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Kanoda
Kanoda
Trends in Micro-grids
By : Dr. Omkar Jani
Kanoda Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd.
At : “Renewable Energy Technologies and its Integration with Grid”
CBIP & SPE-Vadodara
21 December 2018
Kanoda
[email protected] | "Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 2
“We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.”
-Albert Einstein
Kanoda
Outline
What is a micro-grid?
The need
Approach
Case example
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 3
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First things first!
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 4
Low RE
Penetration
HighRE
PenetrationMICRO-
GRID
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General energy market trend
Internet of Things (IoT)
Advanced Monitoring &
Control
Data Analytics
Artificial Intelligence
Distributed Generation
& Storage, EV
Social Participation
Blockchain
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 5
Centralized Decentralized
Coarse Tuning Fine-tuning
Open-loop Closed-loop
Consumer Prosumer
Simple Transaction Complex Transaction
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Storage trends
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 6
Global Electro-chemical Storage Capacity(Source: US DOE, 2017)
Rat
ed P
ow
er (
GW
)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1996 ’97 2000 ’01 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 ’15 ’16
Battery-pack price(Source: BloombergNEF)
(Rea
l 20
18
$/
kWh
)
CAGR: 23%
Annual CostReduction:
21%
Looks familiar?
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Global PV demand & pricing
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 7
Source: GTM Research Global Solar Demand Monitor
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Micro-grid near-term market projection
Source: Navigant Research
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 8
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What is a micro-grid? (vs. macro-grid)
A micro-grid is…
1. a group of interconnected loads and…
2. distributed energy resources…
3. within clearly defined electrical boundaries…
4. that acts as a single controllable entity…
5. with respect to the grid.
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 9
definition
MICRO-GRIDS = DECENTRALIZED ENERGY SYSTEMS (DES)
Micro-grid Modes Stand-alone + Grid-connected
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Features of a micro-grid
Can be called smaller versions of utility grid.
Consists of power generation, distribution, protection and control
such as voltage regulation and switchgears.
Closer proximity between generation and consumption, with minimal
transmission.
Can integrate renewables, waste-to-energy and combined heat &
power (CHP) systems.
Can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in
both grid-connected or island mode.
Perform dynamic control over energy sources, enabling autonomous
and automatic self-healing operations.
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 10
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What does a micro-grid look like?
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 11
Micro-grid
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What does a micro-grid look like?
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 12
Centralized Generation
Centralized Wind
Centralized Storage
Distributed Solar
Distributed Wind
Distributed Storage
Electric Vehicles
Hydrogen FC/ Storage
Micro-grid Controller
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Size does not matter!
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 13
MACRO-GRID
MICRO-GRID
MINI-GRID
NANO-GRID
PICO-GRID
Variables: Number of loads, energy sources, voltage levels, physical proximity, etc.
MICRO-GRID
IndividualorCombination of Micro-grids
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Why micro-grids?
Resilient Reliable during macro-grid failure, natural disasters, etc.
Localized, hence can mitigate power disruptions
Resource for faster system response & recovery
Affordable Supports against economic losses, infrastructure failure
Avoids major grid upgradation cost
Avoided fuel costs, shaves/ shifts peak loads
Clean: Maximizes integration of intermittent renewables
Social: Maximized Consumer participation
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 14
1
2
3
4
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Cost of power quality
World Bank Report released in December 2018.
Highlight
India lost 4% of its GDP owing to power distortions in 2016.
4% Rs. 6,00,389 Crore
Compare with fiscal cost of DisCom subsidies at Rs. 61,364 Crore
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 15
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When to consider micro-grid application?
High distributed generation/ electric vehicle density
Rural and remote areas that currently operate on a weak grid
Areas where electricity is prohibitively expensive, like islands and remote hilly terrains
A strategy to defer the upgradation cost of transmission & distribution system assets
Community micro-grids serve as shelters during natural disasters in prone areas
High-resiliency areas for military and mission-critical areas
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 16
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Levels of micro-grids
So
urc
e: h
ttp
s://
mic
rog
rid
kn
ow
led
ge.c
om
/mic
rog
rid
-co
st/
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 17
NotesDA: Distribution AutomationDG: Distributed Generation
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Case example
Central Mine Planning & Development Institute
(A Coal India Limited Subsidiary )
Micro-grid Objectives
1. Maximize green energy component at CMPDI
2. Overcome poor power quality issues of grid supply
3. Minimize diesel consumption
4. Ensure economic viability
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 18
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About CMPDI
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 19
Location:
Ranchi, Jharkhand
Coordinates:
23°23'57"N 85°18'58"E
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CMPDI campus baseline network
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 20
Fro
m J
SE
B @
11
kV
Tariff
Meter
Power X’former
11kV/ 415 V, 630 kVA
DG
500
kVA
DG
250
kVA
DG
250
kVA
To power circuit
Changeover
Panel
Bldg. Distribution
Panel
Bldg. Distribution
Panel
Bldg. Distribution
Panel
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CMPDI site snapshot
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 21
Supply Line : 2x 11 kV
Step-down Transformers : 2x 630 kVA
Sanctioned Load : 800 kW
Peak Consumption : 600 kW
Diesel Generators :
1x 500 kVA
2x 250 kVA
UPS : 2x 10 kVA
Total Number of Buildings : 7
Load Classification :
1. CRITICAL Load
2. IMPORTANT Load
3. NORMAL Load
Remarks:
DGs turn on when supply voltage dips
Manual changeover for DG
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CMPDI baseline
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 22
Total Energy Consumption ~1.5-2 MU /year
DisCom (JSEB) Tariff Rs. 5.45 /kWh
Grid Outage 312 hours/ year (51 minutes/ day)
Voltage Sag (here, < 340 Vac) 4,700 hours/ year (13 hours/ day)
Diesel Usage: ~1 hours/ day
Avg. Cost of Electricity Rs. 6.56 /kWh
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Cost of electricity before micro-grid installation
Energy SourceProduction
(kWh)Fraction
500 kVA 21,363 1%
250 kVA (1) 77,761 5%
250 kVA (2) 32,848 2%
Grid Purchases 1,357,962 91%Total 1,489,933 100%
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 23
LCOE: Rs. 6.56 per kWh
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Start to finish of 190 kW rooftop solar
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 24
CMD-CMPDI, Shri A. K. Debnath breaking the coconut to commence construction work on 11 July 2014.
