TS-990S In-depth Manual

IN-DEPTH MANUAL

TS-990S In-depth ManualNovember, 2013CA-327W-E108JVC KENWOOD CorporationAll Rights Reserved.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

01 PROLOGUE

AbouttheReleaseoftheTS‑990S................................... 1FeaturesoftheTS‑990S.................................................. 1

02 ANTENNASWITCHINGCIRCUIT

SignalingPaths................................................................ 2UsingtheSameAntennaConnectorfortheMainBandandtheSubBand...........................................................................2UsingDifferentAntennaConnectorsfortheMainBandandtheSubBand...........................................................................3RXAntennaFunction(RXINandRXOUTConnectorsOn/Off)....................................................................................3ConnectinganExternalReceiver............................................3

03 RECEPTION

ReceiverConfiguration.................................................... 5ConversionMethod.......................................................... 5MainBandReceiver................................................................5SubBandReceiver..................................................................6

Pre‑selector..................................................................... 8NewMixer........................................................................ 9RoofingFilters................................................................ 10WhatisaRoofingFilter?.......................................................10MainBandRoofingFilters.....................................................10AdditionalRoofingFilter........................................................11

AdjacentInterferenceCharacteristics............................ 12AGCCircuits.................................................................. 13AnalogAGCCircuits..............................................................13OptimizedGainDistribution...................................................13DeflectionoftheSMeterNeedle...........................................14NoiseLevel............................................................................14RFGainAdjustment..............................................................15AGCOff.................................................................................15

NoiseBlankers............................................................... 16FeaturesoftheNB1andNB2...............................................16

AuxiliaryCircuits............................................................ 17MediumWaveBandSensitivityRisers..................................17

04 TRANSMISSION

IFCircuitforCleanandStable200WOutputPower...... 18FETFinalAmplifierCircuit............................................. 18High‑speedRelay‑controlledAntennaTuner.................. 19LinearAmplifierControl................................................. 19REMOTEConnector.............................................................19ConfigurationsintheAdvancedMenu...................................20ALC.......................................................................................21TransmitPowerLimiter..........................................................22ALCOperationwhenanExternalDeviceisConnected.........22

DRVTerminal................................................................. 23

Protections..................................................................... 25SWRProtection.....................................................................25OvercurrentProtection..........................................................25ThermalProtectionandFanControl......................................25

PowerSupply................................................................. 26High‑EfficiencyLarge‑CapacityPowerSupplyImplemented.........................................................................26PowerSaving.........................................................................26Safety....................................................................................26PowerFactorCorrection(PFC)toPreventHarmonicsintheRectifierCircuit................................................................27ContinuousVariableRotationsandtheCoolingFan..............27DC/DCConverter..................................................................27

05 LOCALOSCILLATOR

DDSandPLLSystem.................................................... 28FirstLocalOscillatorfortheMainBandReceiver..................28FirstLocalOscillatorfortheSubBandReceiver....................29LocalOscillatorintheTransmitBlock....................................29

ReferenceFrequencyGeneratorCircuit......................... 30

06 DSP

FeaturesofTS‑990SDSPTechnologies........................ 32DSPsandPeripheralHardware..................................... 32SignalProcessingintheIFStage.................................. 34IFAGCProcessing................................................................34IFFilter..................................................................................35InterferenceRejection...........................................................37

Reception...................................................................... 40Demodulation........................................................................40AFFilter.................................................................................41AudioPeakFilter...................................................................42NoiseReduction....................................................................42BeatCancellers.....................................................................46

Transmission.................................................................. 47Modulation............................................................................47MicrophoneGainControl......................................................49SpeechProcessors...............................................................49

Bandscope.................................................................... 51FeaturesoftheFFTBandscope............................................51ExamplesofSignalDisplays.................................................52

OtherFunctions............................................................. 54TX/RXDSPEqualizers..........................................................54VoiceGuidance.....................................................................54OpticalDigitalI/O..................................................................55

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iv

07 SOFTWARE

ProcessorConnections.................................................. 56DualTFTDisplay........................................................... 56MainScreen..........................................................................56Meter.....................................................................................57FunctionConfigurationScreensandBandscopeScreen......58TouchScreen........................................................................58SubScreen............................................................................58SubScope.............................................................................59MechanicalDialDisplay........................................................60

SwitchingSplitOperationwithanIntuitiveOperation..... 60NewSplitFrequencySettingMethodforQuickOperation....................................................................... 60MultifariousMemoryChannels...................................... 61StoringStatesofSplitOperationandDualBandReception...61

MultifariousFunctionsSupportingtheOperator............. 61FrequencyTracking...............................................................61DATAModesCorrespondingtoaVarietyofOperations.........61TransversedDialsinSWLMode............................................62RTTYandPSKOperationwithoutusingaPC.......................63BandscopewithaWaterfallDisplay.......................................64AudioScopeforTX/RXAudioAnalysis.................................67RecordingFunctionforMulti‑use...........................................68ConfiguringtheClockusinganNTPServer..........................69MenuandSubMenu.............................................................69EasyFirmwareUpdating.......................................................69PC‑Control............................................................................71

VariousSoftwareApplicationsforExtensiveOperations..................................................................... 74SystemConfigurations................................................... 75RadioControlProgramARCP‑990................................ 77BasicSpecificationsInheritedfromtheARCP‑590................77UserInterface........................................................................77LANConnectionwiththeTS‑990S........................................78InternalVoIP(fortheKNSConnectionviaaLAN).................78

RadioHostProgramARHP‑990.................................... 79BasicSpecificationsInheritedfromtheARHP‑590................79UserInterface........................................................................80DisablingtheAFGainControlfromtheARCP‑990...............80LANConnectionwiththeTS‑990S........................................80InternalVoIP(fortheKNSConnectionviaaLAN).................80

USBAudioControllerfortheARUA‑10.......................... 81BasicFunctions.....................................................................81Operation..............................................................................81ConfigurationsforPracticalOperations.................................82TX/RXAudioDelaysReduced...............................................82

VoIPProgramsARVP‑10H/ARVP‑10R.......................... 83BasicFunctions.....................................................................83

VirtualCOMPortDriver................................................. 84

08 TERMINAL

PADDLEandKEYJacks................................................ 85EXTSP1andEXTSP2Jacks........................................ 85PHONESJack............................................................... 86KEYPADJack................................................................ 86METERJack.................................................................. 87ACC2Connector........................................................... 88OPTICALINandOPTICALOUTConnectors................ 89DISPLAYConnector...................................................... 90LANConnector.............................................................. 90USBConnector(USB‑A)............................................... 91USBConnector(USB‑B)............................................... 92

09 MECHANICALSTRUCTURE

InternalStructure........................................................... 93Cooling.......................................................................... 94TopPanelVibrationAnalysis.......................................... 96Lift‑upMechanismoftheFrontBases............................ 96PanelDesign.................................................................. 97Operability..................................................................... 98DualTFTDisplayandTouchPanel................................ 99MainControlKnobMechanism.................................... 100

10 SP-990

AppearanceandFeatures........................................... 101Speaker....................................................................... 101Built‑inLow‑cut/High‑cutFilters................................... 102SpeakerInputSelectSwitch........................................ 102

01 PROLOGUE

1

About the Release of the TS‑990S

SincetheTS‑900waslaunchedin1973,theNineHundredseriesofKENWOOD(TRIO)transceivershasbeenourflagshiphigh‑endHFtransceivers.FollowingtheTS‑900,theTS‑930,TS‑940,andTS‑950werelaunched.However,morethan20yearshavenowpassedsincetheTS‑950SDXwaslaunched.AttheendofFebruary2013,westartedshippingourlong‑awaitednewNineHundredserieslineup.TheTS‑990Sispositionedasatop‑endtransceiverintheKENWOODHFtransceiverlineup,bothinnameandreality.WeaccomplishedtheengineeringoftheTS‑990SenablingitnotonlytosucceedtheTS‑950butalsotobereputedasaflagshiptransceiverdespitetheTS‑990Sbeingthelast‑enteredflagshiptransceiverinthemarketplace.WhatweengineeredwiththemostcarefulattentiontopositiontheTS‑990Sasaflagshiptransceiver,isthefundamentaltransceiverperformance.Theperformanceincludesnotonlythetransmitandreceivecharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredasmathematicalvaluesbutalsowhatyouwillhavebeensensedthatcanbecomprehensivelyreceivedthroughactualtransceiveroperation.Thedetaileddesignaestheticextendsfromthecircuitsandcomponentsallthewaytothetextureofthechassisandtheoperabilityofthepanel.TheTS‑990ShasthefunctionalityrequiredforadvancedDXoperationaswellasaneye‑catchingdualTFTdisplayandtouchpanelthatlettheuserviewawiderangeofinformation.TherearesurprisinglymanybuttonsontheTS‑990S,showninthephotographsincatalogs.However,webelieveyouwillunderstandourdesignconceptfortheTS‑990Sastransceiverwhenyouseeandoperateit.TheKENWOODHFtransceiversaimnotonlytoreceivesignalsfromandtransmitsignalstolocationsfurtheraway,butalsototransmitandreceivesignalswithmorenaturalsound.Inotherwords,theTS‑990ShasbeendesignedasaflagshiptransceivernotonlyforDX’ersbutalsoforthoseoperatorswhoseekforbettersoundquality.Thisin‑depthmanualiswrittenbytheTS‑990Sdesignerstodescribethetechnologiesandtechniquesusedtoimplementtheconceptsmentionedabove.WehopethismanualwillhelpyoutohaveadeeperunderstandingoftheTS‑990S. November2013,KENWOODHFTransceiverDevelopmentTeam

Features of the TS‑990S

TheTS‑990SisaHF/50MHzall‑modetransceiverfeaturingareceptionperformancehighenoughtosatisfyDX’ersallovertheworldandtheworld’sfirstdualTFTdisplay*1,enablinghigheroperabilityandinformationfeedbacktotheoperatorforbetterpracticaloperation.(*1AsofAugust2013,accordingtoourresearch)ThereceivingcircuitsoftheTS‑990S,asuccessoroftheTS‑900,TS‑930,TS‑940,andTS‑950,realizedualbandreceptionindifferentbands.Forthemainband,narrowbandroofingfiltersareimplementedusingafulldown‑conversionmethodtoraisetheadjacentinterferingsignaleliminationperformance,andanewtypeofmixerisusedtoimplementa+40dBmlevelperformanceatthethirdinterceptpoint.Inaddition,theroofingfiltersarecombinedwithanIFDSPfeaturingsharpfilteringcharacteristicstoprovidesuperbinterferenceeliminationthatprovidesclearreceptionoftargetsignalsevenwhenthereissignalinterferenceduecontestingsignals.Forthesubband,weareusingthesamereceivingcircuitasoftheTS‑590S,whichwaslaunchedin2010andisreputedwithgoodperformance.Forthedisplay,adualTFTdisplay(7″/3.5″)isemployedtoindicatedetailedoperatingstatuses.Themaindisplaycanshowthebandscopeandwaterfallscreensaswellasreadoutsofthemainband/subbandfrequencies,Smeter,RIT/XIT,andmore.Asub‑displayisplaceddirectlyabovethemaintuningknob,andprovidesfunctionstodisplaythereadoutsofthemainband/subbandfrequenciesandtheinformationaboutfiltering,audiospectrum,andmore,makingitextremelyusefulforDX’ers.ThemaximumtransmissionpoweroftheTS‑990Sis200W.ToimplementQRP,itisequippedwithapowercontrolfunctionthatcancontroldownto5W.Aswitchingpowersupplyisbuiltinthetransceivertosecurestabletransmissions.TheTS‑990Sisequippedwithanautomaticantennatuner,andupto4antennascanbecentrallycontrolled.Memoryfunctionsareimplementedforeachbandtoallowquickbandswitchingandquickmanipulationsthroughsplitoperation.TheSP‑990,adedicatedexternalspeaker,isavailableasanoption.ThespeakerisdesignedtomatchtheTS‑990Sdesign.ThesoundqualityisexcellentandtheSP‑990istuneddedicatedfortheTS‑990S.TheSP‑990has2inputlines.Ifanothertransceiverisused,theSP‑990canbeusedasanexternalspeakerforthattransceiver.

02 ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT

2

Signaling Paths

TheTS‑990Shas4antennaconnectors,ANT1toANT4,andtheRX INandRX OUTconnectorsthatcanbeusedforareception‑dedicatedantennainputoranexternalfilterconnection.Thereismorethanonepathfromtheantennastothereceivingcircuits,andthesepathscanbechangedaccordingtotheconfiguration.Thepathsfromtheantennastothereceivingcircuitscanbespecifiedforeachreceptionbandinthemainbandandthesubband.TheantennaterminalsthatarenotspecifiedareconnectedtoGND.

Using the Same Antenna Connector for the Main Band and the Sub Band

ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3 ANT 4 RX (OUT) RX (IN)

BPF, etc.

AT

FINAL

MAIN

SUB

Splitter3 dB loss

Each Relay is in theOff state (inactive).

Fig.1 SignalingPathswithANT1fortheMainBandandANT1fortheSubBand

Whentheantennaspecifiedforthesubbandisthesameasthatconfiguredforthemainband,signalsareroutedasillustratedinthefigure“SignalingPathswithANT1fortheMainBandandANT1forSubBand".Thesignalsreceivedbytheantennaaresplitnearlyequaltothemainbandandthesubband,byasplitter.Inthiscase,thereadoutsoftheSmeterwiththegaincorrectedinthereceptionpathareprocessedtobethesamereadoutsthatareindicatedwhennoreceivesignalissplitbythesplitter.

3

ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT 02

Using Different Antenna Connectors for the Main Band and the Sub Band


BPF, etc.

AT

FINAL

MAIN

SUB

Splitter3 dB loss

Each relay is in the Off state (inactive).

Fig.2 SignalingPathswithANT1fortheMainBandandANT2fortheSubBand

Thefigure“SignalingPathswithANT1fortheMainBandandANT2fortheSubBand”showsthecasewhendifferentantennasareselectedforthemainbandandthesubband.Thereceivedsignalsareenteredtothereceivingcircuitsfromtheantennas,notthroughthesplitter,andarenotsubjecttosensitivitydeteriorationbytheinsertionloss.

RX Antenna Function (RX IN and RX OUT Connectors On/Off)

Whenareception‑dedicatedantennasuchasalow‑bandBeverageantennaorloopantennaisused,whenabandpassfilterisappendedexternally,orwhenaTransverterisconnected,theRXAntennafunctionenablestoreceivethesignalsviatheRX INconnectororsendthereceivedsignalsfromtheRX OUTconnector.Pressingthe[RX ANT]keyandthenactivatingtheRXantennafunctionblocksthesignalsfromtheantennaconnectors(ANT1toANT4)andallowsreceptionofsignalsdivertedtotheRX INconnectororenteredfromtheRX OUTconnector.Toappendabandpassfilter,itneedstobeconnectedbetweentheRX OUTandRX INconnectors.However,youcannotreceivethesignalswithoutcorrectlyenteringthesignalsfromtheRX INconnector.

Connecting an External Receiver

ToreceivesignalsviaanotherreceiverbyusingtheRXantennafunction,connectasplitterbetweentheRX OUTandRX INconnectorsasshowninthefigure“ExampleofOperatingtheRXAntennaFunction(MainBand)”andmaketheotherreceiverreceivethesignalssplitbythesplitter.Thesplittertobeusedcansplittheenteredsignalswitha50Ωimpedanceequallythroughtwooutputterminals.Connectoneoutputterminaltothe RX INconnectorwiththeTS‑990Sandtheothertotheotherreceiver.Youcanconnectacommerciallyavailablesplitterorauser‑manufacturedsplitterasdescribedbelow.

4

02 ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT

Simplyshort‑circuitingtheRX OUTconnector,RX INconnector,andanantennaconnectorwiththeotherreceiverwithoutusingasplittermaystartreception;however,itmaycauseimpedancematchingfailureoraproblemduetofailureinisolationfromtheotherreceiver.


Splitter

Splitter

IN OUT 1

OUT 2

Other Receiver

AT

FINAL

MAIN

SUB

3 dB loss

Fig.3 ExampleofOperationusingtheRXAntennaFunction(MainBand)

Fig.4 ExampleofaSplitterCircuit

“ExampleofaSplitterCircuit”showsatheoreticaldiagramofasplittercircuit.ThiscircuitequallydistributessignalsenteredfromtheINterminalandsendsthemthroughtheOUT1andOUT2terminals,resultingina3dBinsertionloss.Determinethenumberofturnsforthetransformertobeusedaccordingtofactorssuchasthemagneticpermeabilityofthecore.Alow‑capacitancecapacitormayneedtobeconnectedtotheinputoroutputinparalleltocorrectthefrequencycharacteristics.IntheTS‑990S,asimilarcircuitisusedforsignaldistributiontothemainbandandthesubband.

Note:◆ Thiscircuitisatheoreticaldiagram.Wecanneitheranswerquestionsabouttheselectionofpartsorwiringofthesplitternorguaranteeitsoperation.

03 RECEPTION

5

Receiver Configuration

TheTS‑990Shastworeceivers;themainbandreceiverandthesubbandreceiver.Thisconfigurationenablesdualbandreceptionusingthemainbandandthesubbandeveniftwobandsareinthesamebandordifferentbands.Duringtransmission,thereceptionstopsusingbothreceivers.Thebandscopecircuitcanselectsignalsfromeitherthemainbandreceiverorthesubbandreceiver,regardlessoftheselectedband,andshowthestatusofIFsignalsselectedandbeingtransmitted(excludingFMmodulatedsignals).

Conversion Method

Main Band Receiver

Itisimportantforareceivertoeliminateinterferingsignalsthroughnarrowfiltersatanearlierstageandpassdesiredsignalstothesubsequentcircuits.Usingfilterswithbetterselectioncharacteristicsforearliereliminationofinterferingsignalsservestopreventdistortioninthesubsequentcircuitsandimprovespracticalanti‑interferencecharacteristics.Thefirstmixer,throughwhichanumberofinterferingsignalspass,needstohavehighinterceptpoint(referredtoasIPhereafter)characteristics.IndevelopingtheTS‑990Smainbandreceiver,implementationofroofingfilterswithexcellentselectioncharacteristicsandhighIPcharacteristicswasthetop‑priority.Fortheroofingfilterimplementation,thefulldown‑conversionmethodofthefirstIFfrequencyof8.248MHzisadopted(the“down‑conversion”methodusedinthesystemisnotintendedforaconventionalconfigurationinwhichahighfirstIFfrequency,e.g.,the73MHzbandisusedbutforaconfigurationinwhichalowfirstIFfrequency,e.g.,8MHzbandor11MHzband,isused).TheuseofalowIFfrequencyallowsfilterswithsteepattenuationcharacteristicstobeemployedandperformancesufficientlytoleranttoadjacentinterferingsignalstobesecured.Thenextissuewasthebandpassfiltersplacedinthefront‑endblockofthemainbandreceiver.TheuseofalowfirstIFfrequencyallowsinterferenceonimagefrequenciesand/orspuriousreceptiontoeasilytakeplace,thusitisnecessarytoplaceanumberofbandpassfilterswithsteeperattenuationcharacteristics.Asshowninthetable“BandpassFilterDivisionintheMainBandFilter”,bandpassfiltersfor15pathsareused,andforthemajoramateurbands(1.8MHz,3.5MHz,7MHz,14MHz,and21MHz),atoroidalcoilwithsteepattenuationcharacteristicsandhighIPcharacteristicsisused.Also,thebandpassfiltersforamateurbandsincludingotherWARCbandsaredesignedforpositiveuseofpartswithhighQ(qualityfactor)anddistortionresistancecharacteristics.Toeliminatedistortion‑causingelementsplacedonthesignalingpathsinthefront‑endblockofthemainbandreceiver,aswitchingmethodthroughrelaysisusedtoselectthebandpassfilter,pre‑selector,pre‑amplifier,post‑amplifier,androofingfilterforthemajoramateurbands.Thisalsohelpstoreduceinsertionlossandimprovetheisolationbetweenthesignalingpaths.

Table1 BandpassFilterDivisionintheMainBandReceiver

Band Filter Bandwidth

LF 30to522kHz

BC 522kHzto1.705MHz

1.8MHz 1.705to2.5MHz

3.5MHz 2.5to4.1MHz

5MHz 4.1to6.0MHz

7MHz 6.0to7.5MHz

10MHz 7.5to10.5MHz

14MHz 10.5to14.5MHz

18MHz 14.5to18.5MHz

21MHz 18.5to21.5MHz

24MHz 21.5to26.5MHz

28MHz 26.5to35MHz

35MHz 35to40MHz

40MHz 40to46.5MHz

50MHz 46.5to60MHz

6

03 RECEPTION

Thefollowingblockdiagramshowsthefront‑endblockorthemainbandreceiver.

ATT

270Hz

500Hz

2.7kHz

6kHz

15kHz

throughthroughthrough

Post AmpPre AmpPre Selector

0/6/12/18dB

1 st Mixer

RoofingFilters

RF BPF

Fig.5 BlockDiagramoftheFront‑endBlockfortheMainBandReceiver

Thesignalreceivedbytheantennaentersthemainbandreceiverthroughtheantennaswitchingcircuit.Thebandpassfilterfortheselectedbandeliminatesinterferingsignalsoutsidetheband,thereceivedsignalisamplifiedbyapre‑amplifierandisthenconvertedtothefirstIFsignal(8.248MHz)bythefirstmixer.Thefirstmixerisdescribedlater.Throughthepost‑amplifierlinkedwiththebandscopebranchingcircuitandpre‑amplifier,thefirstIFsignalentersaroofingfilterthateliminatestheadjacentinterferingsignalsoutsidetheband.Theroofingfiltersarealsodescribedlater.The“BlockDiagramoftheIFStagefortheMainBandReceiver”shownbelowillustratesthediagramoftheblockssubsequenttotheroofingfilters.ThefirstIFsignalroutesthroughtheAGCamplifierandthefirstIFamplifiertothesecondmixer,whichconvertsittothesecondIFsignal(24kHz).ThesecondIFsignalenterstheDSPasthebasebandsignalthroughthesecondIFamplifier,androutesthroughvarioussignalprocessingsuchasdemodulationafterIFprocessingbytheAGC,filters,audiosignalprocessing,etc.InFMmode,thefirstIFsignal(8.248MHz)enterstheFMsystemIC,andthedetectedAFsignalenterstheDSPforaudiosignalprocessing.

CF1455kHz BPF

BW: 9kHz (Narrow)

IC12FM AF AMP FM

(AF)

CF2

SSB, CW, AM, FSK, PSK

D32,D332rd mixer

FM IC9FM IC

D31D30ATT

Q70AGC AMP

Q49, Q52IF AMP

Switching

MIFGC

IC10IF AMP

SSB, CW, AM, FSK, PSK(24kHz)

MAGCV

455kHz BPFBW: 12kHz (Wide)

MRIFCN137

24kHz

IC11Multiplexer

Fig.6 BlockDiagramoftheIFStagefortheMainBandReceiver

Sub Band Receiver

ThesubbandreceiverisrefinedanddivertedfromthereceiveroftheTS‑590S.Forthemajoramateurbands(1.8MHz,3.5MHz,7MHz,14MHz,and21MHz),itscircuitconfigurationisfordown‑conversion.Inconditionsotherthanthosedescribedinthe“ApplicableConditionsforDown‑Conversion”tablebelow,afrequencyconfigurationforup‑conversionisappliedandcanbeusedforgeneralcoveragereception.

7

RECEPTION 03

Table2 ApplicableConditionsforDown‑Conversion

Band

1.8MHz(1.705to2.1MHz)3.5MHz(3.4to4.1MHz)7MHz(6.9to7.5MHz)

14MHz(13.9to14.5MHz)21MHz(20.9to21.5MHz)

PassBandwidth 2.7kHzorless

Mode SSB,CW,FSK,PSK

Theblockdiagrambelowshowsthefront‑endblockofthesubbandreceiver.Thesignalreceivedbytheantennacomesintothesubbandreceiverthroughtheantennaswitchingcircuit.Thebandpassfiltersdividedfor12pathseliminatetheinterferingsignalsoutsidetheband,andapre‑amplifieramplifiesthesignalandsendsittothefirstmixer.Thefirstmixerhasindependentsectionsfordown‑conversionandup‑conversionrespectively,whichareswitchedbythesignalingpathconditions.

ATT-6dB

LPF522k~1.705MHz

1.705M~60Mx11

SRAT(Sub RX RF in)

ATT-12dB

S6DB S12DB

LPF~60MHz

BC Trap BPF

BPF

ATT

LPF30k~522kHz

PRE OFF

Q219Sub PRE AMP

To 1st Mixer

Fig.7 BlockDiagramoftheFront‑endBlockfortheSubBandReceiver

TheblockdiagrambelowshowstheIFcircuitofthesubbandreceiver.ThefirstIFsignal(11.374MHz)convertedbythedown‑conversionmixerishandledasthesecondIFsignalafterpassingthroughthebandscopebranchingcircuitandMCF.Ontheotherhand,thefirstIFsignal(73.095MHz)convertedbytheup‑conversionmixerpassesthroughthebandscopebranchingcircuit,MCFandfirstIFamplifier,andwillthenbeconvertedtothesecondIFsignal(10.695MHz)bythesecondmixer.

From Sub PRE AMP

SRX-2

LPF~60MHz

Q401~404Sub RX 1st Mixer2

Q351~354Sub RX 1st Mixer1

Q355, 356SLO1 AMP1

MCF

Q405, 406SLO1 AMP2

MCF

TX

XF35111.374MHz

XF40173.095MHz

Scope unit11.374MHz 73.095MHz

LPF+11.374M NOTCH

13.174~32.195MHz 73.125~133.095MHz

SLO1

TX

Q408Sub 1st IF AMP

D405,406Sub 2nd Mixer

Q410SLO2 AMP

SLO262.4MHz

TX

11.374MHz

10.695MHz To Sub 2nd IF AMP1(Q481)

SRX-1DIV.

DIV.

Fig.8 BlockDiagramoftheIFCircuitfortheSubBandReceiver

Afterthat,thesecondIFsignalonadifferentpathpassesthroughthesecondIFamplifierandNBgateandentersaroofingfilter,whicheliminatesadjacentinterferingsignalsoutsidetheband.The“PhotographoftheRoofingFilterintheSubBandReceiver”belowshowstheroofingfilters.ThesecondIFsignal,whichpassesthroughtheAGCamplifierandsecondIFamplifier,isconvertedbythethirdmixertothethirdIFsignal(24kHz).ThethirdIFsignalenterstheDSPasthebasebandsignalthroughthethirdIFamplifier,andpassesthroughvarioussignalprocessingsuchasIFprocessing,demodulation,andaudiosignalprocessing.InFMmode,thesecondIFsignal(10.695MHz)enterstheFMsystemIC,andthedetectedAFsignalfeedstotheDSPfortheaudiosignalprocessing.

