TSB 88 Seminar Final

APCO TSB-88 Seminar

Carl “Bernie” Olson, Previously Chair TIA TR8.18R b t Sh i I i Vi Ch i TR8 18Robert Shapiro, Incoming Vice Chair TR8.18

TSB-88 Suite to Govt. Entities

From: Stephanie Montgomery [[email protected]]

Good News

From: Stephanie Montgomery [[email protected]]Sent: Friday, July 16, 2010 7:44 AMTo: Randy BloomfieldCc: Henry Cuschieri; Ronda CoulterSubject: FW: Request for Consideration of Adding Documents to TIA's Standards for Government ftp SitSiteGood morning Randy,

TIA investigated the addition of TIA-603-C and the TSB-88 suite of standards to the existing list of TIA-102 standards that we provide gratis to government entities. After due process, it was agreed to add p g g p gthese documents to the FTP of P25 standards. Ronda will be notified and will add them next week,

Have a good weekend. - Stephanie

Stephanie MontgomeryThe TSB-88 Suite is not a standard TSBs areStephanie Montgomery

Director, Technology and Business DevelopmentTelecommunications Industry Associationd: [email protected] | tiaonline.org | address/directions

a standard, TSBs are viewed as best practices

“TIA TSB-88 - What Is It, How to U I d Wh A I B fi ”Use It, and What Are Its Benefits”

“One of the most difficult tasks facing anyone involved inOne of the most difficult tasks facing anyone involved in the specification and purchase of a new radio system is finding an equitable benchmark for network performance to use in evaluating different vendorperformance to use in evaluating different vendor proposals. With the wide variety of propagation models that can be used to plan, design and simulate radio system coverage, identifying the solution that y g y gbest meets your performance requirements can be daunting. TIA Technical Service Bulletin (TSB)-88 provides the most comprehensive set of technical guidelines on how to plan design and simulate theguidelines on how to plan, design, and simulate the performance of narrowband/spectrum efficient networks.”

Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 3

“PREDICT WHAT YOU CAN TEST FOR

AND

TEST FOR WHAT YOU PREDICT”


Why was TSB-88 Created?

• Technology Neutral Frequency coordination ofgy q y Disparate Modulations Different Channel Offsets

• Explain the technical issues describing• Explain the technical issues describing coverage and reliability

• Define Audio Intelligibility (DAQ) • Develop methodology for Acceptance Testing• Provide technical solutions for software

developersdevelopers• Identify data sets for use in predictions


What can TSB-88 do for you?

• Understand Reliability vs. CoverageU de sta d e ab ty s Co e age• Understand how adjacent channel interference

differs from co-channel interference• Determine performance parametric values• Propagation modeling• How an acceptance test should be constructed

and conductedHow to identify and mitigate interference and• How to identify and mitigate interference and noise


TSB-88 Areas of Influence

Applicable Desired SignalApplicable Reference

Desired SignalNA NPSPAC A WA P-25 D OTHER

NA TIA-603 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88

NPSPAC A TSB-88 TIA-603 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88

WA TSB-88 TSB-88 TIA-603 TSB-88 TSB-88rfer

ing

gnal

P-25 D TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88 TIA-102 TSB-88

OTHER TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88Inte

rSi

g

TIA-603/102 - Normative methods & requirementsTSB-88 - Informative - Best Practices


Where are we today? Ref: 603-D, 102.CAAA/B, TSB-88.#-C

• Analog Radios• Companion Rcvr

• Digital P-25 1 Radios•102 CAAA-Measurements

• Recommended methods for all combinations of• Companion Rcvr

• D version approved for publication

•102.CAAA-Measurements•102.CAAB-Values

• Companion Rcvr• Required ACPR offsets & BW

for all combinations of analog and digital radios• Various Rcvrs, BW and frequency offsets


• 2 102.CCAA/B (drafting) • Propagation and CATP

History (Living Documents)

• WG8.8 Started in 1994 to resolve the issues just described

• TIA TSB-88-O Published Jan 1998WG8 8 upgraded to standard development• WG8.8 upgraded to standard development organization, TR8.18 TIA TSB-88-A 6/99 TIA TSB-88-A1 1/02 TIA TSB-88-B 6/04 TIA TSB-88-B1 5/05 TIA TSB 88 B1 5/05 TIA TSB-88.#-C Divided into Multiple volumes

due to size and stability issues


History (Continued)

TSB-88.1-C TSB-88.2-C TSB-88.3-C TSB-88.4-CPerformance Modeling

Propagation & Noise

Acceptance Testing & Interference

4.9 GHz Broadband

Feb 2008 Apr 2009 Feb 2008 Drafting

TSB-88.1-C1 TSB-88.3-C1May 2010 Jan 2010

TSB-88.1-DD fti

Monitoring ITU for new modelsDrafting for new models


CPC Service Area Reliability

• TSB-88 1-C: The probability of• TSB-88.1-C: The probability of achieving the desired DAQ over the defined Service Area.defined Service Area.

• In other Words: includes ALL the tiles in the service area and average them.the service area and average them.

• Alternative to only count those that meet or exceed the criterion. Reasonsmeet or exceed the criterion. Reasons to be explained later.


Performance Parameters

• Define Audio Performance in terms of C/N/ Static C/N for reference sensitivity, Cs/N Faded C/N for levels of improved audio performance,

CF/NCF/N• Requirements vary with the type of modulation

and channel bandwidth Channel Performance Criteria (CPC) defines the Channel Performance Criteria (CPC) defines the

CF/(I+N) for equivalent intelligibility to analog FM Different CPC values equate to Delivered Audio

Quality (DAQ)Quality (DAQ)• Values provided in TSB-88.1-C and earlier

versions


CPC to DAQ, Specific to each modulation

CPCChannel

Performance Criteria

Modulation 1 Modulation n-1 Modulation n…………

Static ReferenceSensitivityRef/ CS/N

DAQ 3.0BER%/CF(I+N)

DAQ 3.4BER%/CF(I+N)

DAQ 4.0BER%/CF(I+N)


DAQ Definition for AnalogBased on equivalent intelligibility Center value is

the design

DAQ Static SINAD

the design criteria

Delivered Audio Quality

Faded Subjective Performance Description equivalent intelligibility1,2

1 Unusable, Speech present but unreadable <8 dB

2 Understandable with considerable effort. Frequent 12 ± 4 dBrepetition due to Noise/Distortion

3 Speech understandable with slight effort. Occasional repetition necessary due to Noise/Distortion

17 ± 5 dB

3.4 Speech understandable with repetition only rarely needed. Some Noise/Distortion

20 ± 5 dB3

Some Noise/Distortion

4 Speech easily understood. Occasional Noise/Distortion 25 ± 5 dB

4.5 Speech easily understood. Infrequent Noise/Distortion 30 ± 5 dB

5 Speech easily understood. >33 dB5 p y 33 dB1 The VCPC is set to the midpoint of the range.2 Measurement of SINAD values in fading is not recommended for analog system performance assessment.3 The 20 dBS equivalency necessitates a DAQ of approximately 3.4. This value can then be used for linear interpolation of the existing criteria. Non public safety CPC specifications would normally request a DAQ of 3, while Federal Government agencies commonly use a DAQ of 3.4 at the boundary of a protected service area. Note that regulatory limitations could preclude providing a high probability of achieving this level of CPC for portable in-building coverage. In addition, higher infrastructure costs could be needed with potential lessened frequency reuse.


