Tree Service Canada #31 Spring 2015

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LABOUR

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BY S H I R L E Y BY E R S

Across Canada tree service companies deal with vari-ous challenges, but a shortage of qualified arborists, particularly climbers, is a common concern. There are several reasons for this shortage, says Dwayne Neustaeter, president of Arboriculture Can-ada Training & Education Ltd. and TSC columnist. “Tree service is very difficult, strenuous work. The hours can be long and the work is seasonal. In winter everything slows down and pay cheques are reflective of that. Some companies try to keep employees by going into snow clearance in the winter, but going from tree work to pushing a snow plough doesn’t excite everybody.” At the same time, many good workers from the private sector are eventually lost to municipalities which offer better pay, better hours and benefits such as pension, health care and dental. And finally, says Neustaeter, there are no require-ments to become an arborist. Every time there is a storm event about five companies start up with low cost equipment.

Guidance counsellors need to talk treesLaurie Newsham, instructor in arboriculture at Olds College, says that from his perspective lack of awareness is a big part of the problem. High school

students looking for their life work simply don’t know that arboriculture is an option. “What often happens here at Olds College is we’ll get students outside our program who see what we’re doing as arborists and they’ll say, ‘Wow! I didn’t know people did that!’ And then they’ll transfer into the arboriculture program.”

On the Prairies, at least, many people don’t know what an arborist is and what the job is all about, Newsham says. He believes high school guidance counsellors should be telling students about the arborist trade.

Why there’s a shortage of arborists And what might help fix it

Garlic injection could tackle tree diseasesBut is it a good idea?


Garlic: one of nature’s super foods. We know it’s good for people and bad for vampires. But might it also be good for trees? Garlic’s strong anti-bacterial and antifungal qualities are due largely to its major biologically active component, allicin. A study in Northamptonshire, a county in the midlands of England, is administering a concentrated solution of allicin to trees suffering from deadly diseases, and showing positive results. A company in North Wales makes the solution. Organic garlic cloves are crushed and a patented method is used to amplify the volume of allicin and at the same time improve its quality so that it remains stable for up to one year. (In the natural world, allicin lasts for about five to 10 minutes.)

Laurie Newsham, instructor in arboriculture at Olds College, says that lack of awareness is a big part of the shortage of arborists. He says high school students looking for their life work simply don’t know that arboricul-ture is an option.

continued on page 6

“What often happens here at Olds College is we’ll get students outside our program who see what we’re doing as arborists and they’ll say, ‘Wow! I didn’t know people did that!’

Photo: Robert Benner (Flickr)

Page 2 TREE SERVICE CANADA EARLY SPRING 2015

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Page 3TREE SERVICE CANADA EARLY SPRING 2015

URBAN PROJECTS

BY PAT K E R R

ReForest London, a charitable organization in Ontario, whose goal was to plant a tree for every person in the city in three years, has acknowledged they didn’t reach their goal. Only 215,535 trees were planted in the time limit. Most of these are in park naturalization projects and are receiving good care with mulching and watering. On the upside, there could be more. They’re not counting trees given out only trees actually planted by Reforest London or by people who registered on the web site that they planted a tree. The group has given out thousands of trees each year. Trees have been distributed at community events, provided for planting programs at schools and on other public lands, supplied to industry and dispersed door to door.

“If we don’t plant we don’t count,” said Julie Ryan of ReForest London. We are relying on people to register. People don’t always take the time to register but the bigger gain is if the trees are planted. We give away a lot of trees with clear planting instructions and ask that they be carried out in two days but my hairdresser said she had a seedling on her window sill. I asked what it was doing there. She thought it was too young to plant. We gave away 2,000 trees at one fair and only a couple hundred registered.”

Ryan is not discouraged or disappointed in the numbers. The goal of a tree for each person to plant toward a million trees in ten years is a marketing point for the group.

“People can’t always conceptualize percentage of canopy. We have just given them a number, a goal. Our volunteers will walk down streets with wagon loads of trees and ask if people want one. It’s visual. If we say, ‘Register here and pick up a tree,’ people don’t respond the same way.”