8

03 reception

Fig. 9 Photograph of the Roofing Filter in the Sub Band Receiver

Pre-selector

The pre-selector is implemented to attenuate, by using a narrowband filter, the in-band interfering signals that cannot be eliminated by the bandpass filters in the front-end block of the main band receiver and to elicit the desired signals. The “Pre-Selector Unitary Resonance Circuit” shows its internal resonance circuit. A method of relay-switching of highly accurate capacitors, toroidal coils, etc. enables it to change the precisely tuned frequency in accordance with the received frequency in the HF amateur bands. The “Available Band and Step Frequency Specifications” table shows the available bands and step frequencies.

Fig. 10 Pre-Selector Unitary Resonance Circuit

Table 3 Available Band and Step Frequency Specifications

Band Range Step Frequency 3 dB Passband Width

1.8 MHz 1.79750 to 2.00499 MHz 2.5 kHz 20 kHz

3.5 MHz 3.49250 to 4.01749 MHz 7.5 kHz 50 kHz

5 MHz 5.24000 to 5.46999 MHz 10.0 kHz 100 kHz

7 MHz 6.98000 to 7.33999 MHz 20.0 kHz 120 kHz

10 MHz 9.98000 to 10.17999 MHz 20.0 kHz 220 kHz

14 MHz 13.95000 to 14.44999 MHz 50.0 kHz 620 kHz

18 MHz 18.01800 to 18.26799 MHz 50.0 kHz 880 kHz

21 MHz 20.90000 to 21.69999 MHz 100.0 kHz 880 kHz

24 MHz 24.79000 to 25.18999 MHz 100.0 kHz 1120 kHz

28 MHz 27.90000 to 29.89999 MHz 100.0 kHz 1170 kHz

The frequency response shape a steep single-peaked pattern. A large-sized coil with less loss is used; however, a large insertion loss may be inevitable; therefore, an amplifier is placed after the pre-selector to compensate the loss. Signal level correction in connection with the amplifier is also applied to suppress deflection of the S meter needle. To prevent the reception noise level from rising, it is designed so that the pre-amplifiers do not work in conjunction with it. Thus, enabling the pre-selector disables the pre-amplifiers.

9

RECEPTION 03

The“FrequencyResponse”figureshowsanexampleoftypicalPre‑selectorFrequencyAmplitudecharacteristics.

Fig.11 FrequencyResponse

Pressingthe[P.SEL] keytoturnthepre‑selectoronmakesthetuningfilterwaveform‑shapedbytherelayoperationlogicconfiguredasthefactorydefault,followingthefrequencydisplayedatthemainbandreception.Pressingandholdingthe[P.SEL] keyshiftsthecenterfrequencyofthetuningfilterupto±20steps.Forinstance,whenastrongadjacentinterferingsignalsuppressesthedesiredsignal,shiftingthecenterfrequencyintheoppositedirectionoftheinterferingsignalsattenuatestheleveloftheinterferingsignalsinsteadofattenuatingthedesiredsignal,thusiteffectivelyreducesinterferenceasmuchaspossible.

New Mixer

Thefirstmixerwasapartoftheblockonthemainbandreceiverandwasexaminedthelongest.DoublebalancedmixerswithconventionalJ‑FETimplementationhavebeenunabletofullysatisfytherequiredIP3characteristics.Tosatisfytherequirement,amixercalledthe“H‑modemixer”,whichemploysthedoublebalancedgroundedswitchtypethatisdifferentfromconventionaltypes,isemployedforthefirstmixer.ThecircuitofthemixercanturntheGNDterminatingendsonthesignalingpathsOnorOff,tominimizethemixerdistortion.Fortheswitchelements,busswitchesareusedandturnedon/offonlybylow‑powerlocaloscillatorsignals.FortheRFinputandIFoutputofthemixer,largebaluntransformerswithdistortionresistancecharacteristicsareused,andthewindingmethodsandmaterialsofthecoreswithdifferentmagneticpermeabilityarecarefullychosenandexamined.Furthermore,afterthemixer,aduplexercircuitisplacedtostabilizetheimpedanceoftheroofingfiltersinawiderband.

L55RF

+2.5V

IC7

x4

+2.5V

MLO18.278~51.752MHz

IC8

L59

L60

1st IF8.248MHz

Fig.12 DoubleBalancedGroundedSwitchTypeMixer

10

03 RECEPTION

Roofing Filters

What is a Roofing Filter?

Thissectiondescribestheroofingfilter,whichisthemostimportantinthemainbandreceiver.Theroofingfilterisafilterplacedattheceiling,orthe“roof”oftheintermediatefrequency(IF)circuitofthereceiver.Inotherwords,thisrepresentsanarrowbandfilterwherethesignalconvertedtotheintermediatefrequencyfirstpassesthrough.Areceivedsignalincludesanumberofstrongadjacentsignalsotherthanthedesiredsignal,thusattenuatingtheundesiredsignalsinanearlystageinaprecedingcircuitenablesthesignaltonotbedistortedinthesubsequentamplifyingcircuit.Thehighinterceptpointobtainedbythehigh‑performancefirstmixergivesfullplaytoitsabilityinafrequencydomainslightlydistantfromthedesiredsignalattenuatedbytheroofingfilter.Ifthelevelofadjacentsignalsinevitablypassingthroughtheroofingfilterishigh,itcausesdistortiontooccurinthesubsequentIFamplifier,mixer,andothercircuits,andthedynamicrangedeterioratesontheadjacentfrequencies.Thisiswhytheroofingfiltersmustbenarrowedtotheirminimumandattenuatedtothesteepestdirection.Forthemainband,8.248MHzisselectedforfirstIFfrequency,andforthesubbandwiththedown‑conversionsetting,11.374MHzisselectedforthefirstIFfrequency;thesefirstIFfrequencysettingsenablefilterswithgoodattenuationcharacteristicsinanarrowbandandfewercharacteristicchangesbytemperature.

Note:◆ Forexample,narrowbandfilterswithahighfrequency,e.g.,73MHz,maybeimplemented,butsuchfiltershavelargecharacteristicchangesbytemperatureandcauseproblemssuchasincreasedattenuation,thusdonotserveforpracticaloperation.

Main Band Roofing Filters

FiveroofingfiltersareusedasnarrowbandfiltersofhighIPcharacteristicsimplementedbythefulldown‑conversionmethod.The“PhotographofRoofingFilterintheMainBandReceiver”showstheroofingfilters.Inthephotograph,the15kHz,6kHz,2.7kHz,500Hz,and270Hzbandwidthfiltersaremountedfromthelowerrightside.Inthatorder.The15kHzand6kHzbandwidthfiltersare4‑polemonolithiccrystalfilters(MCF).The2.7kHzbandwidthfilterisa6‑polemonolithiccrystalfilter.The500Hzand270Hzbandwidthfiltersarestructuredastheladdertypetosuppressin‑bandinsertionlossesandsteeplyshapetheadjacentout‑of‑bandattenuationcharacteristics.The“Frequencyresponseofthe500HzBandwidth”and”Frequencyresponseofthe270HzBandwidth”figuresshowtheladderfilterfrequencyresponse.Theroofingfiltersforthemainbandreceivercanbeselectedregardlessofoperationmode(excludingFMmode).Pressingandholdingthe[FIL/SEL](M)keyopenstheRX Filterscreenonthemaindisplay.Thescreenallowsyoutoselecttheroofingfiltertobeused.

Fig.13 PhotographofRoofingFilterintheMainBandReceiver

11

RECEPTION 03

Fig.14 Frequencyresponseofthe500HzBandwidth

Fig.15 Frequencyresponseofthe270HzBandwidth

Additional Roofing Filter

TheTS‑990Smainbandreceiverhasaslottomountaroofingfilterinadditiontothefivebuilt‑inroofingfilters.(Wehavenoplantocommercializeadditionalroofingfiltersonourown.)

Fig.16 AdditionalRoofingFilterMountingSlot

Ifanadditionalroofingfilterismounted,changethedefaultvalueof“Off”inAdvancedMenu6“Bandwidth(AdditionalRoofingFilter)”toyourdesiredfilterbandwidth,andthenpressandholdthe[FIL/SEL] (M)keytoopentheRX Filterscreen.Inthescreen,changetheconfigurationfor“Roof”to“Add.”toenabletheadditionalroofingfilter.If“Auto”issetto“Roof”,theadditionalroofingfilterispreferentiallyselecteddependingontheIFfilterbandwidth.Concerningthebuilt‑inroofingfilters,thePINdiode‑typeattenuatorattheIFstagecorrectsthegain,causingnodifferenceinSmeterneedledeflection,whetherafilterisappliedornot.But,ifanadditionalroofingfilterisused,itisnecessarytocorrecttheSmeterneedledeflectionbyadifferenceoftheinsertionloss.Toreceiveasignalwithastablesignalstrength,changetheattenuationoftheadditionalroofingfilterinAdvancedMenu7“Attenuation(AdditionalRoofingFilter)”.The“ElectricalSpecifications”tableshowstheadditionalroofingfilterelectricalspecifications.The“Dimensions(Reference)”diagramshowstheadditionalroofingfilterdimensionaldiagram(reference).

Table4 ElectricalSpecifications

CenterFrequency 8.248MHz

Bandwidth(‑6dB) 300to3500Hz

TerminatingImpedance 50Ω

Insertionloss 8dBorless

12

03 RECEPTION

47.52.5

2.52.5

62.0

23.755.15

23.35

14.45 6.2

ϕ1.0 ~ 1.2

16.1

R0.7

11.4

1.2

17.5

GND

GND

GNDGND

OUT

IN

No part can be mounted on the reverse.3.7 x 5.3

Fig.17 Dimensions(Reference,Unit:mm,topview)

Adjacent Interference Characteristics

The“IP3CharacteristicsComparison”graphshowsacomparisonbetweentheTS‑990Smainbandreceiver(orange)andthereceiverofaconventionaltransceiver(gray).ItindicatesthattheIP3characteristicsareimprovedtothe+40dBmlevelanduniformlysettledtoadjacentinterferencesignalsintherangeof2to10kHzfromthereceptionfrequency.Inaddition,the110dBclassdynamicrange,whichexceedsthe105dBclassoftheTS‑590S,hasbeenachieved.

Fig.18 IP3CharacteristicsComparison

Note:◆ Thehorizontalaxisistheseparationtothedesiredsignaloftheinterferencesignalfrequency(2waves).At10kHz,interferingsignal1isthe+10kHzreceptionfrequency,andinterferencesignal2isthe+20kHzreceptionfrequency.

◆ Theresultofmeasurementsisanexamplethatdoesnotguaranteetheperformanceoftherespectiveproducts.◆ ThemeasurementsconformtoameasurementmethodspecifiedbytheARRL.

13

RECEPTION 03

AGC Circuits

Analog AGC Circuits

Toachievehighadjacentdynamicrangecharacteristics,ananalogAGCcircuitisusedtogethertomaketheA/DConverterworktoitsperformancelimit.TheAGCcircuitisrequiredtohavelownoiseandawidedynamicrange,widecontrolrange,andlinearitytothecontrol.TheTS‑990Simplementshigh‑precisionAGCresponsecharacteristicswithanAGCcircuitinwhichadual‑gateMOSFETisused(showninthediagram“AGCCircuitwithaDual‑GateMOSFET”)andcorrectionismadebyDSP.

Fig.19 AGCCircuitwithaDual‑GateMOSFET

ThegraphbelowshowstheAGCresponsecharacteristicstoacontrolvoltageinthecircuitconfigurationwithadual‑gateMOSFET.Sufficientcontrolrange,dynamicrange,andlinearityaresecured.

Dual Gate MOSFET

Fig.20 AGCResponseCharacteristicstoaControlVoltage

Optimized Gain Distribution

Themixer,whichisthekeyblockinthemainbandreceiverandisnewlydeveloped,hasrelativelylargerconversionlossthanthatofconventionalmixers.Therefore,thecircuitisstructuredtoworkinconjunctionwithapost‑amplifier,whichisplacedinthemixeroutput,duringoperationofthepre‑amplifier.Pressingthe[P.AMP]keyimprovesthereceptionsensitivitybyapproximately14dBbypre‑amplifier1andthepost‑amplifierinareceptionbandbelow21.5MHzandapproximately18dBbypre‑amplifier2andthepost‑amplifierinareceptionbandabove21.5MHz.Theattenuationoutsidethebandisfullyobtainedbytheroofingfilterswithgoodselectivity.Therefore,theanalogAGCcircuitandhigh‑gainIFamplifierareplacedinalaterstagesothatundistortedIFsignalsaresuppliedasbasebandsignalstotheDSP.

14

03 RECEPTION

Deflection of the S Meter Needle

TheIARU(InternationalAmateurRadioUnion)standardscalerequires‑73dBmastheSmeterleveltopointS9.However,concerningtheSmeterneedledeflection,onallourproducts,theSmeterlevelis‑81dBmtopointS9inthe14MHzbandwhileapre‑amplifierison.TheTS‑990SalsoprovidesSmeterneedledeflectionfamiliartooperatorsusingaconventionalmodel.Turningoffthepre‑amplifierslowersthegainandtheSmeterneedledeflection.Thegainchangesbyapre‑amplifierbyapproximately12dBintheamateurbandsuptothe21MHzbandandbyapproximately20dBinhigherbands.The“SMeterLevels(Reference)”tableshowstheindicatedlevelsoftheSmeter.(TheSmeterlevelisadjustedtopointS1,S9,orS9+60inthe14/50MHzbands.)InFMmode,youcanselectthesameconfiguration(High)asthathasbeenconfiguredforconventionalmodels,oralowervalueenablingtolowertheSmetersensitivity,throughMenu0‑08“FMModeS‑meterSensitivity”.

Table5 SMeterLevels(Reference)

S Meter 0.03 to 21.5 MHz 21.5 to 60 MHz FM (High) FM (Low)

S1(3dots) ‑107.0dBm ‑114.0dBm ‑117.0dBm ‑117.0dBm





S9+20(48dots) ‑61.0dBm ‑68.0dBm ‑102.4dBm ‑93.2dBm



Fig.21 SMeterReadout(Analog) Fig.22 SMeterReadout(Digital)

Noise Level

Withapre‑amplifieractive,thesensitivityincreasesbythegainandinternalnoise,andtheSmeterneedleiseasilydeflectedandthenoiselevelrises.Thesensitivitydecreaseswiththepre‑amplifierinactive;however,theIPcharacteristicsimprove,noiselevellowers,andtheSmeterneedlecannotbedeflected.Inaddition,theIFgainiscorrectedsothatthegain,sensitivity,deflectionoftheSmeterneedle,noiselevel,andotherfactorsappropriatelychange.Withapre‑amplifieractiveinabandbelow21.5MHz,thenoiselevelwillnotincrease.However,withapre‑amplifieractiveinabandabove21.5MHz,thenoiselevelincreaserelatively.

15

RECEPTION 03

RF Gain Adjustment

KENWOODHF‑bandtransceiversaredesignedwithourconsistentphilosophytobalancethelevels,suchasthesensitivity,Smeterneedledeflection,pre‑amplifiergain,gaincorrection,andotherfactors.Iftheinputlevelfromanantennaislow,(internal)noisemaybeconspicuous.Ifnoiseisconspicuous,reducingtheIFgaincanlowerthenoiselevel.Forthatpurpose,the[RF]knobisprovided.Rotatingthe[RF]knobcounterclockwisereducestheIFgainandconsequentlylowersthenoiselevel.Slightlyloweringthegaindoesnotchangethereceptionsensitivity.TheSmetershowsthegainreductionbytheAGCandthe[RF]knob,thustheSmeterneedledeflectsbythegainreduction.IntherangetheAGCisapplicable,theSmetersensitivitydoesnotchange.Placingthe[RF]knobtothe3o`clockpositionreducestheIFgainbyapproximately6dBfromthemaximumandreducesthenoiselevelatnosignalbyapproximately6dB.ThegainreductioncausestheSmeterneedletodeflectclosertoS3.A6dBgainreductioncausesthesensitivitytochangelittle,andthereceptionsoundvolumedoesnotchangewithreceptionofausualsignalthatmakestheSmeterneedledeflect.Ifthenoiselevelisnoticeable,adjusttheRFgain.

AGC Off

TheAGCtimeconstantsforsuchastheattacktime,releasetime,andholdtimeareoptimizedforapracticalradiowavesstate.However,forreceptionofasignaleasilyburiedinnoise,turningtheAGCoffmayoccasionallyincreaseitsperformance.Insuchacase,theAGCcanbedisabledwithapressofthe[AGC OFF]key.WiththeAGCinactive,thesignallevelwillnotbecontrolledtobethecertainvolumelevel,andthespeakermayemitveryloudsounds.ThisiswhyaconfirmationmessageappearsbeforetheAGCisturnedofftopromptattentiontoloudsounds.BeforeturningtheAGCoff,youmustadjusttheRFgaintoasignallevelthatmakestheSmeterneedledeflect.Rotatethe[RF]knobcounterclockwisetolowertheRFgain,lettingtheSmeterneedledeflectslightlywider.ThispreventsloudsoundsfrombeingemittedwhiletheAGCisinactive.IfalargesignalisenteredwhiletheAGCisinactive,theSmeterneedledeflectsuptothelevelspecifiedfortheRFgainandthereceptionsoundvolumeincreasesuptoacertainlevel.However,ifthislevelisexceeded,thereceptionaudiovolumereachesitslimitandsuddendistortiontakesplace.ThisisintendedtosetlimitssothattheallowablelevelsarenotexceededintheD/Aconverterandthroughsignalprocessing.

16

03 RECEPTION

Noise Blankers

Features of the NB1 and NB2

TheTS‑990Shastwonoiseblankers;NB1foranalogprocessingandNB2fordigitalprocessingbyDSP.NB1iseffectiveforshort‑cyclepulses,suchasignitionnoise.NB2iseffectivefornoisethattheanalognoiseblanker(NB1)cannotfollow.Thefollowingblockdiagramshowstheanalognoiseblanker(NB1).

Buffer NB AMP2 NB AMP3 NB AMP4 Buffer

NoiseDetection

NB AGC AMP

AGC

Noise Blanker Threshold Level

SwitchingMute Signal

Fig.23 NoiseBlankerCircuit(NB1)BlockDiagram

NB1hasthecircuitconfigurationinheritedfromthatofconventionalmodels,whichiseffectiveforweaknoise.Apulsesignalafterpassingthroughanarrowbandfilterchangesitsnoisewaveform,increasingthepulsewidth.Thus,attheroofingfilterinputstage,whichisnotsubjecttoinfluenceofpulsenoise,signalsarepickedupandswitchcircuitsoperate.Forexample,ifapulsewithashortcycleisenteredasshownindiagram1,theAGCinthenoiseblankercircuitdoesnotreacttoit,thustheswitchfunctionsandamutedsignalwillbepresent.Tothecontrary,ifapulsewithalongcycleisenteredasshownindiagram2,theAGCreactstoitandcorrectsthegain,thustheswitchdoesnotfunctionandthesignalwillnotbemuted.ToadjusttheeffectofNB1,rotatethe[NB1]knobforthemainband,orpressthe[NB1/SEL]keyforthesubband.Thelargerthevaluedisplayed,themoretheeffecttonoise.TheDSPdigitalnoiseblanker(NB2)mayinsufficientlytakeeffectifthedesiredsignalisstrongortheroofingfilterbandwidthisnarrow.However,inCWmode,andinthecaseofabandwidthof500Hzorlower,itmaybeunexpectedlyeffective.ThisisbecauseNB2operatesflexibly,conformingtheblankingtimetothepulselength.NB2producesaneffectonacquisitionofaweakdesiredsignalthatisburiedinnoiseandwithalongpulsewidththatNB1cannoteliminate.Chapter6,DSP,describesthedetailsofNB2.

● How to Use the NBs and NRsThereisaterm:“NBcross‑modulation”.Thismeansthesituationofmodulationinwhichanoiseblankerisrunningfalselyrecognizesthedesiredsignaloradjacentsignalasanoisepulse.Itdoesnotrelatetothefront‑endperformance.Onceafalserecognitiontakesplace,thenoisetobeeliminatedasofnon‑desiredsignalsclearlyappears(ornoiseclearlyappearstothekeyinginCW)orthedesiredsignalisheardwithdistortion.Theformercaseiscausedbythenoiseblankerbeingunabletoproduceaneffectwhenthedesiredsignalisrelativelystrong,orwhenastrongsignalappearsinanadjacentfrequency.ThisisbecauseastrongsignalactivatestheAGCofthenoiseblankersothatthenoiseamplifiergaindecreases.Ifthelevelofthesignalandthelevelofthepulsenoiseareequivalent,placinganattenuatorordisablingthepre‑amplifierdecreasesthefront‑endgainandmayrestoretheeffectofthenoiseblanker.Thelattercasemayeasilytakeplacebyincreasingthenoiseblankerlevel.Thisisatrade‑offandisinevitable.Ifthereceivedsignalappearstobedistorted,turnoffthenoiseblankerandcheckthereceivedsound.Turnonandadjustthenoiseblankerleveltorectifythedistortionifdoingsotakeseffect.

17

RECEPTION 03

Auxiliary Circuits

Medium Wave Band Sensitivity Risers

Justasinconventionaltransceivers,theTS‑990Shasattenuatorsofapproximately20dBforthemediumwaveband(522kHzto1.705MHz)(asthefactorydefault,thesensitivityisloweredbyapproximately20dBbytheattenuators).Inthemediumwaveband,thereareanumberofstrongradiowavesandtheremaybemediumwavebandinputexcessiveforlow‑bandantennas.Theinsertedattenuatorsareintendedforclearreceptionwithlessdistortionevenifsuchstrongmediumwavebandsignalsarereceived.Theattenuatorsareplacedrespectivelyforthemainbandandthesubband,andthesignalcanbypasstheattenuatorafterswitchingthejumperpinsontheboardallowingittoincreasethesensitivity.The“MainBandJumperPinLocations”imageshowsthemainbandattenuatorjumperpinsandthepartsaroundthemontheRXunit.The“SubBandJumperPinLocations”imageshowsthesubbandattenuatorjumperpinsandthepartsaroundthemontheTX‑RXunit.DetachtheTS‑990SlowercasetoaccesstheTX‑RXunit.ToaccesstheRXunit,detachthecentershieldplate.(Beforedetachingthelowercase,besuretofirstdetachtheuppercase.Afterfinishingthejumperpinconfiguration,firstattachthelowercase,andthenattachtheuppercase.Otherwise,thecasesmaybedamaged.)

Table6 MediumWaveBandATTs

Main Band Sub Band

NORM(ATT:20dB) CN60 CN220

DX(ATT:Thru) CN50 CN210

Fig.24 MainBandJumperPinLocations Fig.25 SubBandJumperPinLocations

Thejumperpinsareplacedinthe”NORM”positionatshipment.Placingthejumperpinstotheconnectorsfor“DX”bypassestheattenuatorsandraisesthemediumwavebandsensitivitybyapproximately20dB.

Fig.26 MediumWaveBandpassFilterCharacteristics

04 TRANSMISSION

18

IF Circuit for Clean and Stable 200 W Output Power

AsignalmodulatedandmultifariouslyprocessedintheDSPisfedasthe24kHztransmitfirstIFsignalbyaD/Aconverter,andamixerICconvertsitto10.695MHz.ThesecondIFsignalof10.695MHzpassesthroughanIFfilterwitha6kHzbandwidthatwhichundesiredfrequencycomponentsoutsidethebandareattenuated,andisthenamplified.Next,thesignalgoesthroughagaincontrolcircuitthatcorrectsthegaindifferencebyband,entersaTX/RXmixer,andisthenconvertedtothe73.095MHzthirdIFsignal.Afterthat,thesignalpassesthroughagaincontrolcircuitthatcorrectsthesignalgaintotherequiredlevelforthespecifiedtransmitpower.ThesignalthenpassesthroughafilterthateliminatesunwantedspuriouscomponentsandanALCcircuitthatcontrolsthesignaltobeastabletransmitpower,andentersamixercircuitforconversiontothedesiredtransmitfrequency.Ifthereisnokey‑downduringoperationinCWmode,theamplifiergainislowered.Asdescribedabove,finegaincontrolincompliancewiththesituationimplementslow‑noiseandhigh‑qualitytransmitsignals.Thesignalconvertedtothedesiredtransmitfrequencypassesthroughabandpassfiltertoeliminatespurioussignals,soasnottogenerateaninterferingsignaloutsidethetransmitbandwidth,andisamplifiedtoacertainlevelandsenttothefinalcircuit.ThedrivesignalgeneratedthroughtheprocessisalsoavailablefromtheDRVterminal(iftheDRVoutputisenabled).

FET Final Amplifier Circuit

TheTS‑990Sfinalamplifieremploysthewell‑reputedMOSFETVRF150MP(Pch300W)andisconfiguredwithapush‑pullsystem.TheFET,suppliedbyMicrosemiCorporation,ispaired,withtwoVRF150softhesamerankandcarefullychosenbytheVthcharacteristics.ByconnectingFETsofmatchedcharacteristicsinthepush‑pullsystem,fineIMDcharacteristicsandhighstabilitycanbeachieved.ThedriveamplifieremploysaMOSFETRD100HHF1andthepre‑driveamplifieremploysaMOSFETRD06HHF1.Thefinalamplifiercircuitisconfiguredwith50Vpowerandenablescontinuousoperationwithlowdistortionandstability.

Fig.27 FinalDevicesandFinalAmplifier

TheTransmitIMDCharacteristics(14.2MHz,200Woutputpower)andTransmitSpuriousResponse(14.2MHz,200Woutputpower)graphsshowtheIMDcharacteristicsandharmonicspuriousresponse.Thegraphsprovesuperbanti‑distortioncharacteristicsandcleanoutputpower.

Fig.28 TransmitIMDCharacteristics(14.2MHz,200Woutputpower)

Fig.29 TransmitSpuriousResponse(14.2MHz,200Woutputpower)

19

TRANSMISSION 04

High‑speed Relay‑controlled Antenna Tuner

TheTS‑990Shasahigh‑speedrelay‑controlledantennatuner,whichdigitallycontrolsinacombinationofcapacitorsofdifferentcapacitancethroughswitchingrelays.Thedigitalcontrolachieveshigh‑speedtuning.Theantennatuneremployspartsdurableforoperatingat200Wandhasdedicatedcoolingfanstosecurecontinuousoperationat200W.

Fig.30 AutomaticAntennaTunerCircuit

Linear Amplifier Control

Therearetwocontrolmethodsforswitchingbetweentransmitandreceiveinthelinearamplifierorthetransverter;onemethodisbyusingarelayforthelinearamplifierandtheotherisbyusingtheRLpin.BothmethodsallowyoutosendthecontrolsignalviatheREMOTEconnector.ThelinearamplifiercontrolcanbeenabledintheAdvancedMenu,asdescribedlater.