CPC to DAQdraft TSB-88 1-D

Modulation Type, (channel spacing)

Static1).

refCN

s/ DAQ-3.02).

BER

CI N

f% /

DAQ-3.43).

BER

CI N

f% /

DAQ-4.04).

BER

CI N

f% /

A l FM R didraft TSB-88.1-D Analog FM Radios Analog FM ± 2.5kHz (12.5 kHz) 12 dBS/7 dB N/A/23 dB N/A/26 dB N/A/33 dB Analog FM ± 4kHz (25 kHz) 5) 12 dBS/5 dB N/A/19 dB N/A/22 dB N/A/29 dB Analog FM ± 5kHz (25 kHz) 12 dBS/4 dB N/A/17 dB N/A/20 dB N/A/27 dB Digital FDMA Radios C4FM (IMBE) (12.5 kHz) 6) 5%/5.4 dB 2.6%/15.2 dB 2.0%/16.2 dB 1.0%/20.0 dB C ( ) ( ) 7)C4FM (IMBE) (12.5 kHz) 7) 5%/7.6 dB 2.6%/16.5 dB 2.0%/17.7 dB 1.0%/21.2 dB C4FM (VSELP)*) (12.5 kHz) 7) 5%/7.6 dB 1.8%/17.4 dB 1.4%/19.0 dB 0.85%/21.6 dB CQPSK (IMBE) LSM, 9.6 kb/s(12.5 kHz) 5%/6.5 dB 2.6%/15.7 dB 2.0%/17.0 dB 1.0%/20.5 dB CQPSK (IMBE) WCQPSK, 9.6 kb/s (12.5 kHz) 5%/6.5 dB 2.6%/15.4 dB 2.0%/16.8 dB 1.0%/20.2 dB CVSD “XL” CAE (25 kHz) 8.5%/4.0 dB 5.0%/12.0 dB 3.0%/16.5 dB 1.0%/20.5 dB CVSD “XL” CAE (NPSPAC) 8) 8 5%/4 0 dB 5 0%/14 0 dB 3 0%/18 5 dB 1 0%/22 5 dB CVSD XL CAE (NPSPAC) 8.5%/4.0 dB 5.0%/14.0 dB 3.0%/18.5 dB 1.0%/22.5 dB CVSD “XL” 4 Level (25 kHz) 8.5%/4.0 dB 5.0%/18.0 dB 3.0%/21.5 dB 1.0%/27.0 dB EDACS® Narrowband Digital 5%/7.3 dB 2.6%/16.7 dB 2.0%/17.7 dB 1.0%/21.2 dB EDACS® NPSPAC8 Digital 5%/6.3 dB 2.6%/15.7 dB 2.0%/16.7 dB 1.0%/20.2 dB EDACS® Wideband Digital (25 kHz) 5%/5.3 dB 2.6%/14.7 dB 2.0%/15.7 dB 1.0%/19.2 dB dPMR 4.8 kb/s (AMBE+2) (6.25 kHz) 5%/7.8 dB 2.6%/16.3 dB 2.0%/17.5 dB 1.0%/20.8 dB NXDN 4.8 kb/s (AMBE+2) (6.25 kHz) 5%/7.3 dB 2.6%/15.7 dB 2.0%/17.0 dB 1.0%/20.2 dB

NXDN 9.6 kb/s (AMBE+2) (12.5 kHz) 5%/7.0 dB 2.6%/15.5 dB 2.0%/16.7 dB 1.0%/19.9 dB Tetrapol 5%/4.0 dB 1.8%/14.0 dB 1.4%/15.0 dB 0.85%/19.0 dB WidePulse C4FM (25 kHz) 5%/9.8 dB 2.6%/17.2 dB 2.0%/18.5 dB 1.0%/21.8 dB Digital TDMA Radios gETSI DMR 2 slot TDMA (AMBE +2) (12.5 kHz) 5%/5.3 dB 2.6%/14.3 dB 2.0%/15.6 dB 1%/19.4 dB F4GFSK (AMBE) OpenSky®2-slot 5%/11.0 dB 3.5%/17.0 dB 2.5%/19.0 dB 1.3%/22.0 dB F4GFSK (AMBE) OpenSky®4-slot 5%/11.0 dB 1.3%/22.0 dB 0.9%/24.0 dB 0.5%/27.0 dB HDQPSK 12 kb/s (AMBE+2) TBD TBD TBD TBD HCPM 12 kb/s (AMBE+2) TBD TBD TBD TBD Cellular Type Digital Radios (TDMA)9


Cellular Type Digital Radios (TDMA) DIMRS – iDEN® (25 kHz) 6:1 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 TETRA (25 kHz) 4:1 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 Footnote 9

DAQ Definition for P25 Digital Radio Vocoders

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 2Phase 1 C4FM

Phase 2 HDQPSK

Phase 2 HCPM

DAQ 3 2 6% [3 1%] [3 3%]DAQ 3 2.6% [3.1%] [3.3%]

DAQ 3.4 2.0% [2.4%] [2.6%]

DAQ 4 1.0% [1.2%] [1.4%]

Phase 1 values are based on enhanced IMBE vocoder.

Phase 2 values in square brackets are proposed values using the P25 AMBE vocoder.


Contour Reliability

• TSB-88.1-C: The probability ofTSB 88.1 C: The probability of obtaining the CPC at the boundary of the Service Area. It is essentially thethe Service Area. It is essentially the minimum allowable design probability for a specified performance.for a specified performance.


Covered Area Reliability

• Think “Average Area Reliability”• Think Average Area Reliability• TSB-88.1-C: The tile-based area reliability for

only those tiles at or exceeding the minimumonly those tiles at or exceeding the minimum required tile reliability. It can be used as a system acceptance criterion.y p

• This includes all the tiles above a computed (or predetermined value) whose combined average meets or exceeds the specified reliability value.


