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A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
True-to-type Fingerprinting: Implications towards cocoa and
chocolate economy and sustainability
Ranjana BhattacharjeeMolecular Geneticist
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
- Nene Akwetey-Kodjoe- Desire Pokou- Olivier Sounigo- Francis Padi- Festus Olasupo- Ives Bruno Efombagn- Mathias Tahi- Stephan Opoku- Abu Dadzie- Anna Muyiwa- Peter Aikpokpodion- Honorine Brigitte
Guiraud- Komivi Ametafe- Sona Ebai
Co-Authors
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Cocoa Growing Countries
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Cocoa Producers and Chocolate Consumers
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Chocolate Consumption Kilos per person 2010
Belgium 10.74 Austria 8.33
Switzerland 10.14 Denmark 7.13
UK 9.94 Sweden 6.97
Norway 9.19 Finland 6.43
Germany 8.96 USA 5.58
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
Source: Mitchell (2007a, 2007b and 2007c); Faostat (2012)
Cocoa: World Production (1895-2010)
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Cocoa and Chocolate: The Changing Patterns
Several factors influence the consumption of chocolate products throughout time:- price of cocoa beans (price elasticity of demand is relatively low)- income (income elasticity of demand is higher) - taste and preference differences- climate (people in cooler climates consume more chocolate)- availability of substitutes (cocoa beans/cocoa butter)- availability of other products on the market (tea, coffee, other sugar confectionery)- changing consumer patterns (increasing population and preferences)
An increase in processing in country X does not necessarily means an increase in consumption:
‘apparent domestic cocoa consumption’= amount of cocoa beans used into final
chocolate goods that are actually consumed in a country or region
In last decade: some changing tastes and preferences (11% increase in consumption) invention of new chocolate products:
- premium chocolates: dark, organic and single-origin chocolate bars (themed products)- more socially conscious products: fair trade2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Both Cocoa and Chocolate is in Crisis
Productivity is not keeping up with demand (demand increasing at 2% per year
Pest and disease pressure is increasing
Soils in cocoa growing areas are depleted
Heavily populated countries like India and China are demanding more
Many cocoa producing countries are affected by war and political unrest
Both Ivory Coast and Ghana are in environmental crisis
Ageing farmers and ageing tree stocks: low investment on rehabilitation
Young farmers equate cocoa bean crops with poverty
Cocoa is one of the major driver of deforestation
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
IITA and Cocoa Networks
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Objectives:- Sorting out the true identity of cocia genotypes used in West and CentralAfrica
- Defining the extent of diversity present in the breeders’ collection and seedgardens in each country
- Identify a set of true-to-type core accessions/genotypes which could be shared among all countries within the region
ITRA, Togo
African Cocoa Breeders’ Group
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Objective: DNA fingerprinting of cocoa genotypes from West and Central Africa
Country Accessions Presence of Duplicates
Nigeria 2000 None
Ghana 2551 YES
Cote d'Ivoire 2550 YES
Cameroon 2070 NoneTogo 869 YES
Total number of genotypes = 10,040
genotypes (seed gardens and breeding
materials) from five participating
countries
SNP-chip of 100 SNPs (from both Criollo
and Matina) distributed across 10 linkage
groups
Genotyping completed using 89 SNPs
using whole genome amplification (WGA)
method
Cocoa: ACI Project
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
ACI project: Results
Statistical analysis of individual country data
True-to-type genotyping through visualization of data using FlapJack
software
Data analysis using R-software
Minimum number of markers for diversity analysis