REMOTE Connector

TheREMOTEconnectorisa7‑pinDINtypeconnector,thesameasourconventionaltransceivers.TheREMOTEConnectorPinAssignmentillustrationshowsthesignalingpathsallocatedtotheREMOTEconnectorpins.

a

b

c

d e

f g

Fig.31 REMOTEConnectorPinAssignment

24

16 7

35

ALC

Active High/ Active during TX: 12VActive Low/ Active during TX: Low

RL

BRKCOM

MKE

(RX)(TX)

Fig.32 REMOTEConnectorTerminalDescription

Table7 TerminalDescriptionsfortheREMOTEConnector

Terminal No. Terminal Name Function I/O

1 SPO Speakeroutput(SP1/InternalSpeaker) O

2 COM Commonterminalforsignalingfromthelinearamplifiercontrolrelay I/O

3 SS PTTinput I

4 MKE Maketerminalforsignalingfromthelinearamplifiercontrolrelay I/O

5 BRK Breakterminalforsignalingfromthelinearamplifiercontrolrelay I/O

6 ALC ALCinputfromthelinearamplifier I

7 RL Outputforthelinearamplifiercontrol O

20

04 TRANSMISSION

● Use of the Linear Amplifier Control RelayTheTS‑990Slinearamplifiercontrolrelayfunctionsontransmissionif“ActiveHigh+RelayControl”hasbeenselectedfromAdvancedMenu11or12.ThelinearamplifiercontrolrelayassumesthattheTL‑922(discontinued)isstandingbyandcanbeconnectedas‑istotheTL‑922.Foralinearamplifierthatstandsbywithavoltageapplicationorashort‑circuittoground,disabletherelaycontrolandmakeitstandingbyusingtheRLterminalasdescribedlater.

● Use of the RL TerminalInadditiontoalogictooutput12Vontransmission,followingtheconfigurationintheAdvancedMenuasdescribedlater,inthesamemannerasconventionaltransceivers,alogicforshort‑circuitingtogroundontransmissionbyanopendrainisaddedtotheRLterminal(pin7).Bythis,tousealinearamplifierthatisplacedinthetransmitstatewiththelowstatelogicfortransmitcontrol,thelinearamplifiercanbeusedwithoutexternallyaddingatransistortoreversethelogic.WhentransmissionstartswhiletheRLterminalhasbeensetto“ActiveHigh”,thetransistorswitchshowninthe“REMOTEConnectorPinAssignment”isturnedOnand12Visdiverted(10mAorless).“ActiveHigh”indicatesthatthelogicishighwhilethecircuitisactive.Ifalinearamplifierwhichcanbeswitchedtothetransmitstateupondetectionofthevoltageisconnected,configure“ActiveHigh”fortheRLterminal.Whentransmissionstartsif“ActiveLow”hasbeenconfiguredfortheRLterminal,theFETswitchshownin“REMOTEConnectorPinAssignment”switchestoashort‑circuittoground.“ActiveLow”indicatesthatthelogicislowwhilethecircuitisactive.Thelinearamplifier,whichcanbeswitchedtothetransmitstatewhilethesignalpulledupbythelinearamplifierisbeingshortcircuitedtoground,canbeconnected.Ifsuchalinearamplifierisconnected,configure“ActiveHigh”fortheRLterminal.However,theamountofwithstandvoltageandcurrentarenotlarge(DC15Vorless,10mAorless),thusitisnotpossibletodirectlydrivearelayinthiscircuitortoconnectthosewhichareactivatedwithhighvoltage,suchasanevacuated‑tubetypelinearamplifier(e.g.,TL‑922).Insuchacase,userelaycontactsalternatively.

Configurations in the Advanced Menu

Tocontrolthelinearamplifier,configurethesettingsintheAdvancedMenu.

Table8 LinearAmplifierControlSettingsMenu

Advanced Menus 11 and 12 Setting Values RL Output*1 Relay Control*2 Delay Time

Off ‑ ‑ 10ms

ActiveHigh TX:High(12V) ‑ 10ms

ActiveHigh+RelayControl TX:High(12V) ○ 10ms

ActiveHigh+Relay&TXDelayCtrl TX:High(12V) ○ 45ms(SSB,FM,AM)

ActiveLow TX:Low ‑ 10ms

ActiveLow+TXDelayControl TX:Low ‑ 45ms(SSB,FM,AM)

*1REMOTEconnectorpin7*2REMOTEconnectorpins2,4,and5

21

TRANSMISSION 04

10 ms

KEY

RX

RL

Switch

RF Power

AF

TX

45 ms

Switch

RF Power

AF

KEY

RX

RL

TX

45 ms

Fig.33 TimingCharts:WhentheTXDelayControlisNotSelected(Left)andSelected(Right)

Ifalinearamplifierthatconformstofullbreak‑inandswitchestothetransmitstateuponapplicationofapproximately+12Vvoltageisconnected,select“ActiveHigh”fromAdvancedMenu11“LinearAmplifierControl(HFBand)”andAdvancedMenu12“LinearAmplifierControl(50MHzBand)”.Ifanexternallinearamplifierthatdoesnotconformtobreak‑inandtakestimetoswitchtheinternalrelaycontacts,e.g.,theTS‑922,isconnected,select“ActiveHigh+Relay&TXDelayCtrl”fromAdvancedMenu11andAdvancedMenu12.Thisconfigurationextendsthedurationoftimefromwhenthetransceiverisplacedinthetransmitstateuntilradiowavesarepracticallytransmittedsothatthelinearamplifierrelayingwillswitchandthentransmittheradiowaves.Iffullbreak‑inisactiveinCWmode,thedurationoftimepriortoatransmissionisnotextended.Notethatselecting“ActiveHigh+Relay&TXDelayCtrl”or“ActiveLow+TXDelayControl”fromAdvancedMenu11and/orAdvancedMenu12extendsnotonlythedurationoftimeuntilatransmissionstartsbutalsothedurationoftimeuntilreceptionbegins,soastoreducetheclicknoiseatthemomentofswitching.

Note:◆ Large‑sizedrelaysgenerallytendtotaketimetostartswitchingafterenergizingandhavealongdurationoftimeinwhichchatteringmaytakeplaceatthemomentofswitching.Iftransmissionstartsbeforethecontactsswitchtothetransmissionside,theSWRwillincreaseuntiltheswitchingfinishes,thustheTS‑990Sactivatesaprotectioncircuittomomentarilyreducethetransmitpower.Inaddition,thereisacasewherethemicrophonemaypickupalargeoperatingsoundofrelayswitchingandthesoundcausestransmitsignalstobetransmitted.Thereisalsoanothercasewherecontactswitchinginthereceptionsideafterreceptionstartsmaycauseastrongclickingnoise.Selecting“ActiveHigh+Relay&TXDelayCtrl”or“ActiveLow+TXDelayControl”mayservetopreventsuchproblems.

ALC

Forusewithalinearamplifierortransverter,itispossibletoconnectanexternaldevicetotheALCterminal(pin6),intendingpropertransmitpowercontrol.Ifthetransmitpowerreachestherangetoberestrictedfromtheexternaldevicestandpoint,theALCsignalshiftsthevoltagetothenegativeside(forKENWOODtransceivers).Externaldevicesgenerallyhavevoltageadjustmentvariableresistors.OntheTS‑990S,applyinganegativevoltage(between‑7Vand‑10V)totheALCterminalreducestheinternalgain.Theoperatingpointisdescribedlater.Asdescribedabove,conventionallyithasbeencommontoentertheALCsignalfromalinearamplifiertocontroltheautomaticlevel.However,inordertopreventexcessiveinputtothelinearamplifier,itisrecommendedtomakeapreliminaryadjustmenttotheappropriatetransmitpower.IfthetransmitpowerissetbytheALCwhilethefulltransmitpowerispresentinthetransceiver,excessivepowerisappliedtothelinearamplifierbeforetheALCvoltageisappliedfromthelinearamplifier,resultinginlinearamplifierdamage.

22

04 TRANSMISSION

● Recommended OperationSetthemaximumtransmitpower,thatcanbeenteredtothelinearamplifier,totheTS‑990Sinadvance.TheALCcontrolinthetransceiveractivatesathigh‑speed,thusitcanlimittheoutputpowerwithoutreceivinganALCsignalfromthelinearamplifier.Thetransmitpowerlimiterdescribedlaterisusefulforthis.Asconfiguredasdescribedabove,applytheALCsignalofthelinearamplifiertotheALCterminaloftheTS‑990S.Ifthelinearamplifierhastolimitthetransmitpower,forexample,inthecasewherethetransmitpoweroftheTS‑990Sisincreasedbyafalseoperation,thisprotectsthelinearamplifier.

Transmit Power Limiter

Thetransmitpowerlimiterpreventsthetransmitpowerfromexceedingthepre‑configuredtransmitpowerlevel.Pressingthe[MAX‑Po](F)keyopenstheTX Power Limit screen.Thescreenallowstheconfigurationofthetransmitpowerbyband.Continuouslyrotatingthe[PWR]knobclockwiseincreasesthetransmitpowertotheconfiguredmaximum.Consequently,transmitpowerlimitforuseinDATAmodeandtransmitpowerwithTXtuningcanalsobeconfigured.Anexternaldevicesuchasalinearamplifiermayhavedifferentgainsorwithstandinginputpowersbyband,thustherequiredtransmitpowervariesinmostcases.TheTX Power Limitscreenallowstheconfigurationsforthetransmitpowerbyband.Ifthemaximumtransmitpowerhasbeenconfiguredonthescreen,thiseliminatestroublesometransmitpoweradjustmentwiththe[PWR]knobeachtimethebandischanged.

Fig.34 SettingScreenfortheMaxPowerLimiterFunction

Selecting“ANT1”fortheantennaconnectorwhenanexternalantennatunerisconnectedlimitsthemaximumtransmitpowerto100W.Evenifthetransmitpowerlimiterissetto100Worhigher,“00W”appearsonthelowerlineofthe[MAX‑Po](F)keyandthetransmitpoweronthemainscreen(topcenter).

Note:◆ Transmitpowercannotbeconfiguredindividuallyforeachantennaconnector(ANT1toANT4).

ALC Operation when an External Device is Connected

"ConnectionBlocktoanExternalDeviceforALCSignalInput"showstheblockdiagramofasignalcircuittoentertheTS‑990SALCsignalfromanexternaldeviceandcontroltheTS‑990SinternalALCamplifier.ItemploysamethodtocontroltheTS‑990SgainbyusinganALCvoltageenteredfromanexternaldevice;however,itconsequentlyservestocontroltheTS‑990Stransmitpower.Thisoperationiscommonforbothlinearamplifiersandtransverters.AchangeintheDRVoutputlevelbytheALCvoltagerepresentsachangeoftheoutputleveloftheALCvoltageenteredfromtheexternaldevice.ThegaindecreasewillbenoticeableintheTS‑990SIFcircuituponadropinvoltagetobelow‑7V.Thegaindecreasealsoleadstoreductionofthetransmitpower(ANToutputandDRVoutput);thisservesforoutputcontrol.

23

TRANSMISSION 04

Fig.35 ConnectionBlocktoanExternalDeviceforALCSignalInput

Fig.36 ChangeofDRVOutputLevelbytheALCVoltage

● Operation on an ALC Signal Input from an External DeviceIfthemicrophonegainandcarrierlevelareadjustedtooptimizetheALCmeterneedledeflectionwhilenoALCsignalispresentfromanexternaldevice,applyinganexternalALCsignalresultsinmorefeedbackcontrolfortheALC.Therefore,theincreasecausestheALCmeterneedletodeflectwider.Inthatcase,rotatethe[PWR]knobcounterclockwisewhileviewingtheALCmeterneedledeflectionorreadjustthemicrophonegainandcarrierlevel.

DRV Terminal

TheoutputlevelfromtheDRVconnectorisapproximately0dBm(1mW).Dependingontheconfigurationforthetransmitpower,theoutputlevelcanbeloweredtoapproximately1/20.Tomaketheoutputlevellower,rotatethe[CAR]knobinCW,FSK,PSK,orAMmode,orrotatethe[MIC]knob(microphonegain)or[PROC OUT]knob(speechprocessoroutputlevel)inSSBmode.ThelevelfortheoutputsignalfromtheDRVconnectorisinsufficienttobetransmitteddirectlythroughanantenna.Operationwithatransverterorconnectiontothehigh‑gainlinearamplifierallowsoperationineachamateurbandincludingthe135kHzband.Thefollowinggraphsshowthespuriousresponseinthe14MHzbandandspuriousresponseinthe135kHzbandontheDRVconnector.Theharmoniclevelalsochangesuponchangeofthelevelto0dBm,‑10dBm,and‑20dBm.DRVoutputsnotpassingthroughalow‑passfiltermayincludealotofharmoniccomponents.Fortransmission,eliminatesuchharmoniccomponentsthroughalow‑passfilterasneededaftersignalamplification.Alternatively,loweringthelevelforthetransmitpowerconfigurationorapplyingtheALCsignalfromtheREMOTEconnectortolimittheDRVconnectoroutputlevelcanreducedistortion.

24

04 TRANSMISSION

Fig.37 SpuriousResponse:14.175MHz,0dBm

Fig.38 SpuriousResponse:14.175MHz,‑10dBm

Fig.39 SpuriousResponse:14.175MHz,‑20dBm

Fig.40 SpuriousResponse:136kHz,0dBm

Fig.41 SpuriousResponse:136kHz,‑10dBm

Fig.42 SpuriousResponse:136kHz,‑20dBm

25

TRANSMISSION 04

Protections

TheTS‑990Semploysafinalamplifiercircuitconfigurationfora200Wtransmitpoweroutputwithsufficientmargins.Consequently,protectionsagainstlargecurrentsandexcessiveheatingareprovided,takingaccountofsafety.

SWR Protection

IftheantennaSWR(standingwaveratio)ishigh,efficientradiowaveradiationisdisturbed,anddistortionmayoccurinthefinalcircuitbyreflectedwaves,ortheTS‑990S,itsantennas,orinaworstcasescenario,othercomponentsmaybedamaged.Topreventsuchaproblemfromoccurring,aprotectioncircuitisimplementedtoreducethetransmitpowertoreflectedwaves.TheprotectioncircuitstartsreducingthetransmitpowerwhentheSWRbecomes1.5orhigher.

Overcurrent Protection

Aprotectioncircuitisimplementedtomonitorcurrentsinthefinalamplifierandpreventcurrentsoveraspecifiedlevelfrompassingthrough.

Thermal Protection and Fan Control

IntheTS‑990S,twofinalamplifiersaremounted,andthermistorsareplacedneartheamplifiers.Thethermistorssensethetemperature.Thecoolingfanforthefinalamplifierblockswitchesitsrotationsin3stepsaccordingtothedetectedtemperature(antennatunerfan:2steps,AC/DCpowersupplyfan:variable).The“FinalAmplifierFanActivationTemperatures(Detected)andCoolingFanRotationSpeeds”tableshowsthecoolingfanrotationspeedsforthecoolingfanactivationtemperatures.Theantennatunerfanisdesignedtofollowtherotationspeedofthefinalamplifierfanandactivatesonlywhentheantennatunerisactive.Ifthefinalamplifiertemperatureappearstoincreasemore,awarningmessageappearsonthemainscreen,andthetransmitpoweriscontrolledorthetransmissionisstopped.Thetransceiveristhenplacedinthereceivestatesoastopreventitfrombeingdamaged.Additionally,thecoolingfanrotationpulsesaredetectedtomonitorwhetherallthecoolingfansincludingthefinalamplifierfanarerunningnormally.Ifacoolingfanisnotrotatingnormally,anerrormessageappearsonthemainscreenandsomefunctionswillberestrictedtosecuretheTS‑990S.

Table9 FinalAmplifierFanActivationTemperatures(Detected)andCoolingFanRotationSpeeds

Final Amplifier Fan Activation Temperature (Detected)

Cooling Fan Rotation Speed

Final Amplifier Fan Antenna Tuner Fan

Approximately 75°C (167°F) High High*1

Approximately 65°C (149°F) MediumLow*1

Approximately 55°C (131°F) Low

*1Whentheantennatunerison

26

04 TRANSMISSION

Power Supply

High-Efficiency Large-Capacity Power Supply Implemented

IntheTS‑990S,alarge‑capacitycurrent‑resonance‑typeswitchingpowersupplyunitisimplementedforstable200Wtransmitpoweroperation.Incomparisonwithconventionaltransformertypes,itsloadefficiencyishigher(83%typicalonAC100V200Wtransmission)withlessheatingandlesspowerconsumption.

Fig.43 High‑EfficiencyLarge‑CapacityPowerSupply

Power Saving

TheTS‑990Shasanotherpowersupplycircuitdedicatedforthemainmicroprocessor,whichisdifferentfromthosesourcedfortheTX/RX.Inlowpowerconsumptionmode,thestandbypowerissecuredto0.5Worless.Thisconformstointernationalenergyregulations.

Safety

TheTS‑990Sconformstointernationalsafetystandardsandprovidesthefollowingprotectionfunctionsforsafetyoperation.

● Overcurrent ProtectionAllpowersupplyoutputcurrentsaresubjecttomonitoring,andifanovercurrentisdetected,intermittentoutputbeginstodroptheoutputvoltage.

● Thermal ProtectionThetemperatureinthepowersupplyunitissubjecttoregularmonitoring.Whenthetemperaturerisesexcessively,transmissionstops,andifthetemperaturerisesmore,thepowersupplyshutsdowntosecurethesafetyoperation.

27

TRANSMISSION 04

Power Factor Correction (PFC) to Prevent Harmonics in the Rectifier Circuit

Aswitchingpowersupplytypicallyproduceslargeharmonicsinarectifiercircuitbyitsswitchingoperation,causingreductionofthepowerfactor,andharmonicsreflectedbacktotheACinputsidemaycausenoiseandotherdisturbancestoexternaldevices.TheTS‑990SemploysarectifiercircuitofthePowerFactorCorrection(PFC)methodtomakecurrentwaveformsclosetothesinewaveinordertopreventreductionofthepowerfactoranddisturbancesduetopowersupplyharmonicsandconformtointernationalpowersupplyharmonicsregulations.

Fig.44 DifferenceinRectifiedWaveformswith/withoutApplicationofPowerFactorCorrection(PFC)

Continuous Variable Rotations and the Cooling Fan

Thetemperatureoftheswitchingpowersupplyblockissubjecttoregularmonitoring,andthecoolingfanrotationsarecontinuouslychangedforthebest‑suitedcooling,increasingthecoolingefficiencyandreducingthecoolingfannoise.

DC/DC Converter

Forthepowerfeedtotherespectiveblocks,aDC/DCconverterisemployed.Incomparisonwitharegulatorforpowerfeedonconventionaltransceivers,itgenerateslessheatandrequireslesspowerconsumption.

05 LOCAL OSCILLATOR

28

DDS and PLL System

ThelocaloscillatorcircuitintheTS‑990Sisconfiguredtogivebest‑suitedcharacteristicstosignalstobeprocessedbytheVCOdivisiontypeandtheDDS(DirectDigitalSynthesizer)directsystem(switchable)forthemainbandreceiver,DDSsystemforthesubbandreceiver,andPLLsystemforthetransmissionblock.

First Local Oscillator for the Main Band Receiver

ThefirstlocaloscillatorforthemainbandreceiverisnotaDDSdirectsystembutaconventionalVCO/PLLsystem(excludingthe10MHz,28MHz,and50MHzbands).Generally,theVCO/PLLsystemisgoodforC/NcharacteristicsondistantcarrierfrequenciesandsuperiorinspuriousresponsebytheeffectofthefilterinthePLLloop,whileittendstobedisadvantageousforcharacteristicsoftheadjacentcarriertonoiseratio.IntheTS‑990Smainbandreceiver,downconvertingallbandsenablesittolowerthelocaloscillatorfrequencies.Consequently,thefirstlocaloscillatorforthemainbandreceivernewlyemploysthedivisiontypethatoscillatestheconventional‑typeVCO/PLLoutputsignalsusingahigherfrequencythanthedesiredfrequencyandthendividestheoutputsignals.Theoretically,theC/NcharacteristicsoftheVCO/PLLoutputsignalsareimprovedbytheeffectofdivisionattheratioof20*log(divisionratio)(1/10divisionmaximum:20*log(1/10)=‑20dB).

DDS IS AD 9951

PLL PLLDDS82.78 ~92.48MHz

96.48 ~107.48MHz

127.48 ~138.992MHz

115.48 ~128.992MHz

AMP

AMPDivider

1/N1.8/3.5/5M … N=10

7M … N=8 14/18/21/24M … N=4

Block Diagram of First Local Oscillator for Main Band RX Circuit

(Other than the above, DDS Direct)

Fig.45 BlockDiagramoftheFirstLocalOscillatorfortheMainBandReceiver

WiththeVCOdivisiontypelocaloscillatoremployed,lowspuriousness,whichisanadvantageoftheVCO/PLLsystemontheadjacentfrequencies,andfineC/Ncharacteristicsondistantcarrierfrequenciesareachieved.

Fig.46 C/NCharacteristicsoftheFirstLocalOscillatorfortheMainBandReceivingCircuit

29

LOCAL OSCILLATIOR 05

First Local Oscillator for the Sub Band Receiver

Thefirstlocaloscillatorforthesubbandreceiver,whichisrefinedanddivertedfromthelocaloscillatorcircuitoftheTS‑590S,directlyfeedsoutputsignalstoamixerfroma14‑bitDDSwhichhassuperioradjacentC/Ncharacteristics.Duringthedown‑conversion,theoscillatingfrequencyislowerthanthatoftheup‑conversionmethod,andtheC/Ncharacteristicsfortheoutputsignalswillbeimprovedfurther,resultinginfinereciprocalmixingcharacteristics.

Sub Band Local Oscillator C/N 14.1 MHz IF: 11 M

Fig.47 C/NCharacteristicsoftheFirstLocalOscillatorfortheSubBandReceiver

Local Oscillator in the Transmit Block

IncomparisonwiththefirstlocaloscillatorusingaconventionalVCO/PLLsystem,thefirstlocaloscillatorusingaDDSsystemhasbettercharacteristicsoftheadjacentcarriertonoiseratio;however,asatransmitter,goodC/Ncharacteristicsondistantcarrierfrequenciesarerequired.Ifthereisastrongsignalpresentusingadistantcarrierfrequency,andifnoiseaffectsthedesiredsignalbypoorcharacteristicsofthedistantcarriertonoiseratioofthesignal,thenoisecausesinterferencetoreceptionofthesignal.Onalocalstationorthoseparticipatingacontestinthemulti‑band,interferenceofreceptionbynoisemayoccurinsomecases.Consideringthe200WoutputpoweroftheTS‑990Sandthemarketdemandemphasizingthemannernottodisturbotherstations,theTS‑990SemploysaVCO/PLLsystemforthelocaloscillatorcircuitinthetransmitblock,achievingsignificantC/Ncharacteristicsfordistantcarrierfrequencies.Foritstransmissionfrequencyconfiguration,theup‑conversionmethodisimplemented.Theup‑conversionmethodemploysahighlocaloscillatorfrequency,thusaVCOdivisiontypelocaloscillatorcircuitcannotbeimplemented.Toruninawidefrequencyrange,afrequencyshiftcircuitisplacedintheVCOoscillatorcircuitintheVCO/PLLforthelocaloscillatorofthetransmitter.ThisenablesswitchingtotheoptimumstatusbybandandfineC/Ncharacteristicscanbeimplemented.

Antenna Output C/N

Fig.48 TransmitSignalC/NCharacteristics

30

05 LOCAL OSCILLATOR

Reference Frequency Generator Circuit

TheTS‑990SemploysaTCXOforgeneratingthereferencefrequencyenablingafrequencystabilityof0.1ppm(0to50°C/32to122°F).

Fig.49 TCXO(TemperatureCompensatedCrystalOscillator)

Frequency Stability (Referenced to +25°C)

Fig.50 FrequencyStability

ApplicationoftheOCXOtothereferencefrequencygenerationimprovesthefrequencystability.However,theOCXOservesforhighstabilitybykeepingahighinternaltemperature,andpowerconsumptionofafewmorewattsisrequired.Additionally,theOCXOrequirestimetostabilizetheinternaltemperature.Inthecaseofacoldstart,ittakesseveralminutestostabilizetheinternaltemperature.TobereadyforoperationimmediatelyafterthepoweristurnedON,itneedstobeenergizedatalltimes.Ontheotherhand,theTCXOfine‑adjuststheoutputfrequencytoatemperaturethattheinternaltemperaturesensordetects.Thisallowsthereferencefrequencystabilitytobesecured,resultinginlowpowerconsumption(TCXOpowerconsumption:7.92mW,max.).

Frequency Stability Time (Cold Start)

Fig.51 ComparisonofPower‑upCharacteristicsoftheTS‑990SandTransceiverswithanOCXOImplemented

31

LOCAL OSCILLATIOR 05

Furthermore,theTCXOhasashortstart‑uptime(400msorlowerforthe10MHzreferencesignaloutput)tooperatefollowingtheambienttemperature,theTS‑990ScanbeusedimmediatelyevenifitisnotenergizedwhiletheTS‑990Sisnotinuse.Consideringthereferencefrequencygeneratorcircuitcharacteristicsandglobalenergy‑savingapproaches,theTCXOisemployedfortheTS‑990S.Ifhigheraccuracyandstabilitythanthosepresentbythereferencefrequencygeneratorcircuitisdemanded,entera10MHz(‑10to+10dBm)referencesignaltotheREF I/Oconnectorfromanexternalreferenceoscillator.Withthis,thefrequencyaccuracyoftheexternalreferenceoscillatorisapplicabletotheoperation.Also,the10MHzreferencesignalwiththeaccuracyofthereferencefrequencygeneratorcircuitoftheTS‑990ScanbegeneratedfromtheREF I/Oconnector.ToenterthereferencesignaltotheREF I/Oconnector,select“Input”fromAdvancedMenu4“REFI/OConnectorConfiguration”.TogeneratetheTS‑990SreferencefrequencyfromtheREF I/Oconnector,select“Output”fromAdvancedMenu4.

1 MHz Reference Output Time(from power key voltage detected)

Fig.52 REFI/OOutputStartingCharacteristics

06 DSP

32

TheTS‑950seriesHFtransceiversweretheworld’sfirstamateurradioswithbuilt‑inDSPs.TheTS‑870achieves,withDSP,allIFprocessingincludingtheIFAGCprocessingforcontrollingthereceivedsignallevelandthesteepIFfilter.TheTS‑590SprovidesevolvedIFAGCprocessingforfinesoundqualitydurableoverlong‑timeoperationandfunctionsfornoise/interferencerejectionandboastsoftop‑levelreceptioncharacteristicsbymeansofDSP.Wehavebeenproviding“Quality”incommunicationsthatcannotberealizedonlybyanalogcircuits.ThedevelopmentconceptoftheDSPfortheTS‑990Sistheverycompilationofourtraditionaltechniques.Achievementsofvariousfunctionsareimportant;however,itisDSPsthatrepresentourpositiveattitudetowards“Quality”.