Contour vs. Area Reliability (95% example)5% f i5% f i <15% f iDoesn’t meet CPC

< 2%

< 3%< 5% fringe

< 2%

< 3%< 5% fringe

<1%

<5%

<10%<15% fringeDoesn t meet CPC

criterion

< 1%< 1% <1%

Contour Reliability 95%Service Area Reliability 97%

Contour, Reliability 85%Service Area, Reliability 95%

Area Reliability Vs. Contour Reliability (n = 3.5)

98

100

Std Dev5.66.5 dB8.0 dB

92

94

96

a R

elia

bilit

y (%

)

8.0 dB3:1

88

90

92

Are

a


8670 75 80 85 90 95 100

Contour Reliability (%)

Reliability Vs. Coverage

• Reliability, the average of the individual tile probabilities all within the Service Area

l d C C/ Q h S equal or exceed CPC/DAQ within SA Averaging averages OK when all have equal

weightsweights

• Coverage, the percentage of tiles [geography] (indicated by “coloring”) that [geog ap y] ( d cated by co o g ) t atequal or exceed the specified VCPC/DAQ


Tile-based Area Reliability• The tile-based area reliability is the average of the

individual tile reliabilities over a predefined area. In the Land Mobile Service it is used in the following twothe Land Mobile Service, it is used in the following two forms: Covered Area Reliability is defined as the average of the

individual tile-based reliabilities for only those tiles at or di th i i i d til li bilit It bexceeding the minimum required tile reliability. It can be

used to predict the target system area reliability for an acceptance criterion. Acceptance testing eliminates identified areas where criterion is not achieved or cannot be tested due t ibilitto accessibility.

Service Area Reliability is defined as the average of the individual tile-based reliabilities for all tiles within the service area. It provides useful supplemental information.p ppAcceptance testing based on Covered Area reliability

• Be aware that in mountainous terrain, e.g. a National Forest, requesting a High Service Area Reliability could require a very large number of radio sites, with the accompanying costs.


g p y g

Bounded Area Percent Coverage (BACP)Bounded Area Percent Coverage (BACP)

• Colors all tiles that meet or exceed theColors all tiles that meet or exceed the margin required for the DAQ and VCPC. Not the same as Covered Area Reliability or

Service Area Reliability• Creates impression of greater reliability than actual Area

ReliabilityReliability

If all tiles ≥ 90% then 100% of tiles would be colored

Acceptance Testing needs to use Covered Area Reliability to set the pass/fail criterion


Bounded Area Percent Coverage §5.3.6

• TSB-88 1-C: The BAPC is the number of tiles within a• TSB 88.1 C: The BAPC is the number of tiles within a bounded area that contain a tile margin equal or greater than that specified above the CPC

i t di id d b th t t l b f did trequirement, divided by the total number of candidate tiles. The percent of TILES in a bounded area that meet or exceed

the specified reliability value. No Average Area Reliability is computed so no CATP target is

known.

Should never be able to claim a reliability higher than the Average Area Reliability


Calculate Tile Reliability, Marginsy, g

• Predict median (50%) signal power at receiverPredict median (50%) signal power at receiver Includes antenna and usage losses

• Determine the Inferred Noise FloorDetermine the Inferred Noise Floor Sum the values of

• Thermal Noise

Desired Signal

IMSignal(s)

Margin for

Numerous Interference Sources

Desired Signal

IMSignal(s)

Margin for

Numerous Interference Sources

• Environmental Noise• Interference Noise

Co-Ch, Adj-Ch, & OOBE Power

Other Noise

Goal is to control the co-channel, adjacent channel, OOBE, IM power

Margin for Reliability

Performance Requirement

Aggregate Noise & Interference

Requirement C/(I+N)

Co-Ch, Adj-Ch, & OOBE Power

Other Noise

Goal is to control the co-channel, adjacent channel, OOBE, IM power

Margin for Reliability

Performance Requirement

Aggregate Noise & Interference

Requirement C/(I+N)

• Available margin is Median Signal Power - Inferred Noise Floor

and the receiver’s own internal noise to achieve the desired ratio of desired signal to the compositepower of the undesired signals and their effects for the desired level of performance.

and the receiver’s own internal noise to achieve the desired ratio of desired signal to the compositepower of the undesired signals and their effects for the desired level of performance.


Median Signal Power Inferred Noise Floor• Additional margin for CATP based on method

Calculate Tile Reliability, Margins (2)

• Calculate the reliability margin by adjusting y g y j gfor: CPC required for DAQ criterion Uncertainty requirement (1 dB) Uncertainty requirement (1 dB)

• AKA Confidence margin CATP test methodology (88.3)

• Greater than test• Greater than test• Window test

• Adjusted margin/location standard deviation = Z factor= Z factor

• Convert Z factor to probability


Calculate Tile Reliability, Margins (3)• If adjusted median signal power = -90.8 dBm• Inferred Noise Floor adjusted = -122 dBmInferred Noise Floor adjusted 122 dBm• Available Margin = 31.2 dB (-90.8 -(-122)) Reduce by 17 dB for CPC and 1 dB for confidence Reduce by 17 dB for CPC and 1 dB for confidence

• Available Margin = 31.2-17-1= 13.2 dB• Z = 13.2/8 = 1.65 = 95.0% Tile ReliabilityZ 13.2/8 1.65 95.0% Tile Reliability• Z = 13.2/5.6 = 2.36 = 99.0% Tile Reliability

Z Cum Prob1 6500 95 053%

Z Cum Prob2 3571 99 079% Lower standard1.6500 95.053%

Use Goal Seek to determine eitherFor Z set Cum Prob to desired as a numericRed is input, Blue is calculated probability

Single 8 00 dB Std Dev

2.3571 99.079%Use Goal Seek to determine eitherFor Z set Cum Prob to desired as a numericRed is input, Blue is calculated probability

Single 5 60 dB Std Dev

Lower standard deviation produces higher reliability.

The value varies with the accuracy of the

datasets used


8.00 dB Std Dev13.20 dB Margin for 95.053%

5.60 dB Std Dev13.20 dB Margin for 99.079%

Coverage Prediction Example w/o Interference-86

-88

-90

92

1 dB Confidence Margin

Design Goal-90.8 dBm

-92

-94

-96

-98

-100

13.2 dB Margin=8 dB

95% Probability of-102

-104

-106

-108

95% Probability of achieving -105 dBm

-91.8 dBm

Bm)

-110

-112

-114

-116

118

Cf/N = 17 dB-105 dBm Example: Analog FM

16 kHz ENBW10 dB Noise Figure95% Reliability when = 8 dB96 2% h C fid dd d

Pow

er (

dB

-118

-120

-122Thermal Noise Floor

-122 dBm Cs/N = 4 dB-118 dBm

96.2% when Confidence added


Cumulative Probability (%)

Adjacent Channel Power

• Uses Spectral Power Density (SPD) files for Uses Spect a o e e s ty (S ) es ovarious modulations Use Emission Designators to identify modulation

C l h SPD f l d l d d Currently have SPDs for commonly deployed and proposed new modulations

Supplied by manufacturers on actual hardwarepp y• A recommend “associated” receiver

characteristics is provided for each modulation ENBW Simulation Filter Model


Adjacent Channel Power (2)

