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Ottoman Turkish

Sultan Selim II's Cyprus FermanWhy is it important to know Ottoman Turkish?

Without no!in" #ttoman Turish$ the relationship %et!een Turs an& one thousan& years o their history !ill %e lost ( This means that all te)ts!ritten %y the Turs o Cyprus rom their irst arri*al to the islan& in +,-+ up until the +./0s an& +.10s !ill 2ome as stran"e to us( 322or&in"ly$in or&er to resear2h Turish Cypriot history %y rea&in" &ire2tly rom their o!n sour2es$ one must learn #ttoman Turish(

Is there a difference between Ottoman Turkish and Ottoman language?

#ttoman Turish$ also no!n as Lisan4i Turi$ reers to the Turish &iale2t spoen %y the 2ommon people o the empire( The #ttoman lan"ua"e$on the other han&$ reers to a lan"ua"e that 2om%ine& Turish$ 3ra%i2 an& 5ersian( The #ttoman lan"ua"e !as the oi2ial lan"ua"e o the#ttoman Empire an& !as more re6uently use& %y the e&u2ate& 2lass( It is not enou"h to simply learn the #ttoman alpha%et in or&er to %e a%le to

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rea& #ttoman te)ts$ %ut memorisin" the letters alon" !ith their 6ualities is 2ertainly a startin" point(

Ottoman Alphabet (The Elifba)

ETTE! "A#EEli 7e5eTeSeCimÇimHaH8

9al:alRa:e;eSin<8nSa&9a&T8:8

3y8nGay8nFeKa Ke

ATI" ETTE! 3( E75TSCÇHH=

9:R :;S<S=9$ :=T=:=

3$ >$ #$ ?G$ @=FK=K

EI$%A ETTE! AB D

J

M

E&A#'EEmniyet$ Ahla %ereet'ehli*anTOre*apennet*itli +ayat+a%er

,Onya-iir! ahmet-aman.estelam/iir a&aat,alalet$ Rama0anTale%e-alim

Aser$ 1 %a&et$ Osmanl8$ 2lema3alet$ Pa4usa$air 5 8%r8s5 itap

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Ge Ne LamPim NunQa*Hee

G$ @ NLP NQH

U V X YZ

[ \ ] ^

_ `

b c

3Ol$ E4itim9enideoa#uha%%et"adar6edir +i&ayet7ofurt

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g= Heavy letter)

Why are so many letters the same?

7e"innin" !ith the arahani& Empire$ !hen the Turs irst em%ra2e& Islam$ they inherite& many 3ra%i2 an& 5ersian !or&s into their lan"ua"e(In or&er to a*oi& misspellin" 2ertain !or&s that ha& 2ome rom the 3ra%i2 lan"ua"e$ the Turs a22epte& the 3ra%i2 alpha%et in its entirety(Ho!e*er$ 2ertain letters pronoun2e& %y the 3ra%s an& the 5ersians in their o!n lan"ua"es$ su2h as 4 e j$ +a j$ -al j$ .e j$ ad Uj$ ,ad Vj$ T8 j$ -8 Xj an& Ay8n Yj 4 are not oun& in the Turish lan"ua"e( 7e2ause o this$ Turs pronoun2e& these letters !ith their2losest e6ui*alents rom the Turish lan"ua"e( Letters su2h as +8 j$ 5af \j an& "ef j use& to %e present in the Turish lan"ua"e$ %ut aterthe Turs o Turey a&opte& the Latin alpha%et$ these letters too no pla2e !ithin it( The ne!ly a&opte& Latin alpha%et use& or the Turish&iale2t o Turey has mer"e& some similar soun&in" letters into one$ !hereas the Latin alpha%et use& or the Turish &iale2t o 3der%aikan&ierentiates some o these letters rom one another an& 2aters or their pronun2iation( From the 3der%aikani alpha%et !e 2an pro*i&e theollo!in" e)amplesETTE!"A#EH8:83y8nKa

ATI"ETTE!

=Ƶ

EI$%AETTE! X Y\

A-E!IT2!5I+&an$ Ço9ƵulOm: ;8rm8d8

T2!5E7T2!5I++an$ Çok -ulOmA 5 8rm8d8

=Written as a Z as of 1939j

9espite not "ainin" a pla2e in the Latin alpha%et o Turey$ the letter +8 j is still pronoun2e& in some parts o Turey$ parti2ularly in the south4east$ as a 2ross %et!een the letters K an& H( The letter 5af \j is also pronoun2e& in the south4east o Turey as a $ as in&ee& it is suppose& to

%e( Ho!e*er$ in 2entral 3natolia an& Cyprus this letter is pronoun2e& as a G( 7elo! are some e)amples

38pr8s K8%r8sj3ara Karaj3oyun Koyunj

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3a%a Ka%aj3a&ay8 Ka&ay8j3a*e Kah*ej3udu Kuduj What is a hea<y letter?