Another new ReForest London program encourages industry to tree their property.

“This is a huge opportunity for us,” said Ryan. “(But) it is a hard sell. Business focus is on the inside. We’re selling lower heat and cooling costs and better employee retention. We are starting to see success in this area. They have so

much land; we can plant a lot of trees on industrial land for a lot less.”

The challenge is to keep people’s attention. Londoners are proud to be the forest city. There is a lot of buy-in from residents but many have still not heard of the million tree challenge. We must keep hammering the message home. If you don’t plant in urban areas, they just won’t grow.”

Three of the tree companies who have supported the program are: Norm’s Tree Service (recently sold to Davey), Lank Tree and CLC Tree Service.

Ryan said she specifically values the contribution of those “who know their stuff and have the expertise and tools to get the job done.”

Despite setback, ReForest London still aiming to plant one million trees

Most of the 200,000 plus trees planted in London were in park naturalization projects.

“If we don’t plant we don’t count.”

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Oak trees with acute oak decline, a condition that eventually kills, have improved after being treated with the garlic solution. In laboratory conditions, allicin kills the pathogen chalara which is responsible for ash dieback. Over the past four years, 60 trees riddled with bleeding canker of horse chestnut have all been cured. And, on a wider basis, researchers have treated trees all over England with allicin, and had a 95 per cent success rate. Treatment works like this. An injection device consisting of a pressurized chamber with eight tubes that inject the allicin solution directly into the tree’s sap system is attached to the tree. The needles are placed carefully to ensure the even spread of the treat-ment all around the tree. The solution is pulled up the trunk, out along the branches and into the leaves by the process of transpiration, in the same way the tree draws water through itself. In an interview with the BBC, arboreal specialist, Jonathan Cocking said, “If you go back to the tree the day after (the treatment) and crush a leaf that is in the extremity of the crown, you can often smell the garlic.” The goal is to get a commercial licence by the beginning of next year. At the same time, some tree experts advise caution. Not only is the treatment fairly expensive and impractical they say, just because the solution is plant based doesn’t mean it can’t be harmful. Cyanide is plant based, they remind us. Conservationists are calling it a drastic intervention. The Woodland trust, the U.K.’s leading woodland conservation charity, favours a different approach. That organization is investing £1.5m in a seed bank. The idea is to grow trees that are fully traceable and therefore free from foreign disease Britain’s Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) recently, in recognition of the threat posed by current and future tree and plant biosecurity appointed a Chief Plant Health Officer, and set aside £4 million for research into treatments.

“If you go back to the tree the day after (the treatment) and crush a leaf that is in the extremity of the crown, you can often smell the garlic.”

Garlic injection could tackle tree diseases continued from cover


I N SURANCE ISSUES

Hazard managementIn Ontario’s Essex area, documenting due diligence is now the norm

Speaking about area tree hazards, Kevin Money, Director of Conservation Service at the Essex Region Conservation Authority in Ontario, recently said, “We had a couple of near misses. No one was hurt but branches fell. We have always done tree assessments but it wasn’t documented.”

Low traffic volume paths are visually inspected once each year. The inspector is certified and required to check all trees in the vicinity with the potential to fall or drop a branch near a path. High traffic areas are inspected twice each year in both summer and winter.

The process of developing written policies took several years and reviewed many other existing policies used by other groups.

“Documentation of our due diligence is now our obligation. Our insurance company questioned our policy on written documentation of inspections. We invite the public onto our land. We must do all we can to ensure they are not injured or the adjacent properties damaged. We are happy this process is complete. We want the public and our staff to be safe.”

The news release said, “It’s also important to note that staff has the ability to act immediately to address any threats to worker or public safety, without having to consult with our forester. This allows site superintendents the flexibility to restrict access to an area until the hazard tree has been removed or (the situation) otherwise abated. The policy also confirms that in all cases, ERCA shall abide by the Species at Risk legislation.”

~Pat Kerr

The inspector is certified and required to check all trees in the vicinity with the potential to fall or drop a branch near a path.