• Spreadsheet for each SPD file• Spreadsheet for each SPD file Frequency Offset

• Above or below carrier Receiver Filter Models ENBW of victim receiver

– Square Filter– Root Raised Cosine (RRC)– ButterworthButterworth

– 5 poles, 4 cascades– 4 poles, 3 cascades

Tables are provided for all practical combinations and offset frequenciesfrequencies

Graphs are provided for all practical combinations Provides the ability to determine the modulations’ Occupied BW


TSB-88.1-C covers 19 technologies- Adjacent channel power tables at 11 standard channel spacings- Adjacent channel power tables at 11 standard channel spacings - Receiver characteristics (tables of defined models)- Modulation waveforms (SPD files from actual hardware)- Performance CS/N & CF/N (table for different DAQ values)

• Analog FM ±2.5 kHz Peak Deviation• Analog FM ±4.0 kHz NPSPAC• Analog FM ±5 0 kHz Peak Deviation

• TETRA • TETRAPOL• Widepulse

S F ( Q )

• Analog FM ±5.0 kHz Peak Deviation• C4FM Phase 1 Project 25• 4 Level FSK FDMA(6.25 kHz )dPMR• DIMRS-iDEN®

Widepulse• HPD - 25 kHz Data• RD-LAP 9.6 Data• RD-Lap 19.2 DataDIMRS iDEN

• DMR 2-Slot TDMA MOTOTRBO™

• EDACS® 12.5 kHz• EDACS® NPSPAC

paddendum 1

• NXDN FSK FDMA(6.25 &12.5 kHz)TSB-88.1-D

• EDACS® 25 kHz • F4GFSK - OpenSky®

• LSM - Linear Simulcast ModulationS

• WCQPSK• HCPM• HDQPSK

CSM


• Securenet, 12 kbits/sec CVSD • CSM

Example

• What are the ACPRs for the case of a new P25What are the ACPRs for the case of a new P25 Phase 1 system 12.5 kHz offset from an incumbent 25 kHz analog FM system 800 MHz band example as below 512 MHz

narrowbanding will eliminate the wide band analog FM beginning 1/1/2013FM beginning 1/1/2013

• Identify by the emission designators Analog FM 16K0F3E 12 6 kHz B-4-3 Analog FM 16K0F3E 12.6 kHz B-4-3 P 25 C4FM 8K10F1E 5.76 kHz RRC =0.2


Graphical ExampleTransmitter SPD Data File Identified by

• Emission Designator

• Type of modulation• Type of modulation

• Manufacturer Information

Offset Frequency12 5 kHz12.5 kHz

Tx16K0F3E

Tx8K10F1E

Receiver Modeling Information from:

Rec12K6B0403

Rec5K76R02||

• Companion Transmitter's modulation

• ENBW & filter shape (Tables)


Existing 25 kHz Analog FM and +12.5 kHz P25

C4FM ACP with TIA Butterworth Filter

10

0

AFM ±5 kHz, with Root Raised Cosine (RRC) TIA Filter

0

P25 receiver model

Analog C4FMWaveform

FM receiver model

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

ude

(dB

)

C4FM SPD

BF=4P-3C

Power per bin-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

ude

(dB

)

Waveform Waveform

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

Mag

nitu

ACP Integration

32.5 dB ACPR

12.600 kHz ENBW

-12.500 kHz Offset

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

Mag

nitu

AFM ±5.spdRRC FilterPower per binrACP Integration46.2 dB ACPR5.760 kHz ENBW12.500 kHz Offset

-110-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Frequency (kHz)

-110-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Frequency (kHz)

25 kHz Analog FM > P25 @12.5 kHz offset

ACPR = 46.2 dBP25 > 25 kHz Analog FM @-12.5 kHz offset

ACPR = 32 5 dBACPR 32.5 dB

ACPR is the reduction of the interfering energy. Allows an upward adjustment of the interfering contour value or reduction of ERP while using the normal contour value. Asymmetrical results can occur with disparate modulations. Coordination analysis


should be done in both directions.

Spreadsheets and tools provided

• Special program developed to createSpecial program developed to create tables for all practical combinationsACPRUtil.exe

• Creates table dataExcel Template for manufacturers data

• Does all the chartingCompleted Excel spreadsheet for each

modulationmodulationExcel tools for analysis


C4FM example (P-25 Phase 1 modulation)

Carrier Frequency 150.000 MHzBin Size 31.25 Hz 9.504 kHzRBW 119 Hz 4

3

Butterworth Filter Calculator*F ±-3dB

# of Poles # of Cascades

• Perfect Filter

3Signal Power 1.03 mW -12.500 kHz Offse

0.147 dBm *Use Goal seek to set M9 to desired value by changing M416.000 kHz ENBW

18.8 dB ACPROffset -12.5 kHzBW 5.8 kHz

3 445 kHzF ±3dBGraphed Butterworth Filter

IF fc Offset# of Cascades

Equivalent Noise BWACPRAdjacent Channel Power

• Extra Butterworth Calculator

Microsoft Excel Worksheet

Demo 23.445 kHz

Start -15.4 kHz 4Stop -9.6 kHz 3

-12.500 kHz Offse

ACPR 70.6 dB Equivalent Noise BW 5.800 kHz ENBW68.2 dB ACPR

RRC Filter

IF fc Offset

F ±3dB# of Poles

# of Cascades

Red = Entered values

ACPR

• Butterworth 4-3 / 5-4

Fsymbol= 5.8 kspsalpha= 0.2

Enter frequency offset (kHz) & select side Maximum -120Offset Frequency 12.500 kHz -12.500 kHz Offse

5.800 kHz ENBW1 69.9 dB ACPR

RRC Filter

Equivalent Noise BWACPR

Red = Entered valuesBlue = Calculated values

IF fc Offset

Low Side High Side

• RRC Filter

Demo 1Rcvr ENBW 5.800 kHzEnter Victim's ENBW (kHz), select alternate BF2 if applicable

1 BF=4P-3C BF=4P-3CBF=5P-4C

BF2 4p-3c 3.445083922BF2 5p-4c 3.451348330

Bins (1 Sided) 125

Butterworth CalculatorBF 4P-3C (Normal) BF 5P-4C

Microsoft Excel Worksheet

Demo 1


Bins (1 Sided) 125% Pwr 98.99%Occupied BW 7.84 kHzUse "Goal Seek" to set I37 to desired numeric value by changing I36

• Occupied BW Calculator

Why Only Tables rather than Curves/Equations?