In Turish there are t!o types o *o!els 4 hea*y an& li"ht( The hea*y *o!els are 3$ I$ # an& ?( The li"ht *o!els are E$ >$ an& Ü( Ho!e*er$ in3ra%i2 there is no su2h thin" as a hea*y or li"ht *o!el$ &ue to the a2t that the 3ra%i2 alpha%et &oes not sym%olise *o!els !ith letters( Rather$*o!els in the 3ra%i2 lan"ua"e are sym%olise& as mars either a%o*e or %elo! a 2onsonant( 7e2ause 3ra%s are a22ustome& to rea&in" their o!nlan"ua"e$ sometimes they &o not eel the nee& to use these mars at all an& thereore lea*e them out( Ho!e*er$ !hen Turs irst 2ame a2ross this!ritin" system$ in or&er to help them rea& the !or&s$ they &istin"uishe& some o the similar soun&in" 2onsonants as hea*y letters( Generally$only a hea*y *o!el 2an 2ome ater a hea*y letter( Thereore$ a !or& su2h as Kal%$ !hi2h is spelt !ith a 5af \j$ is pre*ente& rom %ein" rea&as Kel% or any other in2orre2t !ay( Similarly$ the !or& Ke%ir is pre*ente& rom %ein" rea& as Ka%ir %e2ause it is spelt !ith a 5ef ]j$

!hi2h is a li"ht letter( This way we are able to distinguish the +8 from the +e= the ,ad from the ,al= the ad from the in= the T8 from theTe= the -8 from the -e= the 3ay8n from the 3ef and the 5af from the 5ef> Thereore someone !ho no!s the %asi2s o the #ttomanlan"ua"e shoul&n't ha*e mu2h o a pro%lem !ith this$ %ut they may e)perien2e some &ii2ulty !ith the 9a& Vj$ %e2ause this 2an %e rea& as a 9or a :( Post o the time in the Turish o Turey it as !ritten as a :$ as !e see in the !or&s '-ay8' an& 'Ha80'$ %ut sometimes parti2ularly in the&iale2t o Cyprus it 2an %e pronoun2e& as a 9$ as !e see in the !or& Ramadan Ramadanj(

+ow were <owels written in words originating from Turkish?

?nlie !or&s ori"inatin" rom 3ra%i2$ !or&s ori"inatin" rom Turish !oul& not sym%olise *o!els !ith mars a%o*e or %elo! the 2onsonants(Rather$ they !oul& %e sym%olise& usin" letters$ as !oul& %e the 2ase in !or&s ori"inatin" rom 5ersian as !ell(

In the middle o !or&s$ the > an& the I !ere represente& %y the letter 7e qj(

The letters $ #$ Ü an& ? !ere represente& %y the letter 6a< bj(

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When oun& in the mi&&le o a !or&$ the letter Elif Aj !oul& represent an 3(

Ho!e*er$ i none o these letters are oun& %et!een t!o 2onsonants in !or&s ori"inatin" rom Turish$ the presen2e o an E is automati2allyimplie&(

When it 2omes to the beginning of words$ the letters > an& I !ere represente& !ith the 2om%ination o Elif and 7e qAj(

$ #$ Ü an& ? !ere represente& !ith the 2om%ination o Elif and 6a< bAj(

3 an& E !ere %oth represente& !ith an Elif Aj$ %ut i this letter ha& a +em0e j sym%ol on top it !oul& %e rea& as an E$ i it has a #edd j sym%ol on top it !oul& %e rea& as an 3

( In or&er to un&erstan& ho! the endings of words are !ritten$ !e !oul& nee& to &el*e &eeper into #ttoman lan"ua"e "rammar$ &ue to thea2t that the !ay sui)es !ere !ritten in #ttoman Turish an& the !ay they are pronoun2e& to&ay *aries( I ho!e*er !e !ant to mae a2omparison !ith the Turish spoen in Turey to&ay$ !e may in& some lins %et!een ho! these sui)es are !ritten an& the &iale2t spoen inthe 7la2 Sea re"ion o Turey(This is %e2ause Turs rom the 7la2 Sea re"ion ten& to pronoun2e these sui)e& in the same !ay they !ere !ritten &urin" the #ttoman timesor e)ample$ instea& o sayin" "el&i they !oul& say "el&uj( 3lso in the Latin alpha%et !e use to&ay !e in& ei"ht *o!els all to"ether$ %ut inthe #ttoman alpha%et only three letters !ere use& to pronoun2e these ei"ht soun&s> "ormally= the only way to decide which <owels are to be read is by looking as the consonants in the word> If the consonants are hea<y=we pronounce the word with hea<y <owels>

Is there a difference between the Ottoman alphabet and the Arabic alphabet?