Features of TS‑990S DSP Technologies

• Three32‑bitfloating‑pointDSPsareimplementedforthemainbandRX/TX,subbandRX,andbandscope,respectively.• TheIFAGCprocessingintendstopursuethenaturalaudioqualitywiththecomprehensivematchingofanalogcircuits,roofing

filters,andIFfilterwithdigitalsignalprocessing.• Thebandscopeprocessingmaterializeshighresolutionandhigh‑speedsweeping.

DSPs and Peripheral Hardware

Fig.53 DSPHardwareBlockDiagram

TheDSPsthatarekernelsofthedigitalsignalprocessingare32‑bitfloating‑pointDSPSHARCprocessorsmadebyAnalogDevicesInc.andprovidebetterarithmeticcharacteristicsthanthe32‑bitfloating‑pointDSPsemployedintheTS‑590S.TherearethreeSHARCprocessors(referredtoasDSPshereafter)builtintheTS‑990S.

33

DSP 06

Table10 DescriptionoftheDSPs

Name DSP Type Operation Clock Functions

TXMRXDSP ADSP‑21363 331.776MHz Mainbandreception,transmission,RTTY/PSK31/PSK63encoders

SRXDSP ADSP‑21369 258.048MHz Subbandreception,audiooutputcontrol,voiceguidance,opticaldigitalsignalI/O

SCPDSP ADSP‑21363 331.776MHz Bandscope,audioscope,RTTY/PSK31/PSK63decoder

TheDSPfortransmissionandmainbandreceptioniscalledthe“TXMRXDSP”,theDSPforsubbandreceptionandaudiooutputprocessingiscalledthe“SRXDSP”,andtheDSPforthebandscopeanddecodinginRTTY/PSK31/PSK63modesiscalledthe“SCPDSP”.

TheTXMRXDSPandSRXDSPareplacedintheDSPunitandDSPsarelinkedtogetherandprocessthetransmitandreceivesignals.Theapplicationofhigh‑processing‑speedDSPswithlargebuilt‑inmemoryachievesfunctionalenhancementsuchasimprovedIFAGCprocessingperformance,anewinterferencerejectioncapability,improvedIFfiltershapingfactors,speechprocessorIFimplementation,andRTTY/PSK31/PSK63encoder/decoderimplementation.

Fig.54 TXMRXDSP

Also,implementationofthedigitalinterfaceenablingthedigitalaudiosignalinputandoutputviatheOpticalconnectorsisniceforthosewhohaveakeeninterestinaudiosignalquality.Byusinganopticaldigitalcable,opticaldigitalsignalscanbesentviaandreceivedfromanexternaldevice,withoutusingananalogpath.Consequently,digitalsignalscanenterthemodulatorandreceivedaudiocanbeemittedwithoutbeinginfluencedbynoisefromtheanalogpaths.

Fig.55 SRXDSP

TheSCPDSP,whichisplacedinthecontrolunit,managesthedisplaysontheLCDs,suchasthebandscope,RTTY/PSK31/PSK63decoder,X‑Yscope,andvectorscope.Thebandscope,whichisnewlydeveloped,requiresavastamountofmathematicalprocessing,thusaDSPwiththesameperformanceastheTXMRXDSP,isemployedtobededicatedforthemainbandtransmission/reception.

Fig.56 SCPDSP

34

06 DSP

Signal Processing in the IF Stage

TheIFAGCprocessingforsignalreceptionisthecoreoftheTS‑990S.IntheTS‑870,TS‑2000S,andTS‑590S,theIFAGCprocessingisthemostactivelyinnovatedalgorithmintheDSPsignalprocessingandthetuningintheanalogstages.Wehavefoundnewtaskseachtimewecreateaninnovationandsolvethemthroughhardships.TheIFAGCprocessingwehavebeeninnovatingthroughinheritanceofourtechnologicaltraditionrepresentsourKENWOODtones.

IF AGC Processing

Asdescribedabove,theTS‑990Scansimultaneouslyreceivetwobandsbyusingthemainbandandthesubband.Thebasicscheme(block)oftheIFAGCprocessingisthesameforboththemainbandDSPandthesubbandDSP.However,concerningtheanalog‑stepfrequencyconfiguration,down‑conversionisappliedforthemainbandandconditionaldown‑conversion/up‑conversionswitchingsystemisappliedforthesubband,andtheapplicableroofingfiltertypesaredifferent.Forboththemainbandandthesubband,thepassbandwidthoftheprecedingstage(analogstage)maybewiderthanthefinalpassbandwidthoftheDSP.TheIFAGCprocessingwasdesignedcarefullysoastoinfluenceinterferingsignalstothedesiredsignal.Theanalogcircuitcharacteristicsofthemainbandaredifferentfromthoseofthesubband,thustheirresponsecharacteristicsarerespectivelytuned.

Fig.57 IFAGCProcessingBlockDiagram

AGCloopsareplacedbeforeandaftertheinterferencerejection,suchasanIFfilter,manualnotchfilter,etc.TheAGCloopoftheprecedingstagefunctionstopreventsignalswhoselevelishigherthanthereferencefrombeingenteredintotheA/DconverterfortheIFinputandiscalledtheout‑bandAGCloop.TheAGCloopofthesucceedingstagehasthesameAGCperformanceasatraditionaloneandiscalledthein‑bandAGC.Withthein‑bandAGCoperatedaftertheIFfilterandinterferencerejection,thedesiredsignalcanbehighlighted.ThebasicapproachtoAGCresponsecharacteristicsistocontroltheAGCamplifiergainwithanultra‑high‑speedattack,aswellasconventionaltransceiversdo,tocontrolthegainwithoutcausingunnecessaryamplitudefluctuation,andtoreducefactorscausingfatiguefeltbythelong‑termlistening.Oneofthefactorscausingfatiguefeltfromlisteningareamomentarysignallevelovershootbyhigh‑speedattacks.Thisphenomenonisinevitableinhighlightingweaksignalsandminimizingdistortiononthereceiver.However,demodulationwiththephenomenoncausesthesoundqualitytobehard,andthehigh‑processing‑speedreleasesettingisofnouse.ThesoundqualityatattackingisbasedonthecomprehensivecharacteristicsincludingthecharacteristicsoftheAGCamplifierintheanalogstageaswellasthecharacteristicsoftheAGCloopsintheprecedingandsucceedingstagesandtheIFfilter.IntheTS‑990S,todrasticallychangetheresponsecharacteristicsfortheout‑bandAGCfollowingthestatusoftheout‑bandandin‑bandAGCgaincontrolandtorealizeidealattackcharacteristicsbytwotypesofAGCloopshavingdifferentcharacteristicsforthein‑banddualloopAGC(thesingleloopAGCforAMmode)aresolutionsfordesigningtasks.

35

DSP 06

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Time (S)

Time (S)

TS-990S

KENWOOD Existing Model

Fig.58 ComparisonofReceivedCWWaveformsofaConventionalTransceivertothoseoftheTS‑990S

IF Filter

Asthemainbandlimitationfilter,theTS‑990SisequippedwithroofingfiltersfortheanalogstageandthedigitalIFfilterandAFfilterintheDSPs.(Inadditiontothese,theaudiopeakfilter,etc.arealsoimplemented.)Concerningthefilters,theIFfilterisplacedbeforethein‑bandAGCandtheAFfilterisplacedafterthein‑bandAGC.InAMmode,theAFfilterisplacedinthecircuitafterdemodulation.InFMmode,ademodulationICisused,thusonlyAFfilteringishandledintheDSP.Therearethreetypesoffiltersavailable,and,withthefrontpaneloperation,thefiltersjointlyworkandswitchtolow‑cut,high‑cut,orthepassbandwidth.Onlythebandsoftheroofingfiltersforthemainbandcanbechangedindependentlyfollowingtheconfiguration.TheIFfilterintheDSPconstructstheslopetuningincombinationwiththeIIRlow‑passfilterandhigh‑passfilterinSSBmode,andconstructsthefunctionthatcanadjustthepassbandwidth(Width)andtheamountofthecenterfrequencyshift(Shift)withbandpassfiltersforIIRinCW,FSK,andPSKmodes.OnlyinSSBmode,thefunctiontoadjust“Width”and“Shift”canbeappliedfollowingtheconfiguration,insteadoftheslopetuning.InAMmode,thefilterconstructstheFIRbandpassfilterenablingtoswitchthebandwidthofthebandpassfilteruponadjustmentofthehigh‑cutofffrequency.

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Frequency (Hz)

SSB IF Filter (Slope Tune\ Medium)

Fig.59 SSBSlopeTuning(CombinationoftheLow‑cutandHigh‑cutFilters,FilterShape:“Medium”)

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Frequency (Hz)

CW IF Filter (Width/Medium)

CWPassbandWidth(BandpassFilter,FilterShape:“Medium”)

36

06 DSP

Inconventionaltransceivers,slopes(shoulders)bytheIFfilterweresharplyformedregardlessoftheslopetuningandpassbandwidthsetting.TheTS‑990Semployschoicesoffiltershapes.Fortheshapecharacteristics,“Sharp”,“Medium”,or“Soft”canbeselectedforthemainbandandthesubbandrespectivelyintheRX Filterscreen.

Table11 ShapeFactorsbyShapeSwitching

Demodulation Mode Shape Factors (-60 dB BW/-3 dB BW) Stop Band Attenuation

SSB(SlopeTuning) 1.6/1.8/2.0(Low‑cutfilter:200Hz,High‑cutfilter:2600Hz) 110dB

SSB(WIDTH),FSK,PSK 1.5/1.8/2.0(Bandwidth:2400Hz) 110dB

CW 1.5/1.8/2.0(Bandwidth:500Hz) 110dB

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Frequency (Hz)

SSB IF Filter (Low-cut 2000 Hz, High-cut 2600 Hz/Sharp, Medium, Soft)

Fig.60 ComparisonoftheFilterShapeCharacteristicsinSSBMode(BlueandDarkGreen:Sharp,RedandBlue‑Green:Medium,PurpleandYellowishGreen:Soft)

Fig.61 ComparisonoftheFilterShapeCharacteristicsinCWmode(Blue:Sharp,Green:Medium,Red:Soft)

Theshapefactorsduringtheadjustmentofthepassbandwidthandcenterfrequencyshiftaredesignedwithareferenceofa2400HzbandwidthinSSB,FSK,andPSKmodesandthatofa500HzbandwidthinCWmode.SuchasharpfiltertendstocauseringingbybandwidthnarrowingandinfluencetothesoundqualitybygroupdelayinSSBmode.OntheTS‑990S,withthedigitalfilterdesignskillswehaveaccumulated,thefilterandAGCdesignisdevisedsothattheringingandinfluenceonthesoundqualityareminimized.However,theroofingfiltersfortheanalogcircuitarelinkedwithspecifiedfilterbandwidthcharacteristics,thatis,forexample,ifanarrowbandof250HzorlowerissetinCWmode,theroofingfilterbandwidthissetto270Hz(if“Auto”isconfiguredfor“Roof”intheRX Filterscreen).Ifanarrowbandsuchas270Hzisconfiguredfortheroofingfilter,thereisanadvantageofinsusceptibilitytointerferencebyadjacentsignalswhilethereisadisadvantageofsusceptibilityofripplesandgroupdelaycharacteristics.Becauseoftherelationshipwiththeanalogfiltercharacteristics,onlydevisingthedigitalfilterdoesnotattainpracticallisteningsensationinsoundqualityrefining.ThetuningoftheIFAGCprocessingdescribedaboveservestogaintheeffectivefiltercharacteristics.

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DSP 06

Interference Rejection

InterferencesignalssuchaspulsenoiseandbeatsmayaffecttheAGCandsuppressthedesiredsignals.Inthatcase,eliminatingtheinterferencesignalsintheprecedingstagetotheAGCcanhighlightthesignalbehindtheinterferencesignals.Theinterferencerejectionisafunctionthatisplacedbeforethein‑bandAGCprocessing,aswellastheIFfilter,andthateliminatesparticularinterferencesignals.ForinterferencerejectionbydigitalsignalprocessingintheTS‑990S,inadditiontothenoiseblanker,themanualnotchfilterandautonotchfilter,thebandeliminationfilterthatcanadjustthestopbandbandwidthandtheamountofattenuationisnewlyemployed.

● Noise BlankerTheTS‑990ShastwonoiseblankerscalledtheNB1andNB2.NB1isthenoiseblankerfortheanalogcircuit.NB2isthenoiseblankerfordigitalsignalprocessing.Thenoiseblankercanbeselecteddependingonthetypeofnoiseandthereceivingstatus.Furthermore,NB1andNB2areusableconcurrentlyforfineradjustmentbytuningtheirrespectiveeffectivelevels.NB2operateswiththeenvelopefollowingsystem,sothatitiseffectiveevenifthereisaslightsignalleveldifferencebetweenthedesiredsignalandapulsenoisesignalthatcannotbefollowedbythepastanalogcircuitasthenoiseblanker.Thisalgorithmdoesnotallowyoutosimplyblankthepulsenoisefromthereceivedsignal,unliketheanalog‑circuitnoiseblanker.Withautomaticdemodulationofthepulsenoisefollowingthereceivedsignallevelandcomparisonwiththedesiredsignallevelotherthanthepulsenoise,thelengthoftimecorrespondingtothepulsenoiseisappropriatelyattenuated.Thisisthealgorithmthatachievesthenoisesuppressionwiththissystem.Hence,thisenablesyoutoprocesstherelativelylongpulsenoiseevenwithlessdeteriorationofthedesiredsignals.The“EffectofNB2”graphsshowhowanaudiosignalsuppressedbyAGCoperationishighlightedwhenthepulsenoiseiseliminatedbyNB2.

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Time (S)

Time (S)

NB2 OFF

NB2 ON

Fig.62 EffectofNB2

NB2affectsthenoisethatcannotbeprocessedbytheanalogcircuit;however,theremaybeacasewhereitcannotsuppressthenoisedependingonthestrengthofthedesiredsignalandcharacteristicsofthepulsenoise.Insuchacase,byusingnoisereductiontogether,thereceivingstatusmaybeimproved.Also,useofanarrowroofingfilterbandwidthmaychangethenoisecomponentthatdeterioratesitseffect:flexibleuseofNB1,NB2andnoisereductionaccordingtothesituationprovidesyouwithmorevariations.

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06 DSP

● Manual Notch Filter (NCH) and Auto Notch Filter (A.NCH)Themanualnotchfilterallowsyoutochangethecenterfrequencyofthenotchbyrotatingthe[NOTCH]knob.Theautonotchfilterautomaticallytracksthesinglebeatfrequencywithadoptionoftheapplicablefilteringtechnique.Bothnotchfiltershaveanattenuationof60dBorhigheratthenotchcenterfrequency.The“EffectoftheManualNotchFilter”graphshowshowaminutesignalsuppressedbyAGCoperationishighlightedthroughbeateliminationbythemanualnotchfilter.

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Frequency (Hz)

Frequency (Hz)

MCH OFF

MCH ON

Fig.63 EffectoftheManualNotchFilter

ThebandwidthofthemanualnotchfiltercanbetoggledbetweenNormalandWidewithalongpressofthe[NCH/SEL](M)or[NCH /SEL](S)key.Forasinglebeatfrequency,Normaliseffective.IncaseofinterferencebyasignalinSSBmodeordifficultyinlisteningduetoeliminationofpartofthedesiredsignalbythelow‑cutandhigh‑cutfilteradjustment,selecting“Wide”forthemanualnotchfiltermaybemoreeffective.

Fig.64 ManualNotchFilterCharacteristics(Reference)

Theautonotchfilter,whichisinheritedfromtheTS‑870,hasimprovedbeattrackingperformanceandiseffectivetoarelativelyweakbeat.Theautonotchfilterissharperthanthemanualnotchfilterandcanminimizeimpactsonaudio.

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DSP 06

● Band Elimination Filter (BEF)The“bandeliminationfilter”isanincomprehensiblename.Readitasthenameofafunctiontocontrolthebandandattenuationofthemanualnotchfilter.Whilethenotchfiltermainlyimpactsonbeats,thebandeliminationfilterisusefultoattenuateinterferingsignalsevenwithslightattenuationtothedesiredsignalwhenthereisaninterferingsignalsuchasthatofaudiooverthedesiredsignal.Besidesusingthemanualnotchfilter,thecenterfrequencyofthefiltercanbechangedbyrotatingthe[NOTCH]knob.IntheBand Elimination Filterscreen,thestopbandbandwidthcanbechangedintherangeof300Hzto1200Hzinstepsof100Hzandtheamountofattenuationatthecentercanbechangedintherangeof20dBto80dBinstepsof20dB.

Fig.65 BandEliminationFilterCharacteristics(Reference)

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06 DSP

Reception

Demodulation

● Demodulation in SSB, CW, FSK and PSK ModesThedemodulationprocessinginSSB,CW,FSK,andPSKmodesisbasedonthewell‑establishedPSN(PhaseShiftNetwork)system.TheoptimumcharacteristicsofthePSNsystemaredeterminedbythecharacteristicsoftheimplementedIFfilter.Ifasteepandlarge‑attenuationfiltersimilartotheIFfilterintheTS‑990Sisused,thereisfewreversebandwidthsthatcanbecanceledbythePSNsystem.ThesectionabouttheIFfilterdescribedthefunctionsforslopetuning,passbandwidth,centerfrequencyshiftchange,andthechangeofthereferencebandwidththatdeterminestheshapefactorsforuseinSSBandCWmodes.ThePSNsystemenablesyoutoreducethefilterorderbydesigningfollowedbytheIFfilter,whichimprovesthegroupdelaycharacteristicsonthelowpassbandcalledaweakpointofthePSNsystem;hence,thereislessattenuationcomparedwithconventionaltransceiversandmorecharacteristicsareextendedtothelowerband.InSSBmode,“0Hz”canbeconfiguredasthecut‑offfrequencyforthelow‑cutfilter.ThismeansthatthecutofffrequencyhasbeenconfiguredforthecarrierpointallowingyoutoextendthelowpassbandtoitsmaximumwithuseofthePSNsystemasdescribeabove.Wewishthiswillmakeyoutoawareofandenjoythedifferencesofthesoundqualitycomparedwithconventionaltransceivers,aswellasthefilterconfigurations.

● Demodulation in AM ModeInAMmode,anabsolutevaluedetectcircuitisusedfordemodulationasinthepreviousmodels.

● Demodulation in FSK ModeInFSKmode,itmodulatesanaudiosignaldetectedwiththePSNsystemandsendsittoaspeakeroranexternaloutputterminalregardlessofthestatusofthedecoder(eitherOnorOff).IfthedecoderisOn,frequencymodulationisdetectedthroughmixersandlow‑passfiltersonapathdifferentfromthatforaudiooutputfromtheIFstage,andtheRTTYbasebandsignalisacquired.TheRTTYdecoderoperatesinFSKmode(onlyif170Hzisconfiguredfortheshiftwidth).

● Demodulation in PSK31 and PSK63 ModesThePSK31/PSK63decodersoperateinPSKmode.InPSKmode,demodulationtakesplacewiththePSNsystemregardlessofthestatusofthedecoder(eitherOnorOff)aswellaswheninRTTYmode,andtheaudiosignalissenttothespeakeroranexternaloutputterminal.WiththedecoderturnedOn,delaydemodulationandotherprocessingcanbemadethroughmixersandlow‑passfiltersonapathdifferentfromthatforaudiooutputfromtheIFstagetoacquirethePSK31/PSK63basebandsignal.BPSKorQPSKcanbeselectedforPSK31,andBPSKcanbeselectedforPSK63.Also,theAFC(AutomaticFrequencyControl)canbeusedfordecodinginPSK31orPSK63mode.TheAFCisprocessedonthepathfromtheIFstagetothedecoder;however,audiooutputsignalwillnotbeprocessed.ThisisbecausetheaudiosignaloutputtoaPCwhileusingtheinternaldecoderandtheAFCordecodingconcurrentlymadebythedecodersoftware,etc.installedonthePCweretakenintoourconsideration.

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DSP 06

AF Filter

● SSB, CW, FSK and PSK ModesTheAFfilter,whichisplacedafterthein‑bandAGC,isaswitchlinkedwithanIFfilterwhenthelow‑cutfilter,high‑cutfilter,orpassbandwidthisswitched.Therefore,theAFfilter,aswellastheIFfilter,iscapableofchangingtheshiftamountsfortheslopetuning,passbandwidth,andcenterfrequencyshift.TheAFfilterisintendedtoassisttheIFfilterandfacilitatestohearthedesiredsignal.IntheAFstage,otherthanabove,thereisanaudiopeakfilterforCWandFSKmodesandanRXDSPequalizerforallmodesavailable.ThedesignoftheAFfilterpeaksourinterestintheTS‑990S,anditactuallyhasanIFstageprocessingbyfilteringpriortodetecting,althoughtheAFstageprocessinghasbeenphased.ThebandlimitationimmediatelybeforedemodulationwillbeanequivalentbandlimitationintheAFstageduetocombinationwiththedemodulationbythehigh‑performancePSNsystem.Bythis,therewillbevariousadvantagessoastoformthefiltershapebychangingthelow‑cutandhigh‑cutfiltersandtodesignthegroupdelaysizeofthesteeplow‑cutfilter,asanAFfilterinthelowband,tohavethesamedelaysizeasthatofthehigh‑cutfilter;resultingingoodsoundquality.TheIFfilterhasthecapabilityofformingfiltershapes.Ontheotherhand,therearethreestepsforAFfiltering,“Narrow”,“Medium”,and“Wide”,allowingtheselectionofthelinkingmethodtothecutofffrequencytobespecifiedbythelow‑cutfilter,high‑cutfilter,orpassbandwidth.“Medium”setsthepassbandtosameasthatoftheIFfilter,“Narrow”setsthepassbandtonarrowerthanthatoftheIFfilter,and“Wide”setsthepassbandtowiderthanthatoftheIFfilter.TheAFfilterhastheeffectofgainingthesharpnessofsoundandimprovingtheeaseoflistening,selecting“Narrow”makesthesoundclear‑cut,andselecting“Wide”providesmoreanalogicalsoundwithemphasisoftheIFfilterandAGCcharacteristics.

Fig.66 ComparisonofPassbandCharacteristicsinSSBModeandwithSlopeTuning

Fig.67 ComparisonofPassbandCharacteristicsinCWmode

● AM and FM ModesInAMmode,theAFfilterisplacedafterdemodulation.TheIFfilterbandwidthisalsoswitchedfollowingtheswitchingofthethehigh‑cutfrequency,andonlytheAFfiltersettingisappliedtothelow‑cutfrequency.InAMmode,extendingthebandwidthonlywiththeIFfiltercausesafeelingofdistortion,thuslinkingitwiththeAFfilterresultsintheaudiotobehighlightedatthefront.InFMmode,thedemodulationICisusedsothatonlytheAFfiltercanbeselected.IftheCTCSSfunctionisOn,withthehigh‑passfilterinserted,thetonesignalsarenotapparentevenifthelow‑cutbandwidthisextendedtothemaximum.Thehigh‑passfilterswitchesbyturningtheCTCSSOnorOff.InAMandFMmodes,thecharacteristicsoftheAFfiltercanbeselectedfrom“Narrow”,“Medium”,and“Wide”.

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Audio Peak Filter

TheaudiopeakfilterisapplicableinCWandFSKmodes.InCWmode,apeakfilterwithacenterfrequencyofthepitchfrequencyiscalledanaudiopeakfilterandthepassbandcharacteristicscanbeselectedfrom“Narrow”,“Medium”,and“Wide”.ThecenterfrequencyoftheAudioPeakFiltercanbeshiftedwithintherangeof±200Hz.

Fig.68 CWAudioPeakFilterCharacteristics

InFSKmode,theaudiopeakfilterfunctionsasatwinpeakfilterthathasapeakofthemarkfrequencyandspacefrequency.TheaudiopeakfilterisusableonlyiftheRTTYshiftwidthissetto170Hz.Thisfilterdoesnotprocessthesignalsenteredtothebuilt‑inRTTYdecoderandiseffectiveonlyonaudiosignalssenttoaspeakerorviaexternaloutputterminals.

Noise Reduction

Therearetwomethodsavailablefornoisereduction:NR1andNR2.Youcanselectthenoisereductionthatismoreeffectivedependingontheoperationmodeandreceptionconditions.NR1hasdifferentalgorithmsthatoperateaccordingtotheoperationmode.Invoicemodes(SSB,FMandAM),noisereductionfeaturingthespectralsubtractionmethodspecializedforaudiosignalswillfunction,andinnon‑voicemodes(CW,FSKandPSK),noisereductionfeaturingthelineenhancermethodusingtheadaptivefilterwhichemphasizestheperiodicsignalswillfunction.Thenoisereductionisautomaticallyswitchedoverfollowingtheoperationtoswitchtheoperatingmode.NR2employswhatisknownasaSPAC(SpeechProcessingsystembyuseoftheAutocorrelationfunction)topiecetogetheronlytheperiodiccomponentsdetectedfromthereceivedsignalandtoproducetheresultasaudiooutput.

Table12 ReceptionModesandNoiseReductionAlgorithmsUsed

Noise ReductionReceive Mode

SSB, AM, FM CW, FSK, PSK

NR1 Spectralsubtraction Lineenhancer

NR2 SPAC SPAC

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DSP 06

● Spectral Subtraction Method: NR1TheNR1featuringthespectralsubtractionmethodestimatesnoisecomponentscontainedinthereceivedsignalandeliminates(subtracts)onlytheestimatednoisecomponentsfromthereceivedsignaltohighlightthedesiredsignal.

Fig.69 ConceptualSchemeofNR1FeaturingSpectralSubtraction

Thespectralsubtractionmethodisdeveloped,intendingtoimprovetheintelligibilityofweaksignalsreceivedinSSBmode.ComparedwiththeconventionalNR1(lineenhancermethod),thenewNR1haslesseffectonhigh‑frequencyvoicecomponentsandrealizestheaudiosignaloutputwithnoiseattenuationandminimumdegradationofsoundquality.TheTS‑990Semploysatechniquetoreducemusicalnoise(tonal“blipblip”sound,likeminutelysegmentedsound)thatisinherentlygeneratedbyfeaturesofspectralsubtraction.Withthistechnique,musicalnoiseislargelyreduced,andinfluencebydigitalprocessingthatisincidentaltonoisereductionislowered.Additionally,withthespectralsubtractionmethod,theNR1allowstheadjustmentforsmoothnoiseeliminationeffectbycontrollingtheattenuationamountofnoise.Inprinciple,thenoiseestimationprocessingofthespectralsubtractionmethodofNR1attenuatesbeatandCWsignalsbecauseitdeterminesconstanttonesasnoisecomponents.Thus,whiletheconventionalNR1(lineenhancermethod)functionedtoemphasizebeatandCWsignals,theNR1withthespectralsubtractionmethodattenuatesbeatandCWsignalsaswellasnoisecomponents.However,theNR1featuringthespectralsubtractionmethod,whichisnotintendedforCWandbeatsignalelimination,doesnothavealargeattenuationwidthforsuchsignals.ForbeatandCWsignalelimination,usethebeatcanceller.ThegraphsbelowshowhowaudiosignalburiedinnoiseishighlightedbytheNR1withthespectralsubtractionmethod.