• That was the original intent• Modified because

Computers still prefer tables to equations. Linear Interpolation is quick and easy Curve fits were not monotonic for analog FM due to the

“modulation hair” Curves are provided in the spreadsheets

• Trend lines easily added to determine equations• Trend lines easily added to determine equations• Simplifies Adjustments for Frequency Stability

Requirements vary with band• High Band• High Band• 450 MHz Band• 700/800/900 MHz Bands


StabilityRequirements

Assigned Frequency

(MHz)

Channel Bandwidth

(kHz)

Mobile Station Stability (PPM)

Base Station Stability (PPM)

25 to 50 20 20 20 25 & 30 5.0 5.0 Requirements

• NTIA has different

12.5 & 15 5.0 2.5 12.5 (NTIA only) 2.5 1.5

138 to 174

6.25 & 7.5 2.0 1.0 25 5.0 5.0 380 to 400

406 to 420 (NTIA only) 12.5 2.0 1.0

25 5 0 5 0• NTIA has different requirements than FCC

• Two choices

25 5.0 5.012.5 2.5 1.5 421 to 512 6.25 1.0 0.5

768 to 769 Guard Band4 25 0.4 1, 2.5 2 0.1

12.5 0.4 1, 1.5 2 0.1

769 to 7756 25 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1

• Recalculate using the spreadsheet & adjusted offset

I ENBW b

6.25 0.4 , 1.0 0.1775 to 776 Guard Band4 798 to 799 Guard Band4

25 0.4 1, 2.5 2 Not Authorized 12.5 0.4 1, 1.5 2 Not Authorized

799 to 805

6.25 0.4 1, 1.0 2 Not Authorized 805-806 Guard Band4

• Increase ENBW by 2X stability correction

805-806 Guard Band806 to 8093 12.5 1.5 1.0 809 to 8243 25 2.5 1.5 851 to 8543 12.5 1.5 1.0 854 to 8693 25 2.5 1.5 896 to 901 12.5 1.5 0.1 929 to 930 25 Not Authorized 1.5935 to 940 12.5 Not Authorized 0.1 Annex A 1 When receiver AFC is locked to base station.

Annex B 2 When receiver AFC is not locked to base station.

Annex C 3 Channelization shown is after NPSPAC rebanding. NPSPAC criteria will only apply to the new

NPSPAC blocks

From TSB-88.1-DDraft


NPSPAC blocks.Annex D 4 Guard bands after band realignment

Frequency Stability Adjustment

• Based on lengthy measurements at sites to g ydetermine statistical variations

• unit = 0.4 * PPM * Freq(MHz)

22•

• Example: = 0 4 1 5 450 = 270 Hz

22SUfixedf

Offset if using fix= 0.4 1.5 450 = 270 Hz su = 0.4 2.5 450 = 450 Hz = 525 Hz 90% Confidence = 1 28* 525 = 672 Hz

2 22 7 0 4 5 0f

Offset if using calculator

90% Confidence 1.28 525 672 Hz 2 f = 1,344 Hz Increase the ENBW by 1,344 Hz Use Lookup Table or Chart to determine ACPR

Offset if using tables


p

Frequency Stability Adjustment

Offset

Rx BW

Rx BW + 2 x F

(dB

)P

ower

(

Leading edge moves toward

Increasing by 2 X F, allows the tables to be reused in any band by incorporating the adjusted

BW. This provides a simple and accurate method for evaluating frequency drift for all bandsinterfering source,

intercepting more power

Transmit

Victim Receiver

frequency drift for all bands

Trailing edge moves away from interfering source, but

Spectrum


from interfering source, but has little effect

Simulcast

• Monte Carlo method for modeling o te Ca o et od o ode gperformance, delay spread

• Calculated probability in each tile based on all i l d h i d l diffsignals and their delay differences Probability of achieving the DAQ Eliminates the “rules of thumb” which don’t work Eliminates the rules of thumb which don t work

in multi-site simulcast systems• Data for the digital modulations are provided

along with the methods for determining the curves for future simulcast modulations


3 site MC simulation of a single tile for DAQ=3Std Deviation 5.6 dB Delay* s

Simulcast Signal 1 -95.00 dBm 50.0 uSSimulcast Signal 2 -115.00 dBm 110.0 uSSimulcast Signal 3 -120.00 dBm 200.0 uS

R i N i Fl 126 70 dB

Scaled LSM DAQ Performance Parametrics vs. Measured

38

40DAQ = 4.0DAQ=4 measured

DAQ = 3.4Receiver Noise Floor -126.70 dBm C/N CPC for DAQ = 3 15.70 dBSimulation Probability 93.1%

Median (50%) C/N 31.76 dBMedian RMS Delay Spread 20.5 uS

Results vary with each Monte Carlo testF9 to recalculate

28

30

32

34

36

N (d

B)

DAQ 3.4DAQ3.4 measuredDAQ = 3.0

DAQ=3.0 measured

5% Ref

5% measured

F9 to recalculate* Works with either absolute or relative delaysFor Relative Delay, the shortest delay is the reference (0 S) Delay is the launch delay plus propagation delay.

18

20

22

24

26

Fade

d C

/N

Pd PdN N

2

2

12

14

16

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Delay Spread (S)

TPd

P

Pd

Pm

i ii

ii

N

i ii

ii

N

2

2

1

1

1

1

2

Even though the results of the median draw are excellent, other draws find the cases where the strongest signal is low and the lower signals are high so that the delay spread criterion is only achieved in 931 of the 1000 draws


y p yin this example. Results will vary for each time the simulation is made.

Coverage Buzz Words

ReliabilityTile Method

95% of the Area/ 95% of

Contour

Coverage Prediction Radial

Method

Area/ 95% of the Time

Contour Reliability

Average Area Service Area Reliability

Method

gReliability LULC

Covered AreaNLCD

Resolution NAD27 vs.

NAD83Bounded Area Reliability

Covered Area Reliability


NAD83 y

Multiple Knife Edges and Diffraction Loss

g2 AMSL

Dimensions shown are for the center (largest) obstacle. Similar notation applies to each obstacle

gn = hn + R

g1 AMSL g3 AMSL

htc AMSL

hrc AMSL

n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5

d

di d-di


Multiple knife edge diffraction loss calculations §6.1.2 TSB-88.2-C

Knife Edge Diffraction Loss Comparison of TSB-88 and Dr. Hess

Knife Edge Diffraction Loss

0

3

6

9

Loss

Hess

TSB-88

12

15

18ffrac

tion

abov

e FS

18

21

24

Loss

due

to D

if

27

30

33-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Diffraction Parameter (v )

Rayleigh Field 6 by 63D view

Looking down on the field Looking up on the field


Fading Distributions

Rayleigh vs. Rician Fadingg

90 %

95 %

100 %ed

Legend

75 %

80 %

85 %

l be

exce

ede

Rician, k=0.15 Median

Rician, k=0.15 Mean

Rayleigh Median

Reduction in the fading penalty, Cf/N, for Rician

R l i h

60 %

65 %

70 %

hat V

alue

wil

Rayleigh Mean

Rician k value shown for an example

vs. Rayleigh fading.

