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TSUNAMI GENERATION MECHANISMS. Earthquake Parameters. Moment measures earthquake strength. Mechanism specifies the orientation of the earthquake fault and the direction of slip on it. Earthquake depth :deep earthquakes would produce less potent tsunamis than similar shallow earthquakes. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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TSUNAMI GENERATION MECHANISMS
Earthquake Parameters
• Moment measures earthquake strength.
• Mechanism specifies the orientation of the earthquake fault and the direction of slip on it.
• Earthquake depth :deep earthquakes would produce less potent tsunamis than similar shallow earthquakes.
Earthquake Zones
Faults: Strike Slip
Faults: Dip Slip
Faults: Dip Slip
Fault Structures - Normal Faults
Fault Structures - Reverse Faults
Faults: Strike Slip
Pull Apart Mechanism
How does the earthquake generate tsunami?
When the bottom of the ocean was deformed
by this megathrust quake, the upward force
acted like that fist, creating massive waves of
tsunamis, which spread out in all directions.
Imagine a fist rising up from under the water.
Water rolls down off the sides of the fist.
NASA
EARTHQUAKE INITIATION
Synthetic record sections of vertical tsunami motions at distances of 200, 500, 1000 and 2000km from point dip slip (top) and strike slip (bottom) earthquakes of magnitude Mw=7.5 and depth 10 km. Time runs for five hours and the peak amplitude of each trace is given in cm at the right. The lower half of the focal sphere and azimuth of observation are shown toward the right (Stewe Ward, Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology)
Volcanic Eruptions
• Animation
Submarine Landslide
Scientific terms:
Run-up: Vertical height a wave reaches
above a reference sea level as it washes ashore.
Wave height: Vertical measurement of the wave before it reaches shore.
Inundation distance: Horizontal distance a tsunami reaches landward from shoreline.
USGS-NEIC
Appearance of a tsunami when reaches the shore
A rapidly rising or falling tide
A series of waves
A bore
Run-up height:
Tsunamis of distant origin: > 50 ft (15 m)
Tsunami generated near the earthquake
epicenter: > 100 ft (30 m)
First wave may not be the largest in
the series of waves.
Do tsunamis stop once on
land?
Energy reflection back
Edge waves
Complicated behavior of
tsunami waves near the coast !
The first run-up of a tsunami is
often not the largest.
Do not return to a beach several
hours after a tsunami hits.