Fig.70 EffectoftheNR1withtheSpectralSubtractionMethod

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06 DSP

● Line Enhancer Method: NR1Thelineenhancermethod,whichemploysaDSP,iswidelyusedforgeneralnoisereduction.ThelineenhancermethodautomaticallychangestheFIRfiltercharacteristicstothefrequencycomponentsofreceivedsignals.ItespeciallyprovideshighfilteringeffectsonperiodicsignalssuchasCWsignalsandimprovementoftheS/Nratio.Becausetheprocessautomaticallypassesandemphasizesperiodicsignals,itiscalledalineenhancer(linespectrumenhancer).ThelineenhanceremploysrelativelysimplesignalprocessingforeffectofS/Nratioimprovement;however,ithasweakpointssuchasablurringofsoundinweaksignalprocessinginSSBmode.ItispositionedintheTS‑990Sasnoisereductiontonon‑audio‑intendedsignals.ThegraphsbelowshowhowtheNR1improvestheS/Nratioofatonesignalwiththelineenhancermethod.

Fig.71 EffectoftheNR1withtheLineEnhancerMethod

● SPAC Method: NR 2TheNR2isfornoisereductionwithaspeechprocessingsystembyusingtheAutocorrelationfunction,whichiscalledSPAC(SpeechProcessingsystembyuseoftheAutoCorrelationfunction).Thissystemenablestodetectperiodicsignalscontainedinthereceivedsignalandtopiecetogethertheperiodicsignalsdetectedasthereceivedsignaltobereproduced.Consequently,onlytheperiodicsignalsinthereceivedaudioarehighlightedclearly.ThesubstanceofthelineenhancermethodofNR1isafilter;however,theapproachofNR2tosignalprocessingisdifferentfromthatofthelineenhancermethod.Therefore,NR2iseffectivetosignalswithasinglefrequencysuchasCWsignals.Also,theSPACmethodcharacteristicallydetectstherisingofasignalquickly,soitalsodeliversaneffecttomakeattackpartsofaCWsignalmoredistinguishable.Withthesefeatures,theNR2isaverybeneficialfunctioninCWmode.However,duetoitsoperatingprinciple,forlessperiodicaudiosignals,itmaygeneratesomenoisewhereperiodicsignalsjoin,andthenoisemaymaketheaudiolessclear.Inpracticaloperation,werecommendyouusetheNR1inSSBmodeandchoosetheNR1ortheNR2dependingonthecircumstancesinCWmode.TheNR2allowstheautocorrelationtime,whichisimportantforperiodicsignaldemodulation,tobespecifiedintherangeof2to20ms.Theoptimumautocorrelationtimediffersdependingonthereceiveconditionssuchasthefrequencyofthetargetsignalandthenoisecontainedinthereceivedsignal.Configurethebestautocorrelationtimetoreceiveasignalbyreceivingtheactualsignal.

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ThegraphsbelowshowhowtheNR2improvestheS/Nratioofatonesignal.

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Frequency (Hz)

Frequency (Hz)

NR1 (CW) OFF

NR1 (CW) ON

Noise Reduction adjacent to Target Signal

Fig.72 EffectoftheNR2

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Beat Cancellers

WhiletheautonotchfilterprocessessignalsintheIFstage,thebeatcancellers(BC)suppressthebeatintheAFstage.Incomparisonwiththeautonotchfilter,whichiseffectiveonlyforasinglebeatsignal,thebeatcancellersareeffectiveforseveralbeatsignals.Inthebeatcancellers,theadaptivefiltertechniqueofthesametypeasthatfortheNR1lineenhancermethodisused.Thiscancelsaperiodicsignallikeabeatsignalcontainedintheenteredsignalbyfeedingthedifferencesofthesignalbetweentheoutputsignalsfromandtheinputsignaltothelineenhancer.Thegraphsbelowshowhowabeatcancellercancelsbeatsignals.

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Ampl

itude

(dB)

Frequency (Hz)

Frequency (Hz)

BC OFF

BC ON

Elimination of Multiple Beats

Fig.73 EffectofaBeatCanceller

Therearetwotypesofbeatcancellers:BC1andBC2.BC1istunedtobeeffectiveagainstweakorcontinuousbeatsignals.BC2istunedtobeeffectiveagainstintermittentbeatsignalssuchasMorsesignals.TheBCsareforbeatsignaleliminationanddonotworkinCW,FSK,andPSKmodes.Ifthereisbeatinterferencestrongerthanthedesiredsignalinanadjacentfrequency,thebeatsignalmaycausetheAGCtoactivate.ThebeatcancellersprocesssignalsintheAFstagesothatthebeatsignalswillbeeliminated;hence,thebeatcancellersreceivethedesiredsignal,keepingitsuppressed,withouthighlightingthedesiredsignal.Inthatcase,theautonotchormanualnotchfilterthatworksintheIFstageismoreeffective.

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Transmission

Modulation

● SSB ModeAnaudiosignalenteredfromamicrophoneoranexternalinputterminalisprocessedbytheTXDSPequalizer,microphonegaincontrol,andTXfilter,andisthenmodulated.ForSSBmodulation,thePSNmethod,whichiswellestablishedinconventionaltransceivers,isemployed.A24kHzcarrierisusedformodulationandamodulatedwaveisconfiguredintheIFstage.Unlikedemodulation,formodulation,enoughsidebandsuppressionmustbesecuredtotheinputbandwidth.ThecharacteristicsofthePSNaredesignedtodeliversufficientsuppressionincompliancewiththecharacteristicsoftheTXfilter,whichistheTXbandwidth‑limitingfilter.

Fig.74 CharacteristicsoftheOppositeSidebandSuppressionofthePSNforSSBModulation

TheTXfilterhasafunctioninwhichlow‑passfilteringandhigh‑passfilteringoftheIIRfilterarecombinedandcanswitchtheband.Forhigh‑cutfiltering,specifyingavaluebetween2.5kHzand3kHzmakescomponentsof3kHzorhigherfullyattenuated.However,specifyingavaluebetween3.5kHzand4kHzmakeshigh‑passfrequenciesextended.Inpracticaloperation,setittotheallowableoccupiedbandwidthorless.

Fig.75 CharacteristicsoftheSSBTXFilter

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Whenthespeechprocessorison,themodulatedwaveintheIFstageisprocessedbythecompressorandbandpassfilter,andasignalisthendiverted.WithaspeechprocessorplacedintheIFstage,theTXmonitoringaudioispresentasthemonitoredaudioafterthemodulatedwavehasbeendetected.Thisenablesaudiomonitoringwiththeaudioclosetothepracticalaudiotobetransmitted.

● CW ModeACWkeyingsignaliswaveformshapedbyfilteringtherisingandfallingwaveformssoastooptimizetheamplitudechangetopreventtheoccupiedbandwidthfromexpanding.Withtherisetimesetting,therisetimeisswitchablein4steps(1,2,4,and6ms).Thelowerthevalue,thesteepertheriseandsoundisexaggerated.Thehigherthevalue,theslowertheriseandsoundissoftened.Usingthewaveform‑shapedkeyingsignalasthebasebandsignal,amodulatedwaveintheIFstageisgeneratedthroughmultiplicationwiththe24kHzcarrier.Additionally,throughmultiplicationwithacarrierwithanaccuratetonefrequencylinkingwiththeCWpitchfrequency,asidetoneisgenerated.TherisingandfallingwaveformsbecomethesameshapeasthoseofthemodulatedwaveintheIFstage.

● FSK ModeAsignalgeneratedbyFSKkeyingisprocessedinthebasebandfilter,anda24kHzmodulatedwaveby170Hzshiftwidthmodulationisgenerated.Additionally,usingtheaudiomarkfrequencyasareference,thefrequencyisshiftedandthesignalisthenaudibleorsentasmonitoredaudio.ForoperationwiththeRTTYencoder,thesignalcontainstheASCIIcodetransferredfromaUSBkeyboardandmessagememoryandisconvertedtoBaudotcodetowhichthestartbitandstopbitareadded,andthesignalismodulatedasthekeyingsignalthesamewayasdescribedabove.

● PSK ModeInPSKmode,amodulatedwaveissentoutonlyifthePSK31orPSK63encoderisactive.IfthePSK31orPSK63encoderisinactive,nomodulatedwaveissentout.WiththePSK31orPSK63encoder,BPSKorQPSKcanbeselectedforPSK31,andonlyBPSKcanbeusedforPSK63.TheASCIIcodefromaUSBkeyboardormessagememoryisconvertedtoacodecalledVaricode,andconvolutionalencodingisalsoprocessedinQPSKmode.Afterprocessingbythebasebandfilter,itissubjecttoquadraturemodulationwitha24kHzcarriertogenerateamodulatedwaveintheIFstage.Separately,itissubjecttoquadraturemodulationwiththecarrierofthetonefrequencyinPSKmode,andisthenaudibleorsentasmonitoredaudio.

● AM ModeInAMmode,audiofromthemicrophoneorexternalinputterminalisprocessedbytheTXDSPequalizer,microphonegaincontrolandTXfilterandaddsaDCsignalfollowingthefactorofmodulationtotheaudio.AmodulatedwaveintheIFstageisthengeneratedaftermultiplicationwiththe24kHzcarrier.ThedemodulatedwaveisdetectedinthesamemannerasinSSBmode,andisthenaudibleorsentasmonitoredaudio.

● FM ModeInFMmode,audiofromthemicrophoneorexternalinputterminalisprocessedbytheTXDSPequalizerandmicrophonegaincontrol,andafterthe3kHzbandlimitation,passesthroughthepre‑emphasisfilterwhichaddsaCTCSStone.Additionally,thefrequencycharacteristicsarecorrectedfollowingthemodulationcharacteristicsoftheanalogstage.

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DSP 06

Microphone Gain Control

Themicrophonegainisdigitallyadjustedbyrotatingthe[MIC]knob(onthefrontpanel).AudiofromthemicrophoneisconvertedbytheA/DconvertertoadigitalsignalandisthensenttotheDSP.TheTXaudiosignalenteredintotheDSPissubjecttothebandlimitationbytheTXfilter,anditslevelisadjustedbytheAFAGCsoasnottoexceedthereferencelevelconfiguredfortheDSP.Ifthesignallevelexceedsthereferencelevel,forinstance,whentheconfiguredvalueofthemicrophonegainishigherthantheaudiosignallevelfortransmission,theaudiogainlevelfortransmissionwillbelowered.ThereferencelevelisequivalenttothelevelthatfullydeflectstheALCmeterneedleforSSBmodeandtothemaximumfactorofmodulationforAMandFMmodes.TheTS‑990SallowsthemodulationofmultiplesignalsthatarecombinedwiththeinputsignalfromtheACC 2connector,thesignalfromUSBaudioinputandopticaldigitalinputaswellasthatfromthemicrophone(eithertheACC 2connectorinputorUSBaudioinputisexclusivelyselectable).Themicrophonegainontherespectivepathscanbeindependentlyadjusted.Asdescribedasabove,youcanconfigurethemicrophonegainbyrotatingthe[MIC]knob,andthegainsforothersoundsourcesareconfiguredintheMenuscreen.Themicrophonegainsareadjustedbypath,andthesignalsfromtherespectivepatharemixedandsenttotheTXfilter.Consequently,theTXaudiogaincontrolisappliedtoamixedaudiosignal.

Fig.76 Microphone,ACC2Connector,USBAudioInput,OpticalDigitalInput,andGainProcessing

Speech Processors

TheTS‑990SemploysaspeechprocessorplacedintheIFstageforSSBmode(hereinafterreferredtoastheIFspeechprocessor)andaspeechprocessorintheAFstageforAMandFMmodes(hereinafterreferredtoastheAFspeechprocessor).Thespeechprocessoramplifiestheaveragepowerfortheenteredaudiofromthemicrophonewithinthelimitofthemaximumpowertoenhancetheintelligibilityofthereceivingstations.ThespeechprocessoramplifiestheaveragepowerasafunctionintendedforSSBmode,inadditionthespeechprocessorcanincreasetheaveragemodulationinAMandFMmodes,enhancingtheintelligibilityofthereceivingstation.TheIFspeechprocessorcompressesthemodulatedwaveintheIFstage.UnlikethecompressionintheAFstage,harmonicsgeneratedbydistortionduetocompressionareoutsidetheaudioband.Fromthecompressedsignal,thebandpassfiltereliminatesdistortioncomponentsoutsidetheaudioband,thusitimplementsahighaveragepower(talkpower)withlessdistortionthanthatoftheAFspeechprocessor.Topursueanemphaticsoundtobecalledbackduringpileup,select“Hard”fromtheSpeech Processor Effectscreen.Incomparisonwith“Soft”,thiscausesmorecompressionofthemodulatedwave.TheTS‑990SisdesignednottodifferthefrequencycharacteristicseveniftheSpeechProcessorEffectistoggledbetween“Hard”and“Soft”.BymonitoringthetransmittingaudiosignalandviewingtheCOMPmeterdeflection,youcanrotatethe[PROC IN]knobuntilthecompressionlevelisadjustedasappropriate,andbyviewingtheALCmeterdeflection,youcanrotatethe[PROC OUT]knobuntilthelevelisadjustedasappropriate.ThegraphsbelowshowmodulatedsignalwaveformswhiletheIFspeechprocessorisinactiveandifwaveformsofmodulatedsignalswhicharecompressedrespectivelywith“Soft”configuredorwith“Hard”configured.

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06 DSP

Fig.77 IFModulatedSignalsbyConfigurationsfortheIFSpeechProcessor

YoucanseethatwhentheIFspeechprocessorisactivated,thedifferencesinamplitudesareaveragedandthetalkpowerisincreased.

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DSP 06

Bandscope

TheTS‑990SisthefirstKENWOODtransceivertoemployaFFT(FastFourierTransform)bandscope,whichisdifferentfrombandscopesbasedonasweeptechniquewidelyusedintransceiversofothermanufacturers.TheFFTbandscopefeaturesoutstanding“highspectraldisplayrefreshspeed”and“adjacentsignaldiscriminability(frequencyresolution)”.TheFFTbandscopeisnewlydevelopedasapropermethodtograspthefrequencybandstatuswhichfromtimetotimevariesintheenvironmentwherevarietystationsareactiveontheirownstyle.

Features of the FFT Bandscope

Thesweepbandscoperefreshesthespectraldisplay,detectingthesignallevelbyliterallysweepingthedisplayedfrequencyspanfromendtoend.Incontrast,theFFTbandscopeanalyzessignalsofacertainfrequencywidth(10kHz)allatonce.Ifthereisawidedisplayedfrequencyspan,frequencyanalysisbyFFTisrepeatedtorefreshthespectraldisplayaftermergingthecumulatedanalysisresults.

SWEEP TYPE BANDSCOPE FFT TYPE BANDSCOE

Gradually analyze the edge of the displayed frequency span and fresh the display.

Analyze the certain bandwidth (10 kHz) at once and refresh the display.

Fig.78 DifferencesinSpectralAnalysisbetweenSweep‑typeandFFT‑typeBandscopes

Ifthespectraldisplayrefreshspeedisincreasedinthesweep‑typebandscope,thefrequencyresolutionmaydeteriorateandthespectraldisplaymaydistort;hence,thespectraldisplayrefreshspeedhasalimit(approximately5timespersecond).Ontheotherhand,theFFT‑typebandscopeisstillcapableofhighfrequencyresolutioneveniftherefreshspeedisdoubledcomparedwiththatofthesweep‑typebandscope.ThehighfrequencyresolutionfacilitatesyoutodistinguishmultipleadjacentCWsignals.Narrowingthedisplayedfrequencyspanenablesyoutodistinguishcloseradjacentsignals.Forexample,ifthereisa5kHzfrequencydisplayspan,aCWsignaldistantby40Hzcanbedistinguished.

Fig.79 Receptionoftwosignalswithafrequencydifferenceby40Hz

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Examples of Signal Displays

Asdescribedabove,spectralappearancediffersduetothedifferentinanalyticschemesbetweenthesweep‑typeandFFT‑typebandscopes.Thissectionprovidespracticalexamplesofvarioussignalappearancesinthebandscope.TheBandscopescreenallowsyoutopresumethesignalstatus.

● CW ModeThehighfrequencyresolutionallowsyoutodistinguisheachstationbyseparatingsignalsfromeachstationeveniftherearemanysignalscongested.Also,withthewaterfalldisplay,theweakCWsignalcanbedistinguished.

Fig.80 ExampleoftheBandscopeDisplayonCWSignalReception

Fig.81 ExampleoftheBandscopeDisplayonCWSignalReception(withWaterfallDisplay)

● SSB ModeTheaudiosignalshapeisclearlyvisibleonthespectrum;hence,thesignalcanvisuallybediscriminatedtotunethefrequencyofthetargetstation.

Fig.82 ExampleofBandscopeDisplayforReceivedSignalsinSSBMode(LSBSide)

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● AM ModeTheFFTbandscopeanalyzesafrequencywidthof10kHzatonetime;hence,configuringthefrequencyspanto10kHzorlesseliminatesthetimedifferenceinthedisplayedfrequencyspan.WhenanAMmodulatedwaveisreceived,analmostbilaterallysymmetricspectrumwiththecarriercenteredcanbeobserved.

Fig.83 ExampleofBandscopeDisplayforReceivedSignalsinAMMode

● RTTY ModeThehighfrequencyresolutionservestoclearlyseparatemarksignalsandspacesignalsandenablesthespectralobservationwhichischaracteristictotheoperationinRTTYmode.

Fig.84 ExampleofBandscopeDisplayforReceivedSignalsinRTTYMode

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Other Functions

TX/RX DSP Equalizers

TheRXDSPequalizer(RXEQ)allowsyoutoeasilyadjustfrequencycharacteristicsoftheRX/TXaudio.Fromvariouspresetequalizercurves,youcanselectyourpreferredsettingandadjustit.Likewise,theTXaudiocharacteristicscanbeadjustedwiththeTXDSPequalizer(TXEQ).Withthis,youcancorrectthemicrophonecharacteristicsandalsocorrectittofollowcharacteristicsofyourvoice.Thevolumeofeachbanddividedinto18bandscanbeadjustedintheTX Equalizer AdjustmentscreenandRX Equalizer Adjustmentscreen.Thescreensalsoallowthepresetequalizercurvestobecustomizedandtheuniqueequalizercurvestobeconfigured.TheequalizersettingsfortheTS‑590ScanbecustomizedonlyusingtheARCP‑590PCsoftware;however,theTS‑990SenablescustomizationoftheequalizersettingsontheTX Equalizer AdjustmentandRX Equalizer Adjustmentscreens.Useofthisfunctionextendswidervarietiesofequalizingsettings.Typicalaudiographicequalizersdivideaspectrumbyoctave.TheequalizersintheTS‑990Saredesignedtodivideaspectruminmultiplesof300Hz.Thisenablesnotchestobeinsertedtoaspecificfrequencyandtheresultsofcomplicatedfrequencyanalysistobereproduced.ThesettingsconfiguredintheTX Equalizer AdjustmentscreenandRX Equalizer Adjustmentscreenareimmediatelyapplied,andfineradjustmentisapplicablewhilemonitoringtheaudio.CustomizedequalizersettingscanbestoredinaUSBflashdrive.PreferredaudiocharacteristicssettingscaneasilybedivertedandappliedtotheTS‑990SfromtheUSBflashdrive.

Fig.85 CustomizationofSettingsintheRXEqualizerAdjustmentScreen

Voice Guidance

Unlikeconventionaltransceivers,whichrequireanoptionalvoiceguideandstorageunit,theTS‑990ShasavoiceguidancefunctioninaDSPtomakethevoiceguidanceandplaybackfunctionsavailable.Thenewvoiceguidancespeedcontrolfunctiondoesnotchangethepitchoftheguidingvoiceevenifthespeakingspeedisincreased;hence,itprovidesmorenaturalspeechspeedcontrol.

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Optical Digital I/O

TheDSPintheTS‑990Shasaninternalopticaldigitalsignalencoderanddecoder.AdevicethatsupportsopticaldigitalsignalsandisconnectedtotheopticaldigitalI/Oterminalscandirectlysend/receivesignalsto/fromtheTS‑990SinternalDSPwithoutgoingthroughananalogcircuit.

Internal, External Speaker, etc.

Equipment that accepts optical digital signalsDSP

TS-990S

DAC

ADC

OPTICALOUT

OPTICAL IN

Microphone, ACC Input, etc.

Analog Circuit(Amp., etc.)

Analog Circuit(Amp., etc.)

Fig.86 DifferenceofthePathstotheOpticalDigitalI/OterminalsandthePathstotheMicrophoneInputandSpeakerOutput

Ahigh‑precisionsamplingrateconverterrunsinsidetheDSP.TheopticaldigitalsignalsenteredtotheTS‑990Sconformtothe48kHzand44.1kHzsamplingfrequencies.

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TheTS‑990ShasnineCPUandDSPprocessors.Theprocessorsarerespectivelymountedinthecontrolunit,DSPunit,digitalunit,andotherunits,andtheprocessorsjointlyoperatetorealizeavarietyoffunctionsintheTS‑990S.ThischapterdescribesthefunctionsoftheTS‑990Sandconvenientwaystousefunctions,mainlyfocusingontheTS‑990Ssoftware.

Processor Connections

TheprocessorsbuiltfortheTS‑990Sarecarefullychosenandarecapableofperformingappropriatelyandsufficientlybypurposeorutilization.Evenifprocessingredundantlytakesplacewhilethereareheavyloadsimposedontheprocessors,itdoesnotaffectanyusermanipulationorprocessingoperation.Theprocessorsareplacedintheirrespectivededicatedunits,andmutuallycommunicatethroughUART(UniversalAsynchronousReceiverTransmitter)andtheSPIbus.Accordingtotheroleorpurposeassigned,appropriatetransmissionratesandcommunicationmethodsareapplied.

Dual TFT Display

ToefficientlydisplaythemultifariousfunctionsandinformationoftheTS‑990S,theTS‑990ShastwoTFTdisplays.Segment‑typeLCDsusedonconventionaltransceiversaremainlyintendedtodisplaytheoperatingfrequency,andthestatusindicationsoffunctions,suchastheOn/Offstateofeachfunctions.Therefore,thesegment‑typeLCDscannotappropriatelydisplayvariousstatusindicationsandotherinformation,suchasthewaterfalldisplay,atextstringdemodulatedfromtheRTTYandPSKsignals,thatarechangingeverymomentfollowingtheoperatingenvironmentandthereceiveandtransmitstate.However,theTS‑990SwithitsTFTdisplayshasrealizedsuchcapabilities.Twotypesofbandscopes,whichareasignificantfeatureofdisplaying,havetheirrespectivetasks.The7‑inchmainscreenisformonitoringthestatusofthebandandambientstatusofthetargetsignal.The3.5‑inchsub‑screenisformonitoringreceivedsignals.

Main Screen

Onthemainscreen,basicinformationsuchasoperatingfrequencyindications,meters,andiconsofrespectivefunctions,whichindicatestheactiveorinactivestate,arefunctionallyplacedatthetop.Also,theconfigurationscreenforrespectivefunctions,theRTTY/PSK Encode Decodescreen,theMemory Channel Listscreen,andtheBandscopescreenformonitoringthebandstatusarelocatedonthelowerpartofthescreen.Thescreenscanbeswitchedasnecessary.InformationdisplayedonthemainscreencanbetransferredthroughtheDISPLAYconnector(ontherearpanel).Withanexternalmonitorconnected,youcaneasilydeterminethedelicatewaveformmotions,suchasinawaterfalldisplay.Themainscreencollectivelydisplaysavarietyofinformation.Forquickvisibilityandeasyidentification,theplacementandcoloringoftheindicationsarecarefullyexaminedanddevised.

Fig.87 ExampleofaWaterfallView Fig.88 ExampleofanEqualizerView

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Fig.89 ExampleofaRTTYDecodeView Fig.90 ExampleofaSWLModeView

Meter

Themeterontheupperleftsideofthemainscreencanbeselectedfromthreetypesofmeters:TwotypesofanalogmetersresemblingthoseontheTS‑930andTS‑940,andonedigitalmeter,employedontheTS‑950,indicatethreedifferenttypesofinformationduringthetransmit.

Fig.91 AnalogTypeMeterontheTS‑930

Fig.92 AnalogTypeMeterontheTS‑940

Fig.93 DigitalTypeMeter

Theanalogmetersareactuallyvirtualmetersthatappearonthemainscreen.Sinceoperatorsfrequentlyobservethestatusofsignalsduringoperation,theappearanceofmetersmayrollthefaceofthetransceiver.Themetersareelaboratelydesignedwithlong‑timeexaminationtogivethemvividappearances.Thescaleplateofthemeter,directionsandanglesofthepilotlamps,needlesandtheirshadows,glossytexture,andotherdetailsareallcarefullydevised.Foreasyreadingwithallthreemeters,forexample,Menu0‑09“MeterResponseSpeed”dedicatedforanalogmetersenablesswitchingoftheresponsespeedandMenu0‑11“MeterDisplayPeakHold”dedicatedforthedigitalmeterenablestheconfigurationforpeakhold.

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Function Configuration Screens and Bandscope Screen

Althoughthereisnodisplayonthelowerportionofthemainscreenbydefault,thisiswherevariousscreensaredisplayed,suchastheBandscopescreen,Waterfallscreen,andtheRTTY/PSK Encode Decodescreen.Toconfigurethedesiredfunction,thescreencorrespondingtothatfunctionappearshere.Pressingthe[EXTEND](F)keywhiletheRTTY/PSK Encode Decodescreenorthe Memory Channel Listscreenisopenextendsthedisplayarea.Pressingthe[SCP]keyevenwhiletheRTTY/PSK Encode DecodescreenorotherfunctionconfigurationscreenisopendisplaysacompressedversionoftheBandscopescreen,allowingyoutoviewtheradiowavestatusatanytime.

Touch Screen

Fig.94 TouchScreen(Touch‑controllableMainScreen)

Duringoperation,asignaldrawinganoticeableeventmayappearontheBandscopescreenortheWaterfallscreen.Toreceivesuchanoticeablesignal,simplytouchtheportion,wherethesignalappearsonthescreenquicklytransitstotheambientofthetargetsignal,allowingyoutodothefinetuningofthefrequencybyrotatingtheTuningknob.InCWmode,longtouchingoftheWaterfallscreenstartsCWautotuning,whichprovideshigh‑precisiontuning.InSSBmode,tomakethetune‑ineasieronapointonthescreen,themarkerpositionisshiftedtothecarrierfrequencyby500Hz(theshiftamountcanbechangedinthemenu).Availabletouchscreensareroughlyclassifiedintotwotypes:the“ElectrostaticCapacity”typeandthe“ResistiveMembrane”type.SincetheTS‑990Shastransmissioncapability,theresistivemembranetypes,whichappearstonothavemuchinfluencebytheloopinterferenceisemployed.

