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A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy
from a fluid flow and converts it
into useful work. A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one
moving part called a rotorassembly, which is a shaft or drum with
blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that
they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
General Classification of Turbines According to the energy
used
Impulse turbineReaction turbine
Direction of water flowAxial flow - Radial in axial outInward
flow - Outward flow
According to the head available to the inlet of turbineHigh Head
Turbine (250-1800m) Pelton WheelMedium Head Turbine (50-250m)
Francis Turbine
Low Head Turbine (
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The Kaplan turbine is a propeller type water turbine with
adjustable blades. It was developed in
1913 by an Austrian Professor Viktor Kaplan. Kaplan Turbine is
designed for low headapplications. It has propeller like blades but
works reverse. Instead of displacing the water
axially using shaft power and creating axial thrust, the axial
force of water acts on the blades of
Kaplan Turbine and generating shaft power.
Specific Speed: It is defined as the speed of a geometrically
similar turbine which would produce
one unit of power when working under a unit head.
where
n is speed in rpm
P is power in kW
H is head in m
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Sl No: IMPULSE TURBINE REACTION TURBINE
1 Steam Completely expands in
the nozzles.
No nozzle, but the shape of the moving blades
is such that they act as nozzle.
2 Pressure remains constant
during flow over moving blades
Pressure changes during flow over moving
blades.3 Relative velocity of fluid while
moving on the moving blades is
constant.
Relative velocity of steam changes as the
steam expands while moving over the moving
blades.
4 Pressure on both ends of the
moving blade is same.
Pressure at the inlet and exit of the moving
blades are not same.
5 No: of stages reqd. is less for agiven pressure drop.
No: of stages reqd. is more for a givenpressure drop.
6 Fluid velocity is high. Fluid velocity is not that high.
Setup of Pelton Wheel Turbine
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Francis Turbine
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Kaplan Turbine and electrical generator cut-away view.