Inauguration by Coal Secretary (GoI), Shri S. K. Srivastava on 9 October 2014.
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190 kW rooftop solar
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 25
R&D Building (30.6 kW) STC Building (20.4 kW) Community Hall (48 kW)
RI-3 Bldg. (43.2 kW)CPEI Bldg. (48.6 kW)
Net Installed Rooftop PV Capacity:
190.8 kW
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Contribution of solar energy
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 26
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 6 12 18
kW
Time of Day (in Hours)
Solar Generation Consumption Consumption before Microgrid
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Installation of voltage stabilizers
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 27
Capacity: 2 x 500 kVA
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Effect of voltage stabilizers
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 28
Before After
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Automation of manual synchronization panel
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 29
Installation of Automated Synchronization Panel
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Diesel generator retrofitting & synchronization
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 30
Alternator Governor for Frequency Speed Regulator Unit
DG Synchronization PanelFuel Governor
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UPS with battery backup
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 31
During the event of grid outage, there is a black out period of 15-20 seconds, the time taken by the DG start.
UPS is installed to seamlessly switch power between Grid-UPS-DG-Grid.
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Automatic demand response
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 32
Sr. No.
Panel Load CategorySwitch Rating
Contactor Rating
1
CPEI
Pump Non Critical 160 A 100 A
2 Dispensary Non Critical 100 A 70 A
3 UPS Critical 200 A NR
4 CPEI Pump Non Critical 160 A 160 A
5 Street Light Critical 200 A NR
6 CPEI Lift Critical 160 A 160 A
7 CPEI Main (S) Critical 400 A NR
8
Important
MT Lab UPS Critical 400 A NR
9 CMD Residence Critical 100 A NR
10Auditorium Vax/ A.C. Plant
Non Critical 400 A 250 A
11 MISL (Main Gate – T/E) Non Critical 160 A 100 A
12 D.G. Colony Non Critical 160 A 160 A
13 Director Residence Critical 100 A NR
14
Normal # 1
R&D / STC lighting Critical 250 A NR
15 Envir. Power + CPEI Lift Non Critical 250 A 200 A
16 SBI Bank Non Critical 200 A 160 A
17
Normal # 2
Old Building Critical 250 A NR
18 Colony Lift Critical 160 A 160 A
19 Pump Non Critical 100 A 100 A
20 Substation Non Critical 100 A 70 A
21 A.C. Plant Non Critical 200 A 200 A
22 CMD Office Critical 100 A NR
23 Auditorium Non Critical 100 A 100 A
24 Spare Non Critical 100 A 100 A
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Effect of automatic synchronization
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 33
0
50
100
150
200
250
3001
6-F
eb
17
-Fe
b
18
-Fe
b
19
-Fe
b
20
-Fe
b
21
-Fe
b
22
-Fe
b
23
-Fe
b
24
-Fe
b
25
-Fe
b
26
-Fe
b
27
-Fe
b
28
-Fe
b
01
-Mar
02
-Mar
03
-Mar
04
-Mar
05
-Mar
06
-Mar
07
-Mar
08
-Mar
09
-Mar
10
-Mar
11
-Mar
Die
sel G
en
era
tor
Uti
lizat
ion
(kW
h)
Before After
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Micro-grid control & analytics
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 34
User Interface: Smartsense
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Average cost of electricity
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 35
ComponentEnergy (kWh)
Fraction
Grid Purchase 13,57,962 91%
Diesel Generator:500 kVA
21,363 1%
Diesel Generator:250 kVA
77,761 5%
Diesel Generator:250 kVA
32,848 2%
TOTAL 14,89,934 100%
ComponentEnergy (kWh)
Fraction
Grid Purchase 11,33,689 76%
Diesel Generator:500 kVA
- -
Diesel Generator:250 kVA
52,676 4%
Diesel Generator:250 kVA
13,204 1%
PV (190 kW) 2,98,061 20%
Wind (10 kW) 1,566 0%
TOTAL 14,97,630 100%
Baseline Case Micro-grid Case
LCOE: Rs. 6.56 /kWh LCOE: Rs. 5.91 /kWh
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Average cost of electricity
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 36
Baseline Case Micro-grid Case
LCOE: Rs. 6.56 /kWh LCOE: Rs. 5.91 /kWh
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Conclusion
Challenges in the near future1. New types of loads: Automation, EV, etc.
2. New types of consumers: Values service, generates, stores
2 options before us1. Rebuild & adapt incremental improvements slow &
expensive
2. Leapfrog invest in new technologies better outcomes & lower costs
Utilities that embrace & catalyse change will prosper Move away from monopolistic models
Become an enabler
"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 37