Sub Screen

ThelargestaimatplacingasubscreeninadditiontothemainscreenistodisplaythefrequencyjustabovetheTuning(main)knob,facilitatingyoutoviewthefrequencyvalue.Thesmall‑sizedisplayismountedtominimizethemovingamountofthesightlineduringoperationandachievementoftheinnovativeconvenienceandcomfortableoperation.ThesubscreendisplaysthestatusofsignalstheTS‑990Sisreceivingandhelpsmanipulationsoftheoperator.ThesubscreencanalsodisplaytheΔFvaluedisplay,enablingyoutoviewthedifferencebetweenthetransmitandreceivefrequencies(ΔF),thesub‑scopedisplayingtheaudiospectrumbysuperimposinganaudiospectrumontheshapeoftheRXfilter,andthelarge‑sizedX‑YmonitorandvectorscopeconvenientfortuningwhileinRTTYandPSKmodes.Inplaceofthesescopedisplays,thesubscreencanalsodisplayamechanicaldialandenlargedvaluesoftheoperatingfrequencies.

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Sub Scope

Thesub‑scopedisplaysthespectrumofareceivedaudiosignaltobeprocessedthroughFFT(FastFourierTransformation).Thatis,itdrawstheimage(spectrum)ofapracticalaudiblesound.Tomaketherelationshipbetweenthefiltercut‑offfrequencyandthedemodulatedfrequencyspectrumcomprehensible,thesearesuperimposedanddrawn.Therelationshipbetweenthetargetsignalandinterferencesignalsinthepassbandcaninstantlybeviewedinparalleltolisteningtothesignal.Whilethemanualnotchfilterorbandeliminationfilterisactive,theindicatorofthenotchcenterfrequencyisadded.Thenotchfrequencycanbeadjustedwiththe[NOTCH]knobbynotonlyhearingtheeliminationstateoftheinterferencesignalbutalsoviewingthestatusoftheinterferencesignalattenuation.TheX‑Yscopeandvectorscope,mainlyusedfortuninginRTTYmodeorPSKmode,aredesignedwithanoscilloscopeimage.AnaudioFFTscopecanbedisplayedonthemainscreenenablingyoutotuneitbyobservingthescope.

Fig.95 ΔFDisplay

Fig.96 MechanicalDialDisplay

Fig.97 X‑YScope(FSKMode)

Fig.98 EnlargedSingle‑FrequencyValueDisplay

Fig.99 EnlargedFrequencyValueDisplay(NoScope)

Fig.100 VectorScope(PSKMode)

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Mechanical Dial Display

FullyutilizingtheTFTdisplayfeaturesintheTS‑990S,themechanicaldial,imitatingaclassicalmechanicalmaindial,canbedisplayed.TherearetwotypesofmechanicaldialsavailableontheTS‑990S,the“R‑820/TS‑820type”andthe“TS‑520type”.Bothareredesignedandmodernizedfromtheoriginals.

Switching Split Operation with an Intuitive Operation

SplitoperationanddualbandreceptionarecomplicatedintheTS‑950seriestransceivers.OntheTS‑990S,theseoperationsaresimplified,andenabletheintuitiveoperationsusingthemainbandandsubband.Basically,forsimplexoperation,themainbandisusedfortransmission,andforsplitoperation,thesubbandisusedfortransmission.Dualbandreceptioncanbetoggledbetweenactiveandinactivewithuseofthe[RX] (sub)keyabovetheTuning(main)knob,andthesimplexoperationandsplitoperationcanbeswitchedbyusingthe[TX](main)keyandthe[TX](sub)key.

Fig.101 KeyAllocationSuitableforSplitOperation

New Split Frequency Setting Method for Quick Operation

Usingthenewsplittransmitfrequencysetting,youcanquicklyrespondinapileup.Whenthetransmitfrequencyrespondingtothetargetstation(receivefrequency)isdetermined,pressandholdthe[TX](sub)key.The“SPLIT”LEDblinks,andtheten‑keyLEDswilllight.Ifyouwishto“Up5kHz”,pressthe[5]keyontheten‑key.Thisistheonlyconfigurableoperation.Additionally,theΔFvaluedisplay,whichisreputedontheTS‑950series,appearsonthesubscreen.

Fig.102 ExampleoftheΔFValueDisplay

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Multifarious Memory Channels

TheTS‑990Siscapableofstoringupto120memorychannelswithinwhichoperationdatacanberegistered.The120memorychannelsareclassifiedintothreegroups:00to99,P0toP9,andE0toE9.

• 00to99(standardmemorychannels):forstoringfrequently‑usedoperationdata.• P0toP9(programmablememorychannels):forstoringfrequencyrangesofprogrammableVFOsandprogrammedscanners.• E0toE9(extendedmemorychannels):forstoringthoseadditiontothestandardmemorychannels.

Storing States of Split Operation and Dual Band Reception

Standardmemorychannelsandextendedmemorychannelscanbedividedintotwomodes,followingthememorychannelregistrationandrecallmethods:singlememorychannelmodeanddualmemorychannelmode.

• Singlememorychannelmodeisusedtostorefrequenciesforsimplexoperationandfrequenciesforradiobroadcasting.• Dualmemorychannelmodeisusedtostorefrequenciesforsplitoperationandfrequenciesfordualbandreception.

Fig.103 ExampleoftheMemoryChannelListScreen

Multifarious Functions Supporting the Operator

Frequency Tracking

Withfrequencytrackingenabled,rotatingtheTuning(main)knobchangesthemainbandandsubbandfrequenciesatthesametime.RotatingtheTuning(sub)knobchangesonlythesubbandfrequency.RotatingtheTuning(main)knobwhilethesubbandfrequencyisdisplacedchangesthemainbandfrequencyandthesubbandfrequencysimultaneously,maintainingtheirfrequencyspacing.Frequencytrackingcanbeusedtoreceivebothmainbandandsubbandsignalswithdifferentantennasconnectedtothemainbandandsubband,forinstance.

DATA Modes Corresponding to a Variety of Operations

AswellastheMICconnector(onthefrontpanel),thereareconnectorsontherearpanelasanaudiosignalsourcingpathforTXaudiosignalinput.InadditiontotheUSB‑BconnectorforUSBaudiosignalinputfromaPCandtheACC2connectorforanalogaudiosignalinput,thereistheOPTICAL INconnectorthatenablesthesignalinputfromadevicewithanopticaldigitalI/Ocapabilities.Forthetransmittrigger,the[PTT]key,[SEND]key,PKSterminalintheACC2connector,andthePFkeyassignedasDATASENDcanallbeused.IntheTS‑990S,theinputaudiosignaltobetransmittedcanbeselectedbyDATAmode,byviewingamatrixdisplayedintheModulation Sourcescreen.

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Fig.104 ModulationSourceScreen

TheillustrationaboveshowsanexampleoftheTXinputaudiosourceif“DATA1”isspecifiedforDATAmode.Inthisconfiguration,theaudiosignalenteredfromtheMICterminalistransmittedbypressingthe[SEND]keyorthe[PTT]key,ortheaudiosignalenteredfromtheUSBAudiodeviceistransmittedbypressingthe[DATA SEND](PF)keyorbyshortingthePKSterminal.ToactivatetheVOX(DATAVOX)functionbyusingtheaudiosignalenteredfromaconnectorontherearpanel,pressthe[D.VOX]keytoselectthesoundsourceforDATAVOX.Intheexampleabove,“USBAudio”isselected.Asanexampleoftheoperation,theremaybeacasewhenyouneedtoexplaintothereceivingstationabouttheimageaftertransmittinganimageusingSSTV.Withtheconfigurationsasdescribedabove,theimagesignalenteredfromtheUSBAudiodevicecanbetransmittedbyusingtheDATAVOXfunction.Uponcompletionoftheimagetransmission,pressandholdthe[PTT]keytospeakintothemicrophonetotransmityourexplanationabouttheimage.

TS-990S

A/D Converter, Mixer, etc.

Fig.105 DiagramofTransmitAudioSignalPaths

Transversed Dials in SWL Mode

InSWLmode,transverseddials,thehorizontalscales,andanS‑meterresemblingthoseonthe9R‑59,whichhasawellreputedhistoryaswellastheTS‑900series,canbedisplayedforreceptionofshortwavebroadcasting.ThereceivablefrequencyrangeoftheTS‑990Sisdifferentfromthatofthe9R‑59.Thus,thescalesofthetransverseddialsandS‑meterarerefinedtomatchthereceivefrequencyrangeoftheTS‑990S.The“bandspreadscale”,whichwasimplementedonthe9R‑59,isnotappliedhere;however,theelaboratelyreproducedverticalS‑meter,“MEGACYCLE”notations,andtransverseddialsandmetersofthe9R‑59willevokememoriesoftransceiversfromthosedays.

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BelowthetransverseddialsandanS‑meter,theBandscopescreenandRecording Audio Filescreenopeninthesamemannerasinnormaloperations.Meterbandchoice,usefulforreceptionofshortwavebroadcasting,andarecordercanalsobeused.

Fig.106 ExampleofOperationinSWLModewithaBandscope

Note:◆ Thepre‑determinedmeterbandsinSWLmodearerefinedtobedifferentfromcommonlyusedmeterbandsandtowidelycoverthebroadcastingbandsineveryregion.

◆ TheTS‑990ScannottransmitinSWLmode.

RTTY and PSK Operation without using a PC

TheTS‑990Sisequippedwithaninternaldemodulatoranddecoder(conformedto170Hzshiftonly),allowingoperationinRTTYandPSKmodeswithoutusingaPC.ForoperationinPSKmode,inadditiontoPSK31,whichmanyhavebeenfamiliarwithfordecades,PSK63(BPSKonly),whichisbecomingpopularoperationintheseyears,isimplemented.WithaUSBkeyboardconnectedtotheTS‑990S,efficientandcomfortableoperationscanbesecured.Needlesstosay,keyingfromanexternalRTTYdevicethroughtheRTTYterminalisallowed.

Fig.107 RTTYDecode/EncodeScreen

InFSKmodeorPSKmode,theencode/decodescreenshowsadedicatedaudioFFTscope.ThebandsoftheaudioFFTscopearespeciallydesignedtoprovideanenlargedviewofasignalclosetheindicationdisplayed.Ifthetargetsignalismaskedbydifferentsignals,thestatusofthetargetsignalcanstillbeobservedvisually.

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SuperimposingapeakofthereceivedsignalontheindicationdisplayedontheaudioFFTscopebyrotatingtheTuningknobenablesyoutotuneinthetargetsignal.

Fig.108 DisplaysontheRTTYSubScreen Fig.109 DisplaysonthePSKSubScreen

ThesubscreendisplaysaLissajouswaveformbytheX‑Yscope(inRTTYmode)andavectorscope(inPSKmode).ThesubscreenplacedjustabovetheTuningknob(main)allowsaccuratetuningwithawaveformobservationbyeitherscope,withoutalargemovementofthelineofsight.BPSKandQPSK(excludingPSK63)areimplementedforoperationinPSKmode.AFC(AutomaticFrequencyControl),assistingthetuning,andNETfunction,applyingtheautomaticallytunedfrequencybytheAFCfortransmission,arealsoincluded.TheQSOlogcanbestoredintoaUSBflashdrive,andthecontentofthelogcanbereviewedlater.

Note:◆ PSKdoesnotcorrespondtoaQSOwithdouble‑bytecharacters.◆ OnlyBPSKisfulfilledforoperationinPSK63mode.◆ NoFSKfrequencyshiftwidthcanbechangedwhiletheRTTY Encode/Decodescreenisopen.

Bandscope with a Waterfall Display

TheTS‑990SisequippedwithanFFTspectrumscopecapableofhigh‑speeddrawing.Thisisusefultoobservetheambientstatusofthereceivefrequencyorthestatusinaband.Eventsineitherthemainbandorthesubbandcanbedisplayed.Inaddition,theTS‑990Siscapableofindicatingawaterfalldisplay.Thewaterfalldisplayshowsahistoryoftherecentsignalschronologically;hence,bandactivitycanbegraspedataglance,forinstance,duringthecontest.Also,ifaDXstationwhichhasbeenpiledupwithanumberofstationsisfound,viewingthebandscopeandusingtheTF‑SETfunctionhelpyoutoquicklyandexactlytuneinavacantfrequencyorafrequencyofastationwhichispickedupbytheDXstation.

Fig.110 WaterfallViewintheBandscopeScreen

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Dependingontheoperationalstatus,thebandscopecanbeusedineitheroftwomodes:CentermodeandFixedmode.InCentermode,thefrequencyspectrumisdisplayedplacingthereceivefrequencyatthescreencenteratalltimes.Thisisusefultoviewtheadjacentfrequenciesofthereceivedsignal.InFixedmode,therangeofthefrequencyspectrumdisplayisfixedbyband.Thisisusefultomonitorthestatusthroughtheband.Thelower‑limitfrequencyandtheupper‑limitfrequencyofthedisplayrangesofthebandscanbeconfiguredrespectivelyinthemenu.Bandsarepartitionedbyamateurbandintherangefrom1.8to50MHzbands,andtheLFbandandMFbandareindividuallyavailable.Thefollowingauxiliaryfunctionsareconvenienttoobservesignals:

● Adjusting the Reference LevelIfthereissubstantialnoiseorifitisnoteasytodistinguishatargetsignalandnoise,adjustingthereferencelevelofthebandscopewillfacilitateyoutodistinguishthetargetsignaleasily.

Note:◆ IfatargetsignalisindistinguishableintheBandscopescreenduetostrongadjacentfrequencysignalsorwithintheband,pressthe[ATT](F5)keytoselectanadequateattenuatorforthebandscope.

● Changing the Falling Speed of Waterfall DisplayReducingthefallingspeedofafastmovingwaterfalldisplayallowsthewaterfallwaveformtobemoreeasilyrecognizable.

● Changing the Receive Frequency with a TouchWhenatargetsignalisdetectedintheBandscopescreenortheWaterfallscreen,touchingthemainscreendirectlywithyourfinger,priortorotatingtheTuningknob,nearthetargetsignalcaninstantlyenableQSY(access)tonearthetargetfrequency.InCWmode,longtouchingapointonthemainscreenautomaticallyactivatesCWautotuningafterthefrequencyisplacedclosetothetargetsignal,allowingmoreaccuratetuning.

Fig.111 TouchingaTargetFrequencyorBandinCWmode

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Fig.112 CWAutoTuningActivatedwithaLongTouch

● Applying the Center Mode Lower Limit Frequency and Upper Limit Frequency for Fixed modeWithalongpressofthe[CTR/FIX](F)keywhileinCentermode,thedisplayedfrequencyrangespecifiedforCentermode(lowerlimitfrequencyandupperlimitfrequency)isappliedtothoseforFixedmode.ThisisconvenienttomatchthedisplayedfrequenciesforCentermodeandFixedmode.

● Averaging the Waveform DisplayThisenablesthewaveformdisplaytobeaveragedandthewaveformchangetobesmooth.ToobserveanintermittentsignalsuchasaCWwave,lowertheaveraginglevel,andtoobserveafast‑changinganddifficultsignal,raisetheaveragingleveltomakethewaveformmoreeasilyviewable.

● Facilitating the Tune In to an SSB SignalForwaveformobservationinSSBmode,youcansetthecarrierpointasthemarkerdisplaypositionorsetthemarkerdisplaypositionoffsetforthespecifiedamountfromthecarrierpoint.Itisdefaultedtoa500Hzoffset.Thevalueisclosetothepeakvalueofthecommonfrequencyspectrumofthehumanvoice.Inthebandscopedisplay,placingthemarkeraroundthehighestlevelofthefrequencylevelfacilitatesthetuneintoatargetsignal.

● Capturing a Screen ImageTheBandscopescreenandWaterfallscreenallowthescreentobecaptured.ThecapturedscreenimagesasobservedcanbestoredinaUSBflashdriveanddisplayedonaPC.Thefollowingfunctionsarealsoavailable:

• SpanSwitching• GridFrequencySwitching(relativefrequency/absolutefrequency)• MainBand,SubBand,andTransmitFrequencyMarkersDisplay• WaveformMaximumValueDisplay• Pausing• Attenuator• WaveformDisplayontransmission

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● Operation TipsThebandscopecanbedisplayedwhilethefunctionsettingsscreenorRTTY/PSK Encode Decode screenisopen.Pressingthe[SCP]keywhilethefunctionsettingsscreenorencode/decodescreenisopendisplaysthebandscopeinaverticallycompressedform.

Fig.113 ExampleofanAGCConfiguration

Audio Scope for TX/RX Audio Analysis

TheTS‑990Sisequippedwithanoscilloscopeandanaudioscopehavingawaterfalldisplayforobservinganaudiosignal.Thescopesdisplaythefrequencyspectrumandwaveformofthereceivedandtransmittingaudiosignal,allowingyoutoviewtheeffectsoftheequalizerandthespeechprocessors.

Fig.114 ExampleofAudioScopeandOscilloscopeDisplays

TheimagecanbecapturedevenintheAudio Scopescreen;hence,observedwaveformscanbestoredinaUSBflashdriveandviewedonaPC.Notonlythereceivedaudioofthemainbandbutalsothatofthesubbandcanbeobserved.

Note:◆ Whiletheaudioscopeisdisplayed,theaudiospectrumdoesnotappearonthesubscreen.◆ Theverticalscaleontheaudioscopeisdividedby20dB.

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Recording Function for Multi‑use

Forexample,inthecasewhereyoumissedhearingthecallsignorwhenyouarenotconfidentinacallback,theconstantrecordingisconvenientforrecordingofaudiothatcanbeplayedbacklater.Pressingandholdingthe[REC]keysavesthelatestcommunicationforupto30secondsintoanaudiofilethatcanbeplayedbacklater.Therecordingfunctioncanalsobeusedasageneral‑userecorder.Forrecordingandplayingbackbyapressofthe[REC]keyand[STOP]key,usetheinternalmemoryoraUSBflashdrive.Withtheinternalmemory,amaximumof30secondsofaudiosignalcanberecordedinonefile,andwithaUSBflashdrive,amaximumofninehours.(Forthe9‑hourlong‑timerecording,atleastfourgigabytesoffreespacerequired.)

Press of [REC] key

Present TimeTime

ElapsePast

Recorded Voice

Approximately 30 s

Fig.115 RecordingwithaLongPressofthe[REC]Key(Full‑timeRecording)

Short press of [REC] key Press of [Stop] key Press of [Stop] key

Time Elapse

Max. recording time of 30 s per recording

Recorded Voice (in the internal memory)

Recorded Voice (in the USB flash drive)

Max. recording time of 9 hours per recording

Fig.116 RecordingbyStandardOperation

Thosefunctions,suchas“VoiceMessage”whichisusefulinacontest,timerrecording,andothervariousrecordingfunctions,areimplementedforvarietyofyouroperations.

Note:◆ TheaudiofilesavedintotheinternalmemorycanbecopiedtoaUSBflashdrive.AudiofilessavedintoaUSBflashdrivehavepropertiesofPCM,16kHz,16bits,stereo,and.wavextensiondefinedasWAVEformat.KENWOODdoesnotwarrantthattheTS‑990ScanplaybackfilescreatedoreditedonaPC.

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Configuring the Clock using an NTP Server

ConnectingtheTS‑990StoanetworkenablesitsclocktobeconfiguredwiththetimeinformationofanNTPserver.OnceanNTPserverisinitiallyspecified,theclockcanbeadjustedbyasingletouch.EnablingtheautomatictimecorrectionmakestheTS‑990Sautomaticallycorrecttheclockwheneveritisactiveandapproximatelyevery24hoursafteritispoweredON.

Menu and Sub Menu

TheTS‑990SandotherKENWOODHFtransceiversaredesignedtoallowconfigurationsandchangesforavarietyoffunctionsusingthemenu.Thereisa“Menu”and“SubMenu”availableintheTS‑990S.Inthe“Menu”,variousfunctionsaregrouped,andeachofthefunctionscanbeselectedfromtherespectivegroup.Inthe“SubMenu”,thereisaresetfunction,clockconfiguration,LANconfiguration,and“AdvancedMenu”whichprovidesfunctionstobeuseddependingontheoperatingenvironmentsuchasthelinearamplifiercontrol.“SubMenu”isindependentfromthe“Menu”withoftenusedfunctions.ConfiguringtheTS‑990Sbasedtheoperatingenvironmentandoperationsofeachoperatorprovidestheconfigurationsatisfactiontoeverybody’sowncircumstances.Also,pressingandholdingthe[RESET](F)key,whichisassignedtoeachfunction,cansecurelyrestorethecustomizedvaluetoitsdefault.

.Fig.117 Menu

Easy Firmware Updating

Thesedays,electronicproductswhosefirmwarecanbeupdatedforfunctionalsupplementationormodificationareincreasinginnumber.TheTS‑990Sisalsodesignedtoalloweasyfirmwareupdating.ThelatestfirmwareisdistributedontheKENWOODwebsite.Therearetwofirmwareupdatingmethodsavailable,andyoucanchooseeitheroftheproceduresforeasyfirmwareupdating:

● Updating the firmware by using a USB flash drive• ThelatestfirmwarecanbedownloadedfromtheKENWOODwebsite.Copythedownloadedfirmwarefileintotherootfolderof

theUSBflashdrive,keepingitcompressedinZIPformat.• DisconnectaUSBflashdrivefromtheUSBconnectorofthePC.• PressthePower(frontpanel)switchwhilepressingandholdingthe[M.IN](MEMORY)keytoopentheFirmware Updating

screen.InserttheUSBflashdrivecontainingthefirmwarefileintotheTS‑990S.• TheTS‑990Sshowstheupdateprogressonitsscreen.Waituntilitfinishes.

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● Updating the firmware by using a PC• ThelatestfirmwarecanbedownloadedfromtheKENWOODwebsite.• ConnectthePCtotheTS‑990SusingaUSBcable.• PressthePower(frontpanel)switchwhilepressingandholdingthe [M.IN](MEMORY)keytoopentheFirmware Updating

screen.• ExploreronthePCidentifiestheTS‑990Sasanexternalstoragedevice.Draganddropthedownloadedfirmwaretothe

TS‑990Sdevice.Thefirmwareinthezippedfilemustbedraggedanddroppedwithoutitfirstbeingfirmwareextracted.• TheTS‑990Sshowstheupdateprogressonitsscreen.Waituntilitfinishes.

Fig.118 FirmwareUpdatingScreen

Fig.119 ScreenwithFirmwareUpdatinginProgress

Note:◆ Refertotheinstructionmanualforfirmwareupdating.◆ Theremaybeacasewhentheinstructionmanualisalsoreviseddependingonthecontentsofthefirmwareupdating.ThelatestinstructionmanualisalsoavailableonKENWOODwebsite.

◆ Itmaytakefromseveralminutesuptoapproximately30minutestoupdatethefirmware,dependingonthecase.

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SOFTWARE 07

PC‑Control

Operatorswhoenjoyremotelycontrollingatransceiveroroperatingatransceiverwithuser‑specificPCapplicationsareincreasinginnumber.WefirstimplementedaUSBconnectorontheTS‑590Sin2010toprovidePC‑controlledcapabilityandTX/RXaudiotransferthroughasinglecable.Inadditiontothat,dualconnectionsthroughtheCOMconnectorandtheUSBconnectorareusedforrecordingcommunicationlogsorremotelycontrollingfromthePC,andenablesaconnectionofotherexternaldeviceforsimultaneousserialcommunications.TheTS‑990SisalsoequippedwithaLANconnectorthatcanbeusedtooperatetheTS‑990SfromthePCthroughaLAN.Adedicatedradiocontrolprogram(ARCP‑990)fortheTS‑990Sisdistributedfreeofcharge.TheTS‑990ScanconnecttoaPCnotonlythroughaconventionalCOMconnectorandUSBconnectorbutalsothroughtheLANconnector.WhiletheTS‑990SisconnectedtoaPCwithaLANcable,thebandscopedisplayequivalenttothatwhichcanbedisplayedontheTS‑990ScanbeusedontheARCP‑990.ForPCcommandsandhowtousethem(e.g.,howtoprogramapplicationsoftwarefortheTS‑990S),refertothe“TS‑990SSeriesPCControlCommandReferenceGuide”.SincetheTS‑990Shasanumberoffunctions,somePCcommandshavebeenrevised.Consequently,certainPCcommandsexecutableintheconventionaltransceiversmaynolongerbeexecutableastheywerefortheTS‑990S.ThefollowingintroducessomeexamplesofhowtousePCcommandsexcerptedfromthePCControlCommandReferenceGuide.

● Acquiring the Frequency Information of the TS‑990S in Real TimeAutoInformation(AI)isacommandtoconfigurewhetherornotthestatuschangeoftheTS‑990SisnotifiedtoaPC.Executingthe“AI”commandactivatestheAIfunctionpromptlynotifiestheTS‑990SstatuschangestothePC.Forexample,uponachangeofthemainbandfrequency,thelatestmainbandfrequencyvalueisautomaticallytransferred,coupledwiththe“FA”command,anduponachangeofthesubbandfrequency,thelatestsubbandfrequencyvalueisautomaticallytransferredcoupledwiththe“FB”command.ItisnotnecessaryfortheapplicationtoreadtheTS‑990Sstatusperiodically.WhiletheAIfunctionisactive,notonlythefrequencychangeinformationbutalsothestatuschangeinformationofmostfunctions,suchasmode,filters,andtransmitpower,arepromptlynotifiedbythecorrespondingcommandsofthosefunctions.Inaself‑programmedapplication,useonlyrequiredcommands.TheAIfunctionmaytransferanumberofcommandsallatoncetoaPC;hence,youshouldmanagethattheself‑programmedapplicationhasthesufficientbuffermemorysizeallowingittoreceivingcommandsinthePCwithhighprocessingspeed.

● Toggling the Split Operation and Sub Band Reception between Active and InactiveThe“TB”commandisusedtotoggleSplitoperationbetweenactiveandinactive(switchingoftheTXband).The“SB”commandisusedtotogglethereceptiononthesubbandbetweenactiveandinactive.OntheTS‑990S,theVFOAandVFOB,whicharecommonlyexpressedforconventionaltransceivers,arerewordedwiththemainbandandthesubband.Additionally,afunctiontotogglethesubbandbetweenactiveandinactivehasbeenadded;hence,the“FR”commandand“FT”commandusedonconventionaltransceiverscannolongerservetohandleallTX/RXbehaviors.Thisiswhythe“TB”commandisnewlydefinedtoswitchtheTXband(splitoperation)andthe“SB”commandisnewlydefinedtotogglethereceptionforthesubbandbetweenactiveandinactive.