Ontario urban forest plan in developmentMichelle Sawka, Project Manager with the organization Green Infrastructure Ontario, is asking stakeholders with expertise or interest in developing a provincial urban forest plan to contact her. Their first step is to draft a document asking the province to take the lead on the program they are calling, “Action.” If the province declines they plan to proceed and self-organize the stakeholders.

The group has 50 paid members to date, but they are looking for all who are committed to urban forestry in Ontario to participate and make comment on the group’s goals and objectives even if they do not wish to belong as members. They already have representatives from municipalities and from the private and academic sectors.

Sawka said, “There already is a Canadian strategy to develop the urban forest. We do not want to overlap with that program and cover things that make sense to be organized at the federal level. We need to establish: What are provincial priorities? Who needs to do what? What needs to be done? We need to self-organize.”

Interested people or companies who wish to receive the first draft of the document when it is complete can contact Sawka at the Green Infrastructure Ontario web site: (www.greeninfrastructureontario.org) or call (647) 287-6540.

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Lack of awareness may not be just a Prairie thing. At Sir Sand-ford Fleming College in Peter-borough, Ontario, Joe Outram, coordinator of the Arboriculture and Urban Forest program, agrees with Newsham’s comments. “We’ve been trying to change this for decades,” he says. “Guidance counsellors tend to be university graduates, and unaware of the demand for trades. They don’t have the wherewithal to guide people in the right direction. We’ve made some progress but more has to happen for sure.” These are some, and possibly not all of the factors that contribute to a shortage of arborists in Canada. But what can be done? Can any-thing be done?

Olds to offer easier access to arboriculture coursesIn an effort to boost enrolments at Olds College, there’s been a major revamping and redesigning of the arboriculture program. Since its inception in the late nineteen-nineties arboriculture has been a two year diploma program with classes running from September to April each year. As of this year it has become a one year certificate program. Students take five in-stead of 20 courses and all courses are more accessible. “We’ve built them in block style,” says Newsham. “What that means is for the month of January students will be looking at Tree Biology and Tree Identification.

That’s all they’ll study for that three and a half week block.” And what makes it more attrac-tive, especially to industry, is they can parachute a guy or gal into just the Aerial Operations or the Tree Pruning course or the Tree Identi-fication course. They don’t have to take all five courses at once; they can do that over a few years and be in school for only three and a half weeks per course. They can cherry pick the courses they want. They can wipe out the certificate requirements from January to April or they can come for one or two of the courses.” In September the new program was already 90 per cent full and Newsham suspected there would soon be a waiting list.

Regulating the industry?Making arboriculture a recognized trade would reduce accidents and fatalities and would also solve the ongoing problem of unqualified people undercutting prices, says Newsham. Because labour and occupational health and safety are regulated province by province, progress in this area is and prob-ably will continue to be uneven. But in Ontario, anyone starting a tree service business could expect the Ministry of Labour to come checking up on you, says Outram. “While there are no mandatory requirements to meet before call-ing yourself an arborist, there are standards for training in the use of electric drills, chainsaws, any-

thing you can hurt yourself with, and companies have been held accountable, particularly for new employees, if they did not receive proper training. And these regula-tions are policed by the Ministry of Labour.” This should help weed out the fly by nighters, which would then oblige customers to pay the higher and more realistic rates charged by companies employing trained people, he says.

The role of private industry In a less than perfect world, what can privately owned tree service companies do to get and just as importantly keep well qualified employees?

“The wage factor is part of it,” says Neustaeter. “It isn’t where it prob-ably could or should be especially if you compare it to say European countries such as Switzerland, where the hourly rate is almost triple what’s offered here.” Company owners should know, he says, that they have a four to seven year window to provide some financial incentive to em-ployees so that it makes sense for them to stay with the company. Outram agrees. “I was self-employed (before becoming an in-structor). I believed in paying my guys better than average, treating them well and giving them time to spend that money.” Finally, education is crucial for arborists and it’s also pretty important for the general public.

As customers begin to understand the critical role that trees play in climate change and carbon seques-tration, they might become more willing to pay for professional care and more aware of what that constitutes. This quote is from a TD Special Report on