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
ACI project: Results
NanayIquitos
Gu
ian
a
Tri
nit
ari
o
Pu
rus
Ma
ran
on
A1/154 A1/197
ACU 85
AMAZ 15-15
AMAZ 3-2AMAZ 5-2
APA 4
B5/3
B5/7BE 10BE 3BE 8
CAS 3C-SUL 7
DOM 4
EET 400
EET 59HEQX 3338 EQX 3360-3EQX 78
GU 123 CGU 125 C
GU 144C
GU 175 V
GU 239 H
GU 255V
GU 290 HGU 341 H
ICS 1 ICS 43 ICS 95IFC 5
IMC 23IMC 39IMC 47
IMC 53
IMC 60IMC 67
IMC 76
LCT EEN 163
LCT EEN 241
MA 12
MAN 15-2MAN 15-60
MO 20
MOCORONGON38
NA 33
NA 79
P 30PA 107PA 118PA 121PA 13
PA 137PA 150PA 151
PA 175
PA 20
PA 300PA 303
PA 7PA 70PA 88
PNG 218
POUND 10
POUND 12
POUND 15
POUND 7
RB 46RB 49
RIM 41
S84
SCA 12
SCA 23
SCA 6SCA 9
SGU 50T16/613
T17/524 T44/547T60/887
T63/967
T63/971
T65/238
T65/326T79/467
T79/501
T85/799
PA 146
IMC 47 (type 2)
PA 186PA 65
PA 188
AMEL 67AMEL 10 AMEL 4
AMEL 19
AMEL 9
AMEL 130
AMEL 22AMEL 16
AMEL 67AMEL 78
AMEL 129
AMEL 43
AMEL 17
AMEL 71
AMEL 2AMEL 77
AMEL 20
AMEL 51 AMEL 118
NA 34Q10R3662B
Co
ord
. 2 (
11
.8%
)
Coord. 1 (20.2%)
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
ACI project: Results
Coefficient
2.00 5.25 8.50 11.75 15.00
AFF1 AFF3 AFF6
C74 OBD12 W4/65
OBD20 OBD14 OBD16 OBD10
AFF2 AFF13
AME03 AME02
AK11 AFF15
C13 AFF22
BOK14 T20/21
CF62 CTIS23
AFF20 AK01 AK02 AK03
BOK13 AK06
OBD15 BOK15
AK04 OBD24 OBD13
AFF4 AFF7 AFF8
OBD17 OBD19 OBD18 AFF11
C43 AME04 OBD21 AFF17
C68 W5/85 T7/12
AME01 C72 C64 C67
T83/5 C20 C27 C40 C75
AFF21 AFF19
OBD22 CF176 ICS60 ICS40 ICS39
ICS6 C22 C23
WEU-1 OBD23
AK10 AK09 AK07
W4/44 AMAZ10
T17/11 CTIS24 CTIS25
AK05 OBD11 OBD05
AFF5 AFF10 AFF12
AFF9 AFF14 AFF18 SCA6
AFF16 T86/80
C67 PA35
C27 W4/70 W4/37 W4/61 T65/7 AK08
2
4
5
3
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Key Questions
Did the fingerprinting work through African Cocoa Initiative (ACI) cover the entire germplasm in breeders’ collection in each country?
No, however it has opened a gateway to understand the diversity available and presence of duplicates or mislabeled accessions/genotypes.
A set of unique or true-to-type genotypes/varieties/hybrids can be identified, shared between different countries (based on their adaptability and suitability) and maintained for long-term usage in the region through long-term conservation in the field as well as in vitro and cryo-preservation of the embryo’s.
Hybrids or varieties could be generated from this set of true-to-type genotypes.
Should there be any further fingerprinting work to be carried out?
Yes, it is mainly because the diversity present in the breeders’ collection and the seed gardens is not enough to provide solutions for cocoa improvement.
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Way Forward
A new research culture is required: Research is required along the full stretch of the research and development
continuum Research on intensification, diversification, marketing efficiency, policy/institutional
environment – research across disciplines Need to develop, validate and scale up innovation packages that address:
technical-institutional-financial elements Innovation platforms that bring together public and private partners, i.e. research
priorities should not be determined by researchers alone and vice versa
Way Forward: Continue stakeholders engagements including farmers, public institutes, private
sectors, governmental agencies, NGOs and other partners Focused investment
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Sustainable Increase in Cocoa Yields
Cocoayield
Environment Management
Biotic stresses
Abiotic stresses
Pests Diseases
Planting material
High quality planting material of high yielding clones is fundamental to optimum plant performance
Habitat management(GAP, NRM and post-harvest)
GEM Factor: Clean planting material and integrated management is key
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Acknowledgements
USAID – Feed the Future
WCF – All public and private partners
ACI project
CRIN, Nigeria
CRIG, Ghana
CNRA, Cote d’Ivoire
IRAD, Cameroon
ITRA, Togo
Trushar Shah
Bioscience Center
LGC, UK
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium
A member of CGIAR consortium ww.iita.org
Thank You
2016 Next Generation Cocoa Research Symposium