● Transmitting an Audio Signal Entered from the Rear Panel Terminal By a PC CommandSpecify“1”(transmissionbythe[DATA SEND](PF)key)asthe“TX”commandparameter.(The“RX”commandisusedforrestoringtheRXstate.)WiththeTS‑990Sdefaultconfigurations,pressingthe[PTT]keyorthe[SEND]keytransmitsanaudiosignalenteredtoamicrophone,orpressingthe[DATA SEND](PF)keyorshortingthePKSterminaloftheACC2connectortransmitstheaudiosignalenteredfromtherearpanelterminal.TohandlethesetransmissionmethodsusingaPCcommand,changethe“TX”commandparameter.Iftransmissionbeginsusing“TX1”,anaudiosignalenteredfromtherearpanelterminalistransmittedinthesame

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07 SOFTWARE

manneraswhenthe[DATA SEND]keyispressedorthePKSterminaloftheACC2connectorisshorted.Iftransmissionbeginsusing“TX”(withoutaparameterassignment)or“TX0”,anaudiosignalenteredfromthemicrophoneistransmittedinthesamemanneraswhenthe[PTT]keyor[SEND]keyispressed.IntheTS‑990S,theinputsoundsourcefortransmissioncanbeselectedasdesiredfollowingthetransmitoperationtype.Anyof“MIC”,“ACC2”,and“USBAudio”or“OPTICAL”canbeselectedfortheinputsoundsourceatthesametime(eitherof“ACC2”and“USBAudio”canbeselected).Thedefaultconfigurationsarethesameasthoseofconventionaltransceivers.Fordetailsoftheconfigurationmethod,referto“AUDIOSOURCELINESFORTXAUDIO”intheinstructionmanual”.

● Activating TX TuningTXtuningisusedtocontinuouslytransmitacarrierhavingafixedoutputpower.Withthisfunction,thelinearamplifiercanbetunedwithoutchangingthemode.ThefunctioncanbeassignedtothefrontpanelPFkeyforquickoperation.ForTXtuningbycommandexecution,use“TX2”tostartTXtuningand“RX”tostopTXtuning.

● Copying the Main Band Frequency to the Sub BandSendingthe“VV”commandtotheTS‑990Scopiesthemainbandfrequencytothesubband.Itisnotnecessarytocreateaprogramtocopythemainbandfrequencybyusingthe“FA”and“FB”commands.

● Sending CW Morse Signals by using a CommandThe“KY”commandcanbeusedtosendMorsecode.Forexample,tosendaMorsesignal“CQCQCQDEJA1YKX”,sendthecommand“KYCQCQCQDEJA1YKX;”totheTS‑990S.WhiletheTS‑990SisinCWmodeandifbreak‑inisactive,CWMorsesignalscanbetransmitted.Amessagewithamaximumof24letterscanbeappendedtothe“KY”command.Messagesexceeding24letterswillbedividedandsent.Tocancelthekeying,usethe“KY0”command.Tochangethekeyingspeed,usethe“KS”command.

● Configuration for Connection to a Network via the LAN ConnectorUsetheLANmenuintheSubMenutoconfiguretheIPaddress,administratorID,andpassword.Subsequently,configuringTCP/IPonaPCmakesitaccessibletoaLAN.Theportnumberis“60000”.ThecharacterencodingformatisUTF‑16.Sendthe“##CN”commandtotheIPaddressoftheTS‑990Storequestaconnection.OncetheTS‑990Srespondswithapermissiontoconnect,sendtheadministratorIDandpasswordtousingthe“##ID”command.WhentheadministratorIDandpasswordtransmittedfromthePCmatchwiththoseconfiguredintheTS‑990S,aconnectionbetweentheTS‑990SandthePCisestablished.Ifnocommunicationisestablishedwithin10seconds,theconnectionsessionautomaticallyquits.

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SOFTWARE 07

● Using the ARCP‑990 and Logging Software at OnceUsetheLANconnectorforthecommandcommunicationswiththeARCP‑990,andtheUSB‑Bconnectorforcommandcommunicationswiththeloggingsoftware.

Linear Amplifier

Log Software

ARCP-990

COM

LAN

Fig.120 ConnectionMethod

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07 SOFTWARE

Various Software Applications for Extensive Operations

ThissectiondescribesthesoftwaretocontroltheTS‑990SfromaPCwhichhasWindowsinstalled.ThesoftwarelistedbelowisavailabletocontroltheTS‑990S.

Name Description

ARCP‑990 ThisisasoftwareapplicationthatcontrolstheTS‑990SfromthePC.

ARHP‑990 ThisisasoftwareapplicationonthehoststationPCtoremotelycontroltheTS‑990Sthroughanetwork.ThisistobeusedtogetherwithARCP‑990.

ARVP‑10 ThisisVoIPsoftwaretosendTX/RXaudiosignalswhenaPCisconnectedtotheKNSthroughtheInternetandthePCremotelycontrolstheTS‑990S.

Note:◆ TherearetwotypesofARVP‑10:theARVP‑10HandARVP‑10R.◆ ThesesoftwareapplicationsarenotusedwhenaPCisconnectedtoKNSthroughaLAN.

ARUA‑10 ThisisasoftwareapplicationtosubstituteamicrophoneandspeakeroftheTS‑990SwiththemicrophoneandspeakerofthePC,whentheTS‑990SisconnectedtothePCthroughaUSBcable.ItallowstheTS‑990StotransmitaudiosignalscollectedbythePCmicrophone,throughtheUSBAudio.Also,theoutputaudiosignalfromtheTS‑990ScansoundfromthePCspeakerthroughtheUSBAudio.

Note:◆ Thissoftwareisnotusedwhenauser‑manufacturedaudiosignalcableisconnectedtotheACC2connector.◆ Thissoftwareisnotusedforaconnectionthroughanetwork.

VirtualCOMPortDriver

ThisisadrivertobeinstalledinthePC,connectingtheTS‑990SwithaUSBcable,tooperatetheTS‑990SusingtheARCP‑990orARHP‑990.

Note:◆ ThissoftwareisnotusedwhenaserialorLANcableisconnected.

ThesoftwareapplicationslistedabovecanbedownloadedfromtheKENWOODwebsitefreeofcharge.http://www.kenwood.com/i/products/info/amateur/software_download.html

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SOFTWARE 07

System Configurations

TypicalsoftwareconfigurationstocontroltheTS‑990Saredescribedbelow.

● Controlling the TS‑990S from the PC through a LAN Connector (with a Microphone connected to the TS-990S and an Internal Speaker)

Signal TypePC Connection

MethodTS‑990S

Software Hardware Hardware

Controlsignal ARCP‑990 LANCable LANconnector

Audiosignal Noconnection

MicrophoneconnectedtotheTS‑990Sandinternalspeaker

● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC through the USB Connector (with a Microphone connected to the TS-990S and an Internal Speaker)


MethodTS‑990S


Controlsignal

VirtualCOMportdriverandARCP‑990 USBcable USB‑Bconnector



● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC through the COM Port (with a Microphone connected to the TS-990S and an Internal Speaker)

Signal Type

PC Connection Method

TS‑990S


Controlsignal ARCP‑990 RS‑232C

cable COMport



● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC (with a Microphone and Speaker connected to the PC and Audio Connection to the USB Connector on the TS-990S)


MethodTS‑990S


Controlsignal

VirtualCOMportdriverandARCP‑990

USBcable USB‑Bconnector

AudiosignalWindowsstandarddriversandARUA‑

10

Microphoneandspeakerconnected

toaPC

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07 SOFTWARE

● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC (with a Microphone and Speaker connected to the PC and Audio Signal Entered to the ACC2 Connector)


MethodTS‑990S


Controlsignal ARCP‑990 RS‑232Ccable COMport

AudiosignalMicrophoneandspeakerconnected

toaPCUser‑madeaudiocable ACC2connector

Note:◆ TheARUA‑10isnotusedforaudiosignalI/OthroughtheACC2connector.

● Controlling the TS-990S from a Remote PC (through a LAN and KNS Connection)

Signal TypeRemote Station (Remote PC) Connection

Method

Host Station (PC placed on the TS-990S side)

Software Hardware Software HardwareControlsignal

ARCP‑990 Network ARHP‑990 LANconnector,USB‑B

connector,orCOMport

Audiosignal ARCP‑990 Microphoneandspeakerconnected

toaPC

ARHP‑990 ACC2connectororUSB‑Bconnector

Note:◆ EvenwhentheUSB‑BconnectorisusedforaudiosignalI/Oonthehoststationside,theARUA‑10isnotused.

● Remotely Controlling the TS‑990S from a Remote PC (through the Internet and KNS Connection)

Signal TypeRemote Station (Remote PC) Connection

Method

Host Station (PC placed on the TS-990S side)

Software Hardware Software Hardware

Controlsignal ARCP‑990

Network

ARHP‑990LANconnector,

USB‑Bconnector,orCOMport

AudiosignalARVP‑10RorequivalentVoIP

software

Microphoneandspeakerconnected

toaPC

ARVP‑10HorequivalentVoIP

software

ACC2connectororUSB‑Bconnector

Note:◆ EvenwhentheUSB‑BconnectorisusedforaudiosignalI/Oonthehoststation,theARUA‑10isnotused.

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SOFTWARE 07

Radio Control Program ARCP‑990

Theradiocontrolprogram(ARCP‑990)isasoftwareapplicationdedicatedforthecontroloftheTS‑990SfromaPC.

Fig.121 ARCP‑990MainWindow

Basic Specifications Inherited from the ARCP-590

TheARCP‑990,inheritingthebasicspecificationsoftheARCP‑590developedfortheTS‑590S,isdesignedtobeabletooperatethemostTS‑990Sfunctions.TheARCP‑990alsoconformstothenewfunctionsoftheTS‑990S.

User Interface

TheARCP‑990hasitsuserinterfacelanguagesinbothJapaneseandEnglish.TheARCP‑990isoperablewiththelanguagefamiliartotheuser.OntheARCP‑990,newfrequencychangemethodsareemployed:

• Frequencychangewiththemousewheel• FrequencychangewiththeUpandDownbuttonsfortuning• FrequencychangewiththeUp/DownbuttonsforMulti/Channel• Frequencychangewithdirectinput• Frequencychangebyclickingonthefrequencyindication• Frequencychangebyleft‑clickingontheBandscopescreen(touchscreentuning)

Tomakeafrequencychangewiththemousewheel,rotatethemousewheelonthe“Coarse”or“Fine”imageinthe“Tuning(MainBand)”and“Tuning(SubBand)”frames,orrotatethemousewheelonthe“Tuning”imageinthe“Multi/Ch”and“RIT/XIT”frame.TomakeafrequencychangewiththemousewheelorUP/Downbuttonsfortuning,thetuningstepfrequencyisselectableinthe“TuningStepFrequency”listbox.IntheTS‑990S,thenumberoffunctionsandbuttonsonthemainwindowincrease;hence,adisplayofSXGA(1280x1024)orhigherresolutionisrequired.Therefore,thesizeofthemainwindowcannowberesizedforsufficientdisplay

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07 SOFTWARE

evenonasmall‑sizednotebookPC.Tochangethemainwindowsize,select“SizeofMainWindow”inthe“Tool”pull‑downmenu,orusetheresizegriponthelowerrightsideofthemainwindow.Forquickaccessfromthemainwindowtothesubwindow,the“...”buttonsarenowplacedclosetofunctionbuttons.Forexample,the“...”buttonisplacedattherightsideofthe“ANT”buttonontheupperleftsideofthemainwindow.Clickingthe“...”buttonopensthe“EditAntennaName”subwindow.AsthenumberoffunctionsincreasedintheTS‑990S,thesubWindowsallowingtheirrespectiveconfigurationsalsoincreasedinnumber.Forquickaccesstothefunctionswithhigherrelevance,the"OtherFunctions"hyperlinkisprovidedatthebottomofthesubWindows.Itispossibletoconfigurethedelaytime,whichoccursuponaconnectiontotheKNS(theconfigurationsforthecontrolcommandsandtheaudiosignaldelaytimeforusewhenswitchingbetweentransmitandreceive,andalsoforthedelaytimeforusewhenswitchingbetweentransmitandreceiveduringtheconnectiontoUSB,COM,andLAN).ThedelaytimecanbeappliedusingdifferentvaluesforaKNSconnectionandaUSB,COM,orLANconnection.Select“SelectModulationLine”fromthe“TX/RX”pull‑downmenu,andusethelistboxinthe“DelaybyTXtoRXTransition”frameonthe“SelectModulationLine”screentoconfigureit.

LAN Connection with the TS‑990S

IntheARCP‑990,connectionthroughtheTS‑990SLANconnectorisrealized.Byutilizinghigh‑speedcommunicationsspecifictoaLANconnection,withaLANconnectiontotheTS‑990S,displaydrawingontheBandscopescreenandSub ScopescreenarefasterthanthosewhenusingaUSBorCOMconnectiontotheTS‑990S.Select“Settings”fromthe“Tool”pull‑downmenu,andthenconfigurethesettingsinthe“ConnectiontotheTS‑990S”frameonthe“Settings”screen.

Internal VoIP (for the KNS Connection via a LAN)

IntheARCP‑990andARHP‑990,thereisaninternalVoIPfunctionforaudiosignalexchange.TheVoIPfunctionisusablewhentheARCP‑990andARHP‑990connecttotheKNSthroughaLAN.TousetheVoIPfunctionintheARHP‑990,theVoIPfunctionmustbeactive.ItispossibletonotusetheVoIPfunctionsavailableintheARCP‑990andARHP‑990.WithoutusingavailableVoIPfunctions,theARVP‑10H,ARVP‑10R,orgenerallyavailableVoIPsoftwarecanalsobeusedforaudiosignalexchange.TheVoIPfunctionsintheARCP‑990andARHP‑990cannotbeusedwhentheARCP‑990andARHP‑990areconnectedtotheKNSthroughtheInternet.ToconnectthroughtheInternet,theARVP‑10H/ARVP‑10RorgenerallyavailableVoIPsoftwareisrequiredseparately.

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SOFTWARE 07

Radio Host Program ARHP‑990

TheARHP‑990radiohostprogramrelaysbetweentheARCP‑990installedinaPCconnectedtotheKNS,andtheTS‑990S.Referalsotothe“TS‑990SKENWOODNETWORKCOMMANDSYSTEMSettingManual”disclosedontheKENWOODwebsite.

Fig.122 ARHP‑990MainWindow

Basic Specifications Inherited from the ARHP-590

TheARHP‑990,whichinheritsthebasicspecificationsoftheARHP‑590developedfortheTS‑590S,conformstothenewfunctionsoftheTS‑990S.

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User Interface

TheARHP‑990hasitsuserinterfacelanguagesinbothJapaneseandEnglish.TheARHP‑990isoperablewiththelanguagefamiliartotheuser.TheARHP‑990canautomaticallystartupwhenWindowsstarts.Withthisfunction,forinstance,whenaPCrestarts,theARHP‑990automaticallystartsupandestablishesaconnection.Select“Settings”fromthe“Tool”pull‑downmenu,andthenclickonthe“RunAutomaticallyatWindowsstartup.”checkboxtoenableit.Now,operatingstatusesoftheARHP‑990andTS‑990ScanbeviewedevenwhiletheARHP‑990isminimized.TheTS‑990SpowerOn/Offstate,userconnectionstatus,transmittingstate,etc.canbeviewedinpop‑upmessages.

Fig.123 ARHP‑990Pop‑upMessage

Disabling the AF Gain Control from the ARCP‑990

IntheARHP‑990,theAFgaincontrolbytheARCP‑990canbedisabled.IftheAFgaincontrolcanbecontrolledfromtheARCP‑990,anunexpectedaudiolevelmaybesetintheTS‑990S.DisablingtheAFgaincontroldoesnotchangetheaudiolevel.Toenablethisfunction,select“Setup”fromthe“Tool”pulldownmenu,andthenclickonthe“ProhibitscontrolofAFgainfromARCP‑990”checkboxinthe“Settings”screen.

LAN Connection with the TS‑990S

IntheARHP‑990,aconnectiontotheTS‑990SthroughtheLANconnectorisimplemented.Refertothesection“LANConnectionwiththeTS‑990S”in“RadioControlProgramARCP‑990”.

Internal VoIP (for the KNS Connection via a LAN)

FortheVoIPfunctions,referto“InternallyImplementedVoIP(foraLANconnectiontotheKNS)”in“RadioControlProgramARCP‑990”.

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SOFTWARE 07

USB Audio Controller for the ARUA‑10

TheARUA‑10isasoftwareapplicationfortheUSBaudiocontroltosubstituteamicrophoneandspeakeroftheTS‑990SwithamicrophoneandspeakerconnectedtoaPCwhentheTS‑990SisconnectedtothePCusingaUSBcable.Referalsoto“TS‑990SUSBAudioSettingsManual”distributedontheKENWOODwebsite.

Caution:◆ ForUSBaudio,atimedelayisunavoidableduetoitsoperatingprinciple.Thus,itisnotappropriateinacasewhenthedelaymaycauseaprobleminoperation(forexample,whenquickresponsesarerequiredinacontestorpileup).

◆ IftheTS‑990SisoperatedwithaKNSconnectionthroughanetwork,noARUA‑10isused.

Basic Functions

TousetheARUA‑10alongwiththeARCP‑990,connecttheTS‑990StoaPCusingasingleUSBcable.Throughtheconnection,thetransceivercanbecontrolledfromthePCandamicrophoneandspeakerconnectedtothePCcanbesubstitutedwiththemicrophoneandspeakeroftheTS‑990S.TousetheARCP‑990withaUSBcableconnection,youmustfirstinstallthevirtualCOMportdriverinthePC.TouseonlytheARUA‑10whileaPCisconnectedwithaUSBcable,thevirtualCOMportdriverdoesnotneedtobepre‑installedintothePC.TheUSBsoundfunctionimplementedintheTS‑990ScanoperatewithonlythedriversimplementedinWindows.

Operation

TheARUA‑10divertsthedatabetweentheUSBsoundfunction(USBaudiodevice)builtintotheTS‑990SandthesounddeviceonaPCforthemicrophoneandspeakercontrol.AnaudiosignalcapturedbythemicrophoneconnectedtothePCisdivertedtothemodulationinputoftheUSBaudiodeviceintheTS‑990S.TheaudiosignalsentfromtheRXoutputoftheUSBaudiodeviceintheTS‑990SisdivertedtothespeakerofthePC.

Fig.124 ExampleoftheARUA‑10andPeripheralConnections

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07 SOFTWARE

Configurations for Practical Operations

TheARUA‑10wasreleasedasasoftwareapplicationdedicatedfortheTS‑590SatthesametimetheTS‑590Swasreleased.ThelatestARUA‑10,Version2.01(asofAugust2013),allowsyoutosaveupto10patternsofconfigurations,enablingyoutoconnectboththeTS‑990SandTS‑590StoonePC.Right‑clickingthe“ARUA‑10”icononthetasktraydisplaysthe“DeviceSettings”pulldownmenu.Thedesiredconfigurationaccordingtoyourpracticaloperationscanbemadeinthe"Settings"screen.

Fig.125 ARUA‑10SettingsScreen

TX/RX Audio Delays Reduced

IntheARUA‑10,Version2.00,thestructureofthesoftwareitselfwasreviewedandtheTX/RXaudiodelayhasbeenreducedincomparisonwiththatofVersion1.00.

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SOFTWARE 07

VoIP Programs ARVP‑10H/ARVP‑10R

Fig.126 ARVP‑10HMainWindow(forHostStation) Fig.127 ARVP‑10RMainWindow(forRemoteStation)

Therearetwosoftwareapplicationsreleasedtodiverttheaudiosignalwiththenetworkconnection:theARVP‑10H,whichprovidestheVoIPfunctiononthehoststationsitewheretheTS‑990Sisplaced,andtheARVP‑10R,whichprovidestheVoIPfunctionontheremotestationsitethatremotelycontrolstheTS‑990S.TheARVP‑10HandARVP‑10RarefreesoftwareapplicationsandcanbedownloadedfromtheKENWOODwebsite.Referalsotothe“TS‑990SKENWOODNETWORKCOMMANDSYSTEMSettingManual”distributedontheKENWOODwebsite.

Basic Functions

TheARVP‑10HandARVP‑10RenableanaudiosignaltobesentandreceivedthroughLANortheInternet.ConnectingtheARCP‑990andARHP‑990totheKNSthroughaLANenablesuseoftheVoIPfunctionsprovidedbytheARCP‑990andARHP‑990.ConnectingtheARCP‑990andARHP‑990totheKNSthroughtheInternetdisablestheVoIPfunctionsprovidedintheARCP‑990andARHP‑990,sousetheARVP‑10H,ARVP‑10R,orcommonlyavailableVoIPsoftware.

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Virtual COM Port Driver

IftheTS‑990SisconnectedtoaPCusingaUSBcable,avirtualCOMportdrivermustbeinstalledtousetheARCP‑990,ARHP‑990,and/orotherapplicationsoftwarewhichcancontroltheTS‑990SthroughtheRS‑232Cbus.ForconnectionoftheTS‑990StoaPCusinganRS‑232CorLANcable,avirtualCOMportdriverdoesnotneedtobeinstalledontothePC.Likewise,foruseonlywiththeARUA‑10byconnectingtheTS‑990StothePCusingaUSBcable,avirtualCOMportdriverdoesnotneedtobeinstalledontothePC.InthecasewhenonlytheUSBsoundfunctionimplementedintheTS‑990Sisused,thestandarddriversinstalledinWindowsareemployed.ToconfirmwhichCOMportnumbertheUSBportoftheTS‑990SisallocatedinthevirtualCOMportdrive,opentheDeviceManagerwindowofWindowsandexpand“Port(COMandLPT)”.“COMxx”of“SiliconLabsCP210xUSBtoUARTBridge(COMxx)”indicatestheCOMportnumberallocatedinWindowsforthevirtualCOMportdriver.Inthefollowingexample,“SiliconLabsCP210xUSBtoUARTBridge(COM3)”isindicated.Inthiscase,"COM3"istheCOMportnumberallocatedtothevirtualCOMportdriver

.Fig.128 COMPortNumberfortheVirtualCOMPortDriveintheDeviceManager

TheCOMportnumberwillchangeuponreconnectingaUSBcabletoanotherUSBportofaPCthatisconnectedtotheTS‑990S.ToviewtheCOMportnumber,repeattheaboveprocedure.

08 TERMINAL

85

PADDLE and KEY Jacks

ConventionalmodelshavethePADDLEjackontheirrearpanel;however,theTS‑990SplacesthePADDLEjackonthefrontpanelforeasieraccessibility.TheTS‑990Shasaninternalelectronickeyer,whichallowsyoutouseapaddlebysimplyconnectingittothePADDLEjack.“Paddle”isthedefaultconfigurationforthePADDLEjack,and“StraightKey”isthedefaultfortheKEYjack(ontherearpanel);however,thefollowingtypesofelectronickeyscanbeuseddependingonyourconfiguration:

● Usable Keys for the PADDLE and KEY Jacks• Paddle• Bugkey• Straightkey• Externalelectronickeyer• PCkeyeroutput

Fig.129 PADDLEJack(ontheFrontPanel) Fig.130 KEYJack(ontheRearPanel)

EXT SP1 and EXT SP2 Jacks

Withthesejacks,theTS‑990Sallowsyoutoconnectoneortwoexternalspeakers.Theexternalspeakerscanseparatelyemitthesoundofasignalduringthedualbandreception.IfanexternalspeakerisconnectedonlytotheEXT SP1jack,theinternalspeakermutesandtheaudioforboththemainbandandthesubbandsounds.Inthatsituation,connectinganexternalspeakertotheEXT SP2jackmakesaudioforthemainbandavailablefromtheEXT SP1jackandaudioforthesubbandavailablefromtheEXT SP2jack(withthedefaultsettings:Normal).Also,connectingtheexternalspeakeronlytotheEXT SP2jackenablesaudioforthemainbandtosoundfromtheinternalspeaker,andaudioforthesubbandtoemitfromtheEXT SP2jack(withthedefaultsettings:Normal).Theaudiooutputformattotheexternalspeakerscanbeconfiguredtonormal,inverted,ormixedinmenu7‑15“SpeakerOutputConfiguration”.

Fig.131 EXTSP1andEXTSP2Jacks

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08 TERMINAL

PHONES Jack

TheTS‑990Scanacceptasetofstereoheadphones.Thereisaninternalheadphone‑dedicatedamplifieravailabletoprovidestableoutputevenwithhigh‑impedanceheadphones.Also,themainband/subbandoutputmixingratiocanbeconfiguredinMenu1‑07“HeadphonesMixingBalance”,andtheleft/rightoutputreversingcanbeconfiguredinMenu1‑08“HeadphonesLeft/RightReverse”.InMenu1‑07,theaudiooutputmixingratiocanbeconfiguredfrom10stepsallowingyouthecomfortableandnaturalsoundevenforlong‑termoperation.

Fig.132 PHONESJack

KEYPAD Jack

AmaximumoffourfunctionscanbeassignedtothePFkeylocatedontheTS‑990Sfrontpanel.ConnectingakeypadtotheKEYPADjackontherearpanelallowsyoutoassignamaximumofeightfunctionstothekeysofthekeypad.Forexample,ifthemessagememoryfunctionhasbeenassignedtothePFkey,avoicemessage,CWmessage,FSKmessage,andPSKmessagecanbetransmittedwithasinglepress,forinstanceduringacontestwhenquickoperationiseffective.Tomakeyourownkeypad,refertothefollowingcircuitdiagram.

Fig.133 KEYPADJack

Φ3.5 mm plug

EXTP2EXTP1GND

R11.5kΩ

R21.5kΩ

R32.2kΩ

R44.7kΩ

R51.5kΩ

R61.5kΩ

R72.2kΩ

R84.7kΩ

PF1

PF2

PF3

PF4

PF5

PF6

PF7

PF8

Fig.134 ExampleofaKEYPAD Circuit

Note:◆ Thecircuitdiagrammerelyshowsaprinciplescheme.Beforeusingaself‑madekeypad,makesureitdoesnotcauseanymalfunctionduetoRFwaveornoiseinterference.Addingbypasscapacitors,inductors,and/orferritecorestothekeypadcircuitmaylowerthepossibilityofmalfunction.

◆ Internally,theterminalvoltageispulledupto3.3V,andthevoltageobtainedbyvoltage‑divisionwiththeresistanceconnectedtotheterminalisreadbytheCPUthroughanA/Dconvertertodetectwhichkeyispressed.

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TERMINAL 08

METER Jack

ConnectingananalogmetertotheMETERjackenablesittoindicatethesignallevelofthetransmittingandreceivingsignalsusingthemainbandandsubband.Outputsignaltypecanbeconfiguredforthemainbandandthesubbandrespectively.ThesamesignalcanalsobesentfromtheACC 2connector.TheMETERjackoutputratingisasdescribedbelow.