50 %

55 %

60 %

Prob

abili

ty th comparison rather than a recommended value.

k is the fraction of the total power carried by the multipath (random) component

35 %

40 %

45 %

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

P power in the dominant pathpower in the scattered path

k


-20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0Value relative to Legend (dB)

Link Budgets

Talk-out Talk-in• ERPd

Base station Power Line Loss/Filters

• ERPd Mobile/Portable Power Antenna HAAT & type

Antenna HAAT/Pattern• Mobile/Portable

Antenna type

Line Loss (Mobiles)• Base Receive Antenna

HAAT Antenna Carrying Option Local Noise environment Receiver sensitivity

S t

Line Loss Filtering / Amplification Local Noise IM/Tn/Rd

R i S iti it• System Simulcast Multicast

• Receive Sensitivity• System

Voting


Example Portable Talk-out Link Budget

Propagation Model LossIncludes Environmental Losses

ERP

Values from previous• ERP 100 W

Reliability & Confidence Margins

/4 to/2 adjustmentplus cable losses3 dB

Design Target

ATP Target-84 dBm

-87 dBm

Values from previous example

•50 dBm

•Receiver Noise FloorAcceptance Pass or Fail

Building/Auto Loss Factor

Portable Antenna Factor

plus cable losses3 dB

Usage Adjustment

Antenna Adjustment(s)-96 dBm

Building Loss = 12 dB

•-123 dBm

•Link Budget is 173 dB

•156 dB Usable Body/Pattern/Polarization

Relative to half wave dipole

Faded Performance MarginDetermines CPC in the

Faded Performance Threshold

10 dB based on

Portable antenna= -10 dBd

-106 dBm

•156 dB Usable

•CPC CF/N

•Adjustments for other factors

Noise Floor

Determines CPC in the presence of Multipath Fading

Cs/N

Cf/N for desired

CPC Static Threshold(Reference Sensitivity)

-116 dBm

-123 dBm

10 dB based on Cf/N = 17 dB

7 dB

§Annex D

•Additional information in TSB-88.1-C


Noise Floor123 dBm

Identifying Interference

• Separating Composite Signal LevelsWorks best on digital radios using BER% toWorks best on digital radios using BER% to

identify composite signal C+I+N and C/(I+N) C+I+N = -100 dBm (1E-10)

C = -100.1 dBm

C+I+N = -100 dBm (1E-10)

C = -100.1 dBm

C+I+N =- 100 dBm (1E-10)

C/(I+N) = 17 dB (50.12)

I+N = 1E-10/(50.12 +1)17 dB produces the 2% BER

C+I+N =- 100 dBm (1E-10)

C/(I+N) = 17 dB (50.12)

I+N = 1E-10/(50.12 +1)17 dB produces the 2% BER 17 dB (50.12)( )

I+N = 1.956E-12 = -117.1 dBm

C = -117.1 dBm + 17 dB = -100.1 dBm

17 dB produces the 2% BER 17 dB (50.12)( )

I+N = 1.956E-12 = -117.1 dBm

C = -117.1 dBm + 17 dB = -100.1 dBm

17 dB produces the 2% BER

I+N = -117.1 dBm

I = -118.1dBm

I+N =- 117.1 dBm (1.956E-12)

N = -124 dBm (3.981E-13)

I+N = -117.1 dBm

I = -118.1dBm

I+N =- 117.1 dBm (1.956E-12)

N = -124 dBm (3.981E-13)


N = -124 dBm, measured value

I = 19.56E-13 - 3.981E-13 = 1.55174E-12

I = 10*log(1.55174E-12) = -118.1 dBm

N = -124 dBm, measured value

I = 19.56E-13 - 3.981E-13 = 1.55174E-12

I = 10*log(1.55174E-12) = -118.1 dBm

Terrain Dataset 1 foot = 0.3048 meter

1 3 281 fResolution926 m * COS ((latitude )) 1”

30.9

1 meter = 3.281 ft

92.692.63”6”

9” 277.8185.2185.2

Drawings not to scale

30”” 926

18””

30”” 926

555.6

1= 60 nautical miles

1 nm =1 852 m15” 463

1 nm =1,852 m

1” = 30.867 meters


LULC Land Use – Land CoverLULC Land Use Land Cover

• Approaching 30 Years Old• Approaching 30 Years Old• Based upon GEOS satellite data

37 C t i• 37 CategoriesUrban categories somewhat lackingNo salt water category

• 200 × 200 meter cells• Cell or vector format


LULC Replacement NLCD92 & NLCD01

• Tables are provided for converting LULC loss p gcategories using these newer datasets

Frequency (MHz)

Classification 30 50 136 174 220 222 380 512 746 941 Reclassified Classification 30-50 136-174 220-222 380-512 746-941 Number Open land 1 3 3 3 5 1 Agricultural 2 3 3 4 182 2 Rangeland 1 91 9 101 10 3 Water 0 0 0 0 0 4 Forest land 3 81 9 12 251 5Forest land 3 8 9 12 25 5Wetland 1 3 3 3 3 6 Residential 3 141 15 161 201 7 Mixed urban/ buildings 4 151 16 171 201 8

Commercial/ industrial 4 141 14 151 201 9 industrial Snow & Ice 0 0 0 0 0 10 1. Taken from Rubinstein [18] Non-superscripted values are derived from industry sources. 2. The density of foliage in a particular urban environment can heavily influence values for

urban settings. Heavily forested urban environments can exhibit clutter losses in excess of those published here.


TSB-88.2-C Recommends Modifications to R6602 §7 3R6602 §7.3

• Several normal situations were not covered. Broadcasters don’t operate under these scenarios Short Paths, no corresponding Field Strength dB

valuesvalues• Scale at 20 dB/octave rate

Low HAAT, nothing for heights <100ft /30m, g g /• Scale at 20 dB/octave rate

High HAAT, maximum height is 5000 ftf h d d d d• Curve fit the existing curves and generated recommended

values for 10,000 ft


TSB-88 modifies the Field Strength Contours

• R6602 is based on long term measurementsR6602 is based on long term measurements above the local environment Uses a 9 dB correction to convert to LM heightsg

• Recommend exclusive use of (50,50) model Difference between (L,T) of (50,50) and (50,10)

decreases with decreasing distance. LM environment requires 100% time always

(50 50) [88 2-C-Table 11](50,50) [88.2-C-Table 11]


Recommendation VHF HB

• VHF (150 MHz)VHF (150 MHz)37 dB Desired contour(-81.5 dBm)8 dB Co Channel Interferer (-110 58 dB Co Channel Interferer ( 110.5

dBm)Produces 29 dB C/IProduces 29 dB C/IAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers

contour up by ACPRp y

• FCC Rule: Adjacent channels ± 15 kHzSeparated by 10 miles


Separated by 10 miles

Recommendation UHF

• UHF (460 MHz)• UHF (460 MHz)39 dB Desired Contour (-89.3 dBm)

