ___________skill must be well

___________or overlearned

Give learner praise / positive

________________when transfer

successful

Indicate that processing of information in

two different activities may be similar

The closer the practice is to the real

situation the __________the chance of

____________transfer

Diverse experiences enhance the

probability of positive transfer

e.g. the correct throwing action must be

well learned before it is transferred to a

tennis serve

e.g. reinforce that the successful

volleyball spike has been transferred

from a successful throwing action

e.g. the processing of stimuli in the

smash shot both in tennis and

badminton are similar

e.g. varied practice for open skills like

hand ball shooting, and fixed practice for

closed skills like volleyball serving

e.g. a throwing movement will transfer

positively to all skills that require a

throwing action

3.6 Ways of limiting the effect of negative transfer

The coach should apply strategies to

optimise positive transfer (see slide 3.5)

e.g. build on skill that are similar / skills

that transfer positively to limit negative

transfer

e.g. a backhand shot in tennis requires a

stiff wrist whilst in squash it is played

with a flexible wrist

Be aware that skills that

__________similar may

__________negatively

Conflicting _________must not follow in

sequence during a teaching programmee.g. badminton and tennis strokes

transfer negatively

Learners’ ___________must be drawn

The _____________in which the skill is

__________must match the

_______situation

e.g. 2 attackers v 1 defender for passing

in football recreates the game situation

Learners’ ___________must be drawn

away from movements that cause

____________transfer

e.g. focus is given to a specific racquet

game

If part or progressive part practice is used

the first subroutine should be

overlearned before ______________

e.g. overlearn the correct body position

before giving focus to the backswing

during a squash shot

_____________the task during initial

learning to establish the basic movement

and then transfer it to the _____

____________

e.g. feed the ball underarm to the learner

when practicing a forehand drive in

tennis