Fig.135 METERJack

• Voltage:0to5V(noload)• Impedance:4.7kΩ

Main Band Meter Sub Band Meter

(+) (-) (+) (-)

To Meter

Φ3.5 mm plug

See a Note below

See a Note below

Fig.136 ExampleofaMeterCircuit

Note:◆ ToconnectacommerciallyavailablemetertotheMETERjack,addresistorsand/orvariableresistorsasneeded.

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08 TERMINAL

ACC 2 Connector

TheinputandoutputofanexternaldevicecanbeconnectedtotheACC 2connector.TheACC 2connectorhasa13‑pinaccessoryterminalanditspinassignmentisintendedtomatchthoseoftransceiversthathaveamainbandandasubband,suchastheTS‑2000S,TS‑950,andTS‑790.Pin2isreservedforRTTYkeying.

● RTTY Keying InputInFSKmode,likeconventionalmodels,theTS‑990SallowsaRTTYterminaldeviceandaPCaswellasaninternaldemodulatortoenterkeyingsignalstothepin.Thelogicissuchthattransmissionstartswiththedisplayedfrequencybyshortingthecircuittogroundandfrequencythatisshiftedby170Hzbyopeningthecircuit(FSKshiftwidth:170Hz,FSKkeypolarityreverse:Off).

ab c

d

ef g

h

ij k

lm

Fig.137 ACC2Connector

Table13 ACC2ConnectorPinAssignment

Pin No.

Pin Name

Function I/O

1 SANO

Subbandaudiooutput• Connectthispintotheaudioinputofanexternaldevice(TNC,MCP,PC).• TheaudiooutputlevelisnotassociatedwiththeAFknob(soundvolume).• TheaudiooutputlevelcanbechangedinMenu7‑11.Withtheaudiooutputlevelsetto"0",theaudiosignaloutputis0Vp‑p.Withthedefaultvalueof"50",itis0.5Vp‑p,andwiththeaudiooutputlevelsetto"100",itis1Vp‑p.(Outputimpedance:10kΩ)

O

2 RTTYRTTY(FSK)keyingpin

• ThekeyingpolaritycanbechangedinMenu2‑07.I

3 MANO

Mainbandaudiooutput• Connectthispintotheaudioinputofanexternaldevice(TNC,MCP,PC).• TheaudiooutputlevelisnotassociatedwiththeAFknob(soundvolume).• TheaudiooutputlevelcanbechangedinMenu7‑10.Withtheaudiooutputlevelsetto"0",theaudiosignaloutputis0Vp‑p.Withthedefaultvalue"50",itis0.5Vp‑p,andwiththeaudiooutputlevelsetto"100",itis1Vp‑p.(Outputimpedance:10kΩ)

O

4 GND Signalground —

5 MSQ

Mainbandsquelchcontroloutput• ConnectthispintothesquelchinputofaTNC/MCP/PCconnectioninterface.• Whilethesquelchisopen:Lowimpedance• Whilethesquelchisclosed:Highimpedance

O

6 MMET Mainbandmeterlevelsignaloutput O

7 SSQ Subbandsquelchcontroloutput —

8 GND Signalground —

89

TERMINAL 08

Pin No.

Pin Name

Function I/O

9 PKS

ConnectthispintothePTToutputofaTNC/MCP/PCconnectioninterface.• ConnectingthePKSpintoGNDstartstransmission.• TheinputsoundsourceforthetransmissionbythePKSpincanbeselectedinthesettingsscreenthatappearswithalongpressofthe[DATA/SEL]key.

I

10 SMETSubbandmeterleveloutput

• ThemetertypeforoutputandtheoutputlevelcanbechangedinAdvancedMenus1and3.

O

11 ANI

Datacommunicationaudioinput• ConnectthispintotheaudiooutputofaPC(orPCconnectioninterface)orexternaldevice.

• Theaudiooutputlevelisnotassociatedwiththe[MIC]knob(MicrophoneGain).• TheaudioinputlevelcanbechangedinMenu7‑06.Withtheaudiooutputlevelsetto"0",almostnomodulatedaudioistransmitted.Withthedefaultvalueof"50",enteringa10‑mVrmssignaltransmitsthetypicallymodulatedaudiosignal,andwiththeaudiooutputlevelsetto"100",enteringa1‑mVrmssignaltransmitsthetypicallymodulatedaudiosignal.(Inputimpedance:10kΩ)

I

12 GND • Signalground —

13 SS

PTTinput• ThefunctionofthispinisthesameasthatofPin2oftheMICconnectorandPin3oftheREMOTEconnector.

• Thisisthesamebehavioraswhenthe[SEND]keyispressed.• ConnectingtheSSpintoGNDstartstransmission.• TheinputsoundsourceforthetransmissionbytheSSpincanbeselectedinthesettingsscreenthatappearswithalongpressofthe[DATA/SEL]key.

I

OPTICAL IN and OPTICAL OUT Connectors

TheTS‑990ScanbeconnectedtoacommerciallyavailableaudiodevicewithopticaldigitalI/OterminalsviatheOPTICAL INandOPTICAL OUTconnectors.Havingnoelectricalcontactbetweendevices,theseconnectorsservetopreventproblemssuchasaharmonicscrosstalkandelectrichumsuperimposition.WithdirectdigitalsignalinputfromandoutputtoDSPsthroughtheconnectors,ahigh‑qualityTX/RXenvironmentcanbeestablished.Outputformat(configurationforreversionoftheleftandrightchannels,mixingratio)fortheopticaldigitaloutput(receivedaudio:conformto48kHzsamplingfrequencyand24bits)canbeconfiguredinMenu7‑8“Optical:AudioOutputConfiguration”.(Thedefaultisreceivedaudiofortheleftchannelofthemainbandandtherightchannelofthesubband.)Theopticaldigitalinput(transmittingaudio:conformsto44.1kHzand48kHzsamplingfrequenciesand24bitsand16bits)convertsstereosignalstomonauralsignals.

Fig.138 OPTICALINandOPTICALOUTTerminals

90

08 TERMINAL

DISPLAY Connector

TheDISPLAYconnectorcanbeconnectedtoanexternalmonitorandcantransferthecontentsthatappearonthemainscreentotheexternalmonitor.TheDISPLAYconnectorisaDVI‑Iconnector,whichallowstheTS‑990StotransferbothdigitalandanalogRGBsignals.WithaD‑sub15‑pinconversionconnector,amonitorwithananalogRGBsignalinputterminalcanbeconnected.Needlesstosay,acablewithaDVIanalogconnectorcanbeusedaswell.

Fig.139 DISPLAYConnector(ontheRearPanel) Fig.140 DVI(Male)‑VGA(Female)ConversionConnector(CommerciallyAvailable)

LAN Connector

ConnectsaPCthroughaLANwithaLANconnectorsoastocontroltheTS‑990SbyusingtheARCP‑990fromaPC,ortooperatewithKNS(KENWOODNETWORKCOMMANDSYSTEM),ortouseanNTP(NetworkTimeProtocol)serverforautomatictimecorrection.TheTS‑990Ssupportsthe100BASE‑TXand10BASE‑TLANinterfaces.

Fig.141 LANConnector

Fig.142 ExampleofaLANConnection

91

TERMINAL 08

USB Connector (USB-A)

TheUSB‑A(female)connector(onthefrontpanel)canbeconnectedtoacommerciallyavailableUSBflashdriveorUSBkeyboard.

Fig.143 USBConnector(ontheFrontPanel)

● Example of using a USB flash driveThroughtheconnector,settingsconfiguredandvoicedatacreatedontheTS‑990ScanbecopiedtoaUSBflashdrive,andfirmwareandfilescanbeloadedintotheTS‑990S.Inaddition,screenscapturedonthemaindisplayandsubdisplaycanbestoredinaUSBflashdrive.• Whenitistroublesometoexecute“SafeRemovalofUSBFlashDrive”intheUSBflashdrivemenu,assign“SafeRemovalofUSB

FlashDrive”toaPFkeyforeasyremovalofaUSBflashdrivefromtheUSBconnector.Withthisassignment,pressingthePFkeyexecutes“SafeRemovalofUSBFlashDrive”andtheUSBflashdrivecanbesafelyandquicklyremoved.

● Example of using a USB keyboardConnectingaUSBkeyboardtotheUSBconnectormakesoperationsontheTS‑990Seasier.Forexample,thefollowingoperations:• Sendvoicemessagesrecordedandstoredasfixedphrasesand/orCWmessageswithapressofafunctionkeyonthekeyboard.• SendregisteredfixedphrasesfromtheFSK Encode/DecodescreenorPSK Encode/Decodescreenwithapressofafunction

keyonthekeyboard.• Editorregistertextstringstobeentered.• ScrolltextstringsontheFSK Encode/DecodescreenorPSK Encode/Decodescreenbypressingthe[Page Up]keyand

[Page Down]keyonthekeyboard.• SavethecontentsofthemaindisplayandthesubdisplaytoaUSBflashdrive(PNGformat)bypressingthe[Print Screen]key

ontheUSBkeyboardifaUSBflashdriveispluggedintotheUSBconnector.

92

08 TERMINAL

USB Connector (USB-B)

TheUSB‑B(female)connector(ontherearpanel)canbeconnectedtoaPC.Throughtheconnector,youcantheremotelycontroltheTS‑990SusingtheARCP‑990,playreceivedaudioonthePC,orupdateitsfirmwarefromthePC.AUSBcableconformingtoUSB2.0(AconnectortoBconnectortype)mustbeused.

Fig.144 USBConnector(ontheRearPanel)

TheUSBConnector(ontheRearPanel)anditsPeripheralsBlockDiagramshowsthesignalpathstoaDSPandrespectiveCPUsthrougha3‑channelhub.

Audio Processing (DSP)

Control Processing

USB Audio

cortex-A8AM3517

USB　　SerialConverter

USB3ch

HUB

USB-B ConnectorUSB Device

Functions,PC Control,USB Audio,User Drive

Fig.145 USBConnector(ontheRearPanel)anditsPeripheralsBlockDiagram

09 MECHANICAL STRUCTURE

93

Internal Structure

ThischapterdescribestheinternalstructureoftheTS‑990S.Insidethechassis,theTS‑990Shasa2‑layerstructureconsistingofanupperlayerandalowerlayer.Intheupperlayer,theAC/DCpowersupplyunitandDC/DCunitareplacedontheleftside,thefinalunitisplacedinthecenter,andtheprintedcircuitboardsareplacedin3layersontherightside.Intherightsidelayers,thetoplayeraccommodatestheantennaconnectorunit,themiddlelayeraccommodatestheantennaswitchingunit,andthelowerlayeraccommodatestheantennatunerunit.Thefrontpanelframeaccommodatesthedisplayunit.

Fig.146 UpperLayerStructure

Fig.147 LowerLayerStructure

Inthelowerlayer,mostunitsareplacedina2‑layer(upperlayer/lowerlayer)structure.TheTX/RXunitisplacedontheleftupper‑side,andtheRXunit,pre‑selectorunit,andbandpassfilterunitareplacedontherearcenter‑side.Thedigitalunit(upperlayer)andDSPunit(lowerlayer)areplacedontherearright‑side.Thecontrolunit(upperlayer)andscopeunit(lowerlayer)areplacedonthefrontright‑side.ThesubbandPLLunit(upperlayer)andmainbandPLLunit(lowerlayer)areplacedonthefrontleft‑side.

94

09 TECHANICAL STRUCTURE

Theexternaldimensionsare165mmhigh(+24mm)x460mmwide(+58mm)x400mmdeep(‑5mm)(61/2inhigh(+15/16in)x187/64inwide(+29/32in)x153/4indeep(‑13/64in)).ThevaluesintheparenthesesindicatethemeasurementscomparedwiththeTS‑950.ThepanelsizeiswiderthanthatoftheTS‑950;however,thedepthisshorterby5mm(13/64in).Forthehigh‑densitymountingofanumberofboardsinthechassis,partitionsareplacedandtheboardsaresecuredinthepartitions.Thepartitionedstructureservestogiveshieldingeffectivenessbythewallsofthepartitions.

Fig.5 Chassis(UpperSurface) Fig.5 Chassis(BottomSurface)

Cooling

TheTS‑990Shasafinalunitwhichiscooledbyacrimpedfanradiator.Water‑coolingradiators,heat‑piperadiators,andothervarioustypesofradiatorswereexamined,andtheradiatoronwhichtheradiatingfinsarecrimpedwaschosenbecauseofitsexcellentbalancedfeaturesconcerningcoolingcapability,weight,operatingnoise,andreliability.Thewater‑cooledstructureissuperiorincoolingcapability,butisnotsuitableforatransceiverthatmaybesubjecttolong‑termoperationwithoutmaintenance.

Fig.5 Radiator Fig.5 Water‑CoolingHead Fig.5 HeatPipes

TheTS‑990Shasfiveinternalcoolingfanmotors.Thefansarerespectivelyplacedforthepowersupplyunit,finalunit,andantennatunerunitzones,andtheTS‑990Sairbreathsfromthesidesandbottomtocooltheinsidewiththeairbythefans.Thecoolingsystemisdesignedforsimplicity.Themotorofthefanforthefinalunithasa3‑stepoperatingmodetosecurelessnoisebytheoperationofthefinalunit.Evenifthetemperaturerisestoanunexpecteddegree,aprotectionfunctionactivatesandreducesthetransmitpowertosecureprotectionagainstmalfunction.

95

MECHANICAL STRUCTURE 09

ThefivecoolingfanmotorsaremadebySanyoDenkiCo.,Ltd.,whoseproductsaretrustworthy.

Fig.6 FanPlacementandVentilationFlow

Asthenumberofcoolingfansemployedincreases,theinternalventilationflowbecomesmorecomplicated.Atthedevelopmentstage,CAEanalysiswascarriedouttooptimizetheventilationflow.Theimage“FanPlacementandVentilationFlow”showsavisualizedairflowinthechassisonitsupperside.

Fig.7 AirFlowSimulation

Thelinesindicatestreamsofair.Thehigherthedensityofthelines,themoretheairflows.Theimageaboveshowsthatthestreamsofairpassthroughthefinalunitatthecenterandsmoothlygooutside.

96


Top Panel Vibration Analysis

TheTS‑990Scabinethasbeendesignedbytakingintoaccount,thesoundqualityoftheinternalspeaker.ThroughCAEanalysisforthechassis‑enclosingcabinet,thescrewsareplacedinamannersuchthattheywillminimizedeteriorationofthesoundquality.Inaddition,withconjunctureonthelocationsofthenodesandanti‑nodesofvibrationsbyfrequencythroughvibrationanalysisofthecabinet,thescrewsareplacedtosuppressvibrations.Thescrewplacementservestopreventthedeteriorationofsoundqualityduetothemechanicalstructureandachievebetterlisteningabilityevenduringlongoperations.

Fig.8 SimulationofTopCaseDeformation Fig.5 ScrewPlacementontheTopCase

Theisland‑likeportionsareanti‑nodeswherethetopcaseisexpectedtobedeformedtotheconvexorconcaveshapeagainsttheaudioinacertainfrequency.Theotherportionsarenodeswherenovibrationoccurs.Soundfromthespeakercausesthetopcasetoresonateanddeform,andthesoundfromthespeakerismixedwithnoiseemittedbythecabinetduetothevibration,resultingindeteriorationoftheaudiblesound.Tosuppressthedeformation,thelocationsofthedeformations(anti‑nodes)needtobesecuredwithscrews.Thescrews,whicharenotsymmetricallyplaced,representthedeliberatedesignofthetransceiverwithabuilt‑inspeaker,inwhicheachscrewiscarefullylocated.

Lift‑up Mechanism of the Front Bases

Forthelift‑upmechanismofthefrontbases,rotaryleversareusedtoallowtheextensionstobeeasilyfoldedandunfolded.Whentheextensionsarefolded,theyareinvisiblefromthefrontwithoutdetractingfromtheestheticdesignofthefrontbases.Whenthebodyisliftedupwiththeextensions,theshapesofthefrontbasesandextensionsmatchintheformofanarcwithalookofaunifiedandbeautifulappearance.

Fig.6 ExtensionsFolded

Lift-up

Same CircleArc

Fig.7 ExtensionsUnfolded

97


Thelift‑upmechanismisdesignedsothatthebottomsurfaceofthefrontbaseisalignedwiththebottomsurfaceoftheextensionwhenitisunfolded,toallowthebodytoreceiveitsweightatalmostarightangletothedirectionofgravity.Consequently,thefrontbasecansupporttheheavyweightoftheTS‑990Swithsufficientmarginsandwithoutstresstotherotaryarm.

Product Weight Force

Received ProductWeight Force

Fig.8 DirectionoftheWeightLoadwhentheTS‑990SisLifted

Panel Design

FromtheTS‑870andlaterHFmodels,wehavebeendesigningthefrontpanelsnotasadesigncommontotheseries,butasmodel‑specificdesignsrepresentingeachmodel’sfeatures.WhilewehadbeenkeepingthepolicytomakeourproductsidentifiableasaKENWOODproductfromanyangle,wegaveadigitallooktotheTS‑870,whichwastheworld’sfirstamateur‑intendedtransceiverwithIFDSPimplementation,andgaveaneasy‑to‑operatelooktotheTS‑570incompliancewithitsdevelopmentconcept.However,againstourintention,thereweremarketdemandsforadesignthatlookslikeaconventionalHFtransceiver.Inthatcontext,westartedtoexaminetheappearanceofthenewmodelfromscratch,plottingitsbasiccircuitandDSPengineering,beforethedevelopmentoftheTS‑990Sevenstarted.Theexaminationwascarriedoutfromtheviewpointof“howfutureKENWOODHFtransceiversshallbedesigned”,whichisnotintendedonlyforaspecifictransceiver.Engineersandproductdesignersperformedapracticalexamination.WetoldthedesignerstheusabilityfromtheviewpointofHFtransceiveruserssothattheycouldunderstandwaysofuseoftheHFtransceiver,userpreferencesandcustomsonHFtransceiveruse,andevaluationsforourpasttransceiversonthemarkettoletthemexaminenotjustthedesignoftheappearance.Werepeatedaprocessinwhichthedesignersdrewsketchesbasedontheusabilityandwereviewedthesketches.Eventually,adesigncompetitionwasheld,andthedesignsketchshownbelowwasselectedasthe“TasteofourHFtransceiverdesign”.

Fig.9 DesignSketch

The“designsketch”isnotthesketchoftheappearanceusedforourpracticaldesign.Theallocationofthepartsisnotconcernedwithpracticalimplementation.ThedesignsketchwascreatedbasedontheHFtransceiverusability,majorfunctionstheflagshipmodelmusthave,andotherideas.TheTS‑590SwasdevelopedpriortotheTS‑990SandwasdesignedasthedesignersdescribedintheTS‑590Sin‑depthmanual.Atthatpointintime,wecouldnotdisclosethe“TasteofourHFtransceiverdesign”.TheTS‑590Swasdevelopedbasedonthedesignsketch,aswastheTS‑990S.

98


ItgoeswithoutsayingthatopinionstotheTS‑590S,whichwaslaunchedin2010,areappliedtothedetailsoftheTS‑990Sdesign.ThefrontpaneloftheTS‑990SisasureexpressionofaKENWOODHFtransceiverwithaffinitytotheTS‑590S.

Fig.10 TS‑990S/TS‑590SFrontPanels

Operability

Thekeysandrotaryknobs,whicharedirectlylinkedtotheoperability,aredesignedandplacedtobeimmediatelyaccessible.TheTS‑990Shas110keysand28rotaryknobsofvarioussizes,adjustedtointernalandexternalshaftsdiameters.Evenforthemanykeysandrotaryknobs,theirparts,shape,placement,andspacetoadjacentpartswerecarefullyexaminedon3Dprintoutsbeforemock‑ups(dummymodelswithpracticaldimensions)weremanufactured,todevisetheiroperability.Therotaryknobsontherightsideofthefrontpanelseemtobeofthesamesize,butthesizeofthe[NB1],[NR1],[NOTCH](M),and[NOTCH](S)knobs,thesizeofthe[HI/SHIFT]knob,andthesizeofthe[AF](M)and[AF](S)knobsaredifferent.Thelowertheplacementoftheknob,thelargertherotaryknobdiameter.The[AF]knobhasthelargestexternaldiameterallowabletorestrictionsonthepartsallocation.Byusing3DCADsystems,3Dprinters,andotherdigitaldesigntoolstogetherwithconventionaldesignskills,thesophisticatedkeyandrotaryknoballocationisimplemented.WhenauserfirsthandlestheTS‑990S,theymaybeoverwhelmedbythemanykeysandknobsandwonder,“CanImasterthis?”However,operatingtheTS‑990Sforacertaintimewillmoderatesuchimpressionsthroughpracticalunderstandingofitsdesignconcepts,representedbytheblockallocationofthekeysandknobsandtheirsingle‑functionassignments.Fewerfunctionsassignedtokeysandrotaryknobsinacomplexhierarchyorredundantconfigurationservetoimplementdirectaccessibility.

Fig.11 KeyandRotaryKnobAllocation

99


Anewmechanismforkeyswasemployedofferingarichtextureappropriatetotheflagshipproduct,whenakeyispressed.Thenewmechanismalsoeliminatestheunevennessonkeytouchesandprovidesauniformandexcellenttextureonapressofakeyfromanyangle.Additionally,forthekeyindicators,anewstructureisusedtoprovidethemwithhighilluminationintensityandlessunevenness.

Fig.12 KeyStructure Fig.13 Ten‑keyIllumination

Dual TFT Display and Touch Panel

ThedualTFTdisplay,thefirstofitskindemployedforanamateurradiotransceiver,consistsoftwosizesofTFTLCDswithanLEDbacklight,takingaccountofsituations,imagingquality,andlife‑span.ThedualTFTdisplayislong‑lifeandfreefromopticalirregularities,andprovidesbeautifulimaging.TherearetwoTFTLCDdisplaysandindicatorsthatarerespectivelybrightness‑adjustabletotheTS‑990Soperatingenvironment.

Fig.14 TFTLCD

Thedualdisplayemploysatouchpanel.ThisisadesignelementthatgivestheTS‑990Sasenseoffun,suchasbytouchingapointoftheBandscopescreenandallowingthefrequencyatthatpointtobeset.

100


Main Control Knob Mechanism

ThemaincontrolknobismadeofaluminumandisNC‑machined.Itsshapewasdesignedbytakingintoaccounttherotationbalanceandeccentricitysuppression.Thedesignresultsinasuperboperationalfeelingofaweighted,smooth,andaccuratetouch.ThesurfaceoftheTuningknob(main)ismachinedbyaspecially‑designedtoolbitandisfinishedsothatithasaradiallylucentspin‑cutpattern.Thetorqueadjustmentring,whichisplacedontheTuningknob(main)shaft,isaluminumdie‑cast.Theoperationalfeelingandtextureoftheringknobhasnocompromise.

Ring Knob

Main Knob

Fig.15 AppearanceoftheMainTuningKnob

Therotationmechanismofthetorqueadjustmentringknobemploysacoatedmetalplateinitssliderblock,whichsecuresbetterclicks,smootherrotation,andlongerdurability.Furthermore,itsfrictionmaterialiscarefullychosenforbettertorqueadjustment.AnaluminumsheetisusedforthesurfaceofthearmontheTuningknob(main)sideandartificialleatherisusedforthefrictionmaterialontheoppositeside,toreducerotationnoiseandsecuresmoothrotation.

Fig.16 InsidetheTorqueAdjustmentRing

10 SP-990

101

ThisisthepremiumexternalspeakerforcommunicationsenablingthesystemenhancementcoupledwiththeTS‑990S.

Appearance and Features

Thefrontpanelisaluminumdie‑castingandthespeakernetisapunchedmetalsheetintendedforbettersoundtransittosecuregoodsoundqualitybyitsfundamentalstructure.TheSP‑990hasasimpledesignbuthighaffinitytotheTS‑990S.

Fig.17 AppearanceoftheSP‑990

Fig.18 ResonanceAnalysisResults(RelativeComparison)

Theimagesaboveshowarelativecomparisonofanalysisformaximumcabinetresonancecausedbytheoutputofasignal.Left:Thetopissecuredwithtwoscrewsandthesidesaresecuredwiththreescrews.Right:Thetopissecuredwithtwoscrewsalongwithoneadditionalscrewandthesidesaresecuredwiththreescrewsalongwithoneadditionalscrew.Theleftimageshowsahighresonancewithlargeamplitudeduetoanumberofsectionaloscillations.Therightimageshowslessresonancewithsmalleramplitudeasawhole.Thescrewsareallocatedaccordingtosuchresonanceanalysisresults.Withtheachievementofcleartoneswithoutincidentalnoise,orsoundqualitywithoutpeculiarcharacteristics,thisenablescustomerstocreateflexibleandaccuratesound.

Speaker

TheSP‑990isa10cmfullrangespeaker.Duetoitsflatfrequencycharacteristicsintheaudioband,thespeakerischosentoallowpreferredsoundstobeavailablethroughtheTS‑990Sequalizer.

102

10 SP-990

Built‑in Low‑cut/High‑cut Filters

Thebuilt‑inlow‑cutandhigh‑cutfilters,whichwerewellreputedontheSP‑950,aredesignedwithoptimizedvaluesforthefull‑rangespeaker.Thehigh‑passandlow‑passfiltersareadjustableinthreestepsforthebestfilteringbymode,suchasSSBorCWoperation.Theadjustablefiltersservetobeappliedtovariousoperations.Thechartsbelowshowthefrequencycharacteristics.Highcut‑offfrequenciescanbedecreasedinthesequenceofHIGH1,HIGH2,andHIGH1+HIGH2(HIGH1+HIGH2meansthatboththe[HIGH 1]and[HIGH 2]keysarepressedandheld).Lowcut‑offfrequenciescanbeincreasedinthesequenceofLOW1,LOW2,andLOW1+LOW2(LOW1+LOW2meansthatboththe[LOW 1]and[LOW 2]keysarepressedandheld).

Fig.19 FilterSwitch(ontheFrontPanel)

Fig.20 CharacteristicsoftheHigh‑CutFiltersandLow‑CutFilters

Speaker Input Select Switch

Thespeakerhastwospeakerinputterminals:AandB.Iftwotransceiversareconnectedtothespeaker,thesoundsourcecanbetoggledonthefrontpanel.Thisalsoappliestoconnectingasetofheadphones.Thespeakeralsohasalineoutterminalforfilteredaudiosignaloutputandamutefunctiontotemporarilystopaudiooutput.

Fig.21 InputSelectSwitch(A/B)(ontheFrontPanel)

IN-DEPTH MANUAL

TS-990S In-depth Manual August 01, 2014

CA-327W-E108JVC KENWOOD Corporation

All Rights Reserved.

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TS-990S In-depth Manual