7 dB C Ch l I t f ( 121 37 dB Co Channel Interferer (-121.3 dBm)

32 dB C/I32 dB C/IAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers’ contour

up by ACPRup by ACPR

• FCC: Adjacent Channel ± 12.5 kHz, Low Po e 2 Watts


Power = 2 Watts

Recommendation 800 MHz

• 860 MHz band• 860 MHz band40 dB Desired (-93.7 dBm)

8 dB Co Channel Interferer ( 125 7 dBm)8 dB Co Channel Interferer (-125.7 dBm)

32 dB C/IAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers’ contour upAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers’ contour up

by ACPR

FCC: Adjacent channels along Mexican• FCC: Adjacent channels along Mexican Border

12 5 kH ff tAug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 57

12.5 kHz offsets

Recommendation NPSPAC

• NPSPAC 806-809/851-854 MHz band12.5 kHz channel separation12.5 kHz channel separation40 dB Desired (-93.7 dBm)

• Service Area (3 - 5 miles beyond jurisdiction)Service Area (3 5 miles beyond jurisdiction)

5 dB Co Channel Interferer (-128.7 dBm)

35 dB C/I35 dB C/IAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers’ contour up

by ACPR Originally Analog where ACPR ≥ 25 dBby ACPR Originally Analog where ACPR ≥ 25 dB (20 dB ACRR required)• Digital and 12.5 kHz Analog ≥ 65 dB


5 dBF(50 50)Interference

700 MHz Co-channel 40/5 D/U

5 dBF(50,50)or about

19 dB F(50,10)D/U = C/I = 35 dB

Contour

40 dBF(50,50)40 dBF(50,50)Service

AreaService

AreaContourContour Contour

Co-Channel User40 dBF(50,50) Desired - 5 dBF(50 50) Undesired

C/I ratio compares signal level (50%) at edge of Desired Service Area contour F(50,50) to signal l l (50%) t d f th U d i d (C h l U ’ I t f ) t F(50 50)

5 dBF(50,50) Undesired-----------------------35 dB C/I Ratio


level (50%) at edge of the Undesired (Co-channel User’s Interference) contour F(50,50)

700 MHz Contour Extension Criteria

Type of Service Area Extension (mi.)

Urban (20 dB Buildings) 5Urban (20 dB Buildings) 5

Suburban (15 dB Buildings) 4

Rural (10 dB Buildings) 3

Table 6 - Recommended Extension Distance Of 40 dBμ Field Strengthab e 6 eco e ded te s o sta ce O 0 d μ e d St e gtAppendix KV2_01.doc, NCC 700 MHz Pre Assignment Recommendation


Modified Co-channel RequirementsTable 11 in TSB 88 2 CTable 11 in TSB-88.2-C

Band (MHz) Original Criteria Modified Criteria C/I providedBand (MHz) Original Criteria Modified Criteria C/I provided

150 37(50,50)/19(50,10) 37(50,50)/8(50,50) 29 dB

220 38(50,50)/28(50,10) 38(50,50)/17(50,50) 21 dB

450 39(50 50)/21(50 10) 39(50 50)/7(50 50) 32 dB450 39(50,50)/21(50,10) 39(50,50)/7(50,50) 32 dB

700/800[1] 40(50,50)/22(50,10) 40(50,50)/8(50,50) 32 dB

1 The Public Safety band 806-809/851-854 MHz has different requirements for different Regional Frequency Planning Committees. The 700 MHz Public Safety Band also has different criteria based on the degree of urbanization and Regional Frequency


g g q yPlanning Committees. In both cases, local requirements should be followed.

Coverage Testing

• Definition: Coverage is a collection ofDefinition: Coverage is a collection of points that are predicted to provide communications that meet a minimumcommunications that meet a minimum reliability value.

D fi iti “ i i ti ” i• Definition: “voice communications” is a predefined level of “Delivered Audio Q lit ” (DAQ) “Ch lQuality” (DAQ) or “Channel Performance Criteria” (CPC)


Methodology

• Uniform Distribution

• Randomness in specific test location• Randomness in specific test location

The test location is arbitrarily chosen, i.e., the specific location cannot be picked with the goal ofspecific location cannot be picked with the goal of influencing the outcome of the test.

• A test grid may be entered from any directionA test grid may be entered from any direction

• The test should be initiated without the tester's control (Automated)


tester s control (Automated)

Methodology

• Collecting the RF Sample

What as p edicted?What was predicted?° Mobile Coverage?° Portable Coverage?

What was NOT predicted?° Specific tile (location) signal strength° SINAD


Type of CATP Tests [Table 26] Objective Test Subjective Test

Digital (Single Site) BER% & SSI1) OK Analog (Single Site) SSI OK

1)Talk-Out Test

Digital (Simulcast) BER% & SSI1) OKAnalog (Simulcast) N/A (data for info only) Recommended Digital (Single Site) BER% & SSI 2) OK Analog (Single Site) SSI 2) OKAnalog (Single Site) SSI ) OKDigital (Multi-Site) 3,4) BER% & SSI 2) OK Analog (Multi-Site) 3,4) SSI 2) OK Digital (Voting) Undefined test 5) Recommended

Talk-In Test

g ( g)Analog (Voting) Undefined test 5) Recommended

1. Measured BER% is the preferred method. However, SSI provides additional information about identifying potential interference.

2 f2. Failures due to interference should be agreed upon prior to testing as to whether they are counted or not.

3. Evaluate difference in link budget and use in conjunction with Talk-Out Testing as applicable,. 4. Individual tests per site. 5. Current test signals (Table A-2, O.153) cannot proceed past the base receiver. Therefore

h t d t ti t b bj ti l d t i d til l b t t t i


enhancements due to voting cannot be objectively determined until a more elaborate test is developed.

Number of Test GridsNumber of Test Grids

• Grid the entire service area• Lay the grid pattern over the coverage map.• Grids which are completely filled with coverage become the “Test Grids.”

G id t ti l ithi th i•Grids not entirely within the service area may require dividing the service area into a smaller grid pattern if necessarygrid pattern if necessary


Determining Grid SizeDetermining Grid Size• The minimum size, for each side of the grid, isabout 100 (may not be practical).• A maximum recommended grid size is about 2km x 2 kmx 2 km.• A practical minimum is roughly 0.25 mi x 0.25 mi.

• Consider 15 arc-seconds square• A practical maximum is roughly 0.5 mi x 0.5 mi.