3s !e mentione& earlier$ the #ttoman alpha%et 2ontains all the letters o the 3ra%i2 alpha%et( Ho!e*er$ there are some soun&s in the Turishlan"ua"e that the 3ra%i2 alpha%et &oes not 2ater or( The 5ersians ha& em%ra2e& Islam an& a&opte& the 3ra%i2 alpha%et %eore the Turs$ an& ha&alrea&y sol*e& this pro%lem %y in*entin" some o their o!n letters( Thereore$ the Turs a&opte& some letters rom the 5ersian alpha%et as !ell(

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These letters are no!n to %e 'e j $ *im j$ .e j an& 3ef ^j( 3ll o these letters are represente& in Turey's ne! Latin alpha%et$ %ut theletter ; or .e j is usually only use& in orei"n !or&s that ha*e ma&e their !ay into the Turish lan"ua"e$ parti2ularly rom Fren2h 4 .eometri$ #si @en an& Tenolo @i$ or instan2e( 7e2ause there is no 5 soun& in the 3ra%i2 lan"ua"e$ 3ra%s ten& to rea& the 'e j as a%e Bj( In a2t$ there are some !or&s ori"inatin" rom 3ra%i2 that ha*e %een a22epte& %y the Turs$ that &espite %ein" spelt !ith a %e Bj$ o*er

time Turs ha*e starte& pronoun2in" them as a 5( This is apparent in the !or&s Kitap an& Petup or e)ample( Ho!e*er$ in Cyprus$ Tursten& to preer usin" the letter 7 to the letter 5( Here are some e)amples

%ast8rma 5ast8rmaj%ahal8 5ahal8j%a%u 5a%uj%arma 5armaj%ime 5imej%i&e 5i&ej%a&a&ed 5atatesj

What is important about the letter "ef ( )?

This letter$ also no!n as the Ka4i Turi$ is a letter !holly ori"inal to Turish( This letter is not oun& in 3ra%i2 or any other lan"ua"e that usesthe 3ra%i2 alpha%et$ su2h as 5ersian an& ?r&u( 3ter Turey 2han"e& its alpha%et to Latin$ this letter !hi2h is pronoun2e& as ng !as no lon"errepresente& %y a sym%ol( Rather$ it !as mer"e& into the letter N( This letter is still use& in its ori"inal orm %y the ?i"hur Turs o East Turistanthe in"kian pro*in2e o Chinaj( The ?i"hur Turs !ho li*e& un&er the So*iet ?nion an& thereore ha& their alpha%et 2han"e& to Cyrilli22ontinue& to represent this soun& !ith the letter ( The Tatar Turs o Russia an& Eastern Europe !ho a&opte& the Latin alpha%et sym%olise thissoun& usin" the letter B( Some Tatar Turs usin" the Cyrilli2 alpha%et !rite this as CD( 9espite not %ein" represente& in the Latin alpha%ets use& %y Turey an& 3der%aikan$ this letter still li*es on unoi2ially( In 2ertain &iale2ts o Turish$ in2lu&in" the &iale2t spoen in Cyprus$ the ngsoun& !here this letter use& to e)ist is still pronoun2e&( From the Cyprus &iale2t !e 2an "i*e the ollo!in" e)amples

Napang$ eyising Ne yapiyorsun$ iyimisinjSening Seninj7ing 7inj9engid 9enidj

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alng8d aln8djengi enijTangr8 Tanr8j

• Initial A sounds were marked with an alif bearing a wa<y top

E) vwx anlamaj• Any other alifs you see within a word also denoted the sound A

E) zw masaj$ Mw{|} yanaamadj

• Initial E sounds were marked with a bare alif A

E) ~•€A emej ‚ƒA ellij

• The E soun&s in open sylla%les e)2ept or the irst onej !ere mare& !ith a non4%in&in" c

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E) cJJ &e&ej „|… †ƒ tanelerj

• The 2onsonants that 2ame in pairs or e*en trios$ i(e(‡ the letters that share& the same 2onsonant soun&$ su2h as F GH G (s)$ J GK GL (tGd)$ MN G (k)$ !ere helpul or !hen &e2i&in" !hi2h *o!el shoul& 2ome ne)t

E) MbJ &Odj ˆ M‰Š tud‹todj=$ € Œrj ˆ arj$ ‰z sorj ˆ ‰Ž sOrj

• $or important words= unordinary spellings were adopted

E) bA e)pe2te& spellin" or evj ‰ preerre& spellin" or evj ‡ ~•ƒbA e)pe2te&spellin" or ölmek j ~•ƒ‰ preerre& spellin" or ölmek j(

Para dediğin el kiri.

Para ile imanın kimde olduğu bilinmez.

Para isteme benden, buz gibi soğurum senden.

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