• Consider 30 arcseconds squareFinal size may be determine by the number of• Final size may be determine by the number of

grids to be tested and the confidence required


Performance Confirmation

• Acceptance Testing Automated via GPS receivers and computers Automated via GPS receivers and computers

• Number of test locations (Grids) Estimate of Proportions

Si2

2

epqZT

Size• Distance for each test to transverse

– Smallest 100 x 100 – Largest 2 km x 2km

• Number of samples at each test locationNumber of samples at each test location• Pass Fail Criteria

Greater Than Test, e.g ≥ 95%, requires over-design due to e Acceptance Window, e.g. 95% ± 2%

Confidence• Confidence Level Interval I am XX% confident that the true values lies between XX-e% and XX+e% if

the number of tiles tested equals T


the number of tiles tested equals Tl

Determining minimum number of gridsg g

2

h i bZ pq

T = Total number of grids

2 where varies by test typext x

Z pqT Ze

Tt = Total number of gridsZx = Standard deviate unit (confidence level)

Z for Greater Than testZ/2 for Window test

p = Predicted covered area reliability (e.g. 0.97)q = 1 pq = 1-pe = Sampling error allowance (confidence interval)

Predicted - Required (e.g, 0.97-0.95 =0.02)


q ( g )

Small Grids vs. Large Gridsg


What are the advantages and disadvantages of various grid sizes?Small Grids 15 arc second square ( 25 mi square)+ Test points are closer together, greater detail+ Particularly useful for testing mountainous roads

Small Grids - 15 arc-second square (.25 mi square)

+ Particularly useful for testing mountainous roads+ Any missed grids have less effect on the outcome+ Able to test closer to the coverage boundaries

- Testing requires more resourcesCan be harder to complete the test before “exiting”- Can be harder to complete the test before exiting

- Can be harder to access (roads more difficult)


What are the advantages and disadvantages of various grid sizes?

Large Grids 30 arc second square ( 5 mi square)

+ Testing requires less resources+ E i t l t t t i h id

Large Grids - 30 arc-second square (.5 mi square)

+ Easier to complete a test in each grid

- Test locations may not be near the boundariesy- Test results are more sensitive to each grid- Less detail overall

f- May provide poor information on mountainous roads.


Sample and Sub-samplesp p

Service AreaBoundary




A Test Tile insideService Area




• A sample is taken inside each defined tile

• Each test sample is

End of testSample

Start of test Sample

End of testSample


End of testSample


End of testSample


made up of a series of discrete measurements made over a prescribed distance in wavelengths

Random test locationRandom test locationRandom test locationRandom test location

distance in wavelengths

• The number of sub-samples determines the confidence in the

Sub sample ensemble

Creates the “test sample”

Sub sample ensemble


Sub sample ensemble


Sub sample ensemble


confidence in the accuracy of the measured value


Measurement Distance

• The distance (D) for outdoor test route measurements of the local median received signal power in a test tile should be 28 D 100. 40 normally recommended distance• 40 normally recommended distance Shorter distances influenced by Rayleigh Longer distances affected by changing location Longer distances affected by changing location

variability Lower frequencies may requires shorter distances

50 b l d 90% fid l l• 50 sub-samples produces a 90% confidence level that the measured value is ±1 dB of the actual value


value

Sample Size

• 50 samples considered minimum

p

• 50 samples considered minimum 0.8 produces maximum decorrelation

• 40 minimizes log-normal changesg g

90% confidence the values is ±1 dB (confidence interval)

• More is better• 122 samples 99% confidence the values is ±1 dB (confidence interval)

• 212 Samples 90% confidence the values is ±0.5 dB


Recommended Sampling Distance

• For lower VHF frequencies• For lower VHF frequencies28minimum

For UHF frequencies• For UHF frequencies40 distance 100

• Size of tiles may limit the values aboveMetro area


Confidence Interval vs. # sub-samples & True Mean Value# sub-samples & True Mean Value

2

4Z 4Z

2

2010 1dBs TV

ZT

2

10True Mean Value 20 1dBs

ZLog

T

TV±dB 90%. 95% 99%0.25 dB 872 1231 21330.50 dB 212 299 5180.75 dB 91 129 224

Confidence Level Ts 90% 95% 99%

50 ±1.00 dB ±1.18 dB ±1.52 dB 100 ±0.72 dB ±0.85 dB ±1.10 dB

1.00 dB 50 71 1221.25 dB 31 44 761.50 dB 21 30 511.75 dB 15 21 372.00 dB 11 16 27

150 ±0.59 dB ±0.70 dB ±0.91 dB 200 ±0.51 dB ±0.61 dB ±0.79 dB 250 ±0.46 dB ±0.55 dB ±0.71 dB 300 ±0.42 dB ±0.50 dB ±0.65 dB

2.25 dB 9 12 212.50 dB 7 9 162.75 dB 5 8 133.00 dB 4 6 11

350 ±0.39 dB ±0.46 dB ±0.60 dB 400 ±0.37 dB ±0.43 dB ±0.57 dB 450 ±0.35 dB ±0.41 dB ±0.54 dB 500 ±0.33 dB ±0.39 dB ±0.51 dB


Corrected values from those listed inTSB-88B

Measured ValueMeasured Value

The Instantaneous Signal Strength is measuredThe Instantaneous Signal Strength is measured many times over a predetermined path length. Then the median value is calculatedThen the median value is calculated.

How is a Passing value determined?The median value, after any correction for antenna/line/height parameters, is compared to g p pthe threshold faded sensitivity value of the radio.


Pass Fail Criteria

• There are two types of testsThere are two types of tests “Greater than test”

• Covered Area Reliability criteriony– Requires over-design to achieve confidence level

“Window Test”C d A R li bilit ± d fi d %• Covered Area Reliability ± predefined %

– Requires additional testing for the same confidence levelEli i t d i i t th th– Eliminates over-design requirement other than “confidence”


Stationary test vs Moving test

• Coverage prediction is for faded performance in a g p pRayleigh faded environment. A stationary test is contrary to the environment of prediction.• TSB-88 1-C § 5 4 2 describes a moving test• TSB-88.1-C, § 5.4.2 describes a moving test.


Resource Time Required

Estimate 150 and 250 grids tested per day• Estimate 150 and 250 grids tested per day.• The smaller grids test faster.• Traveling speed and ease of grid access has a g p gsignificant effect on the test rate.• Travel time is not included in the above numbers.

A l t t k 1 t 2 th• A large system takes 1 to 2 months


Summary TSB-88.2 and 88.3

• CATP • Confidence Level• Examples of prediction• Impact of predictions

• Confidence Interval• Talk-in vs. Talk-out

• Test the prediction• Estimate of proportions

b f

tests• Building losses

Sample simulation• Minimum number of tiles

• Sub-samples vs

• Sample simulation

• Sub samples vs. Accuracy


Contact TSB-88 Authors/Officials

• TSB88@Yahoogroups com• [email protected]• Post questions on document

A b• Answers by:Bernie Olson, Previously Chair TIA TR8.18Tom Rubinstein, New Chair of TR8.18 Bob Shapiro, New Vice Chair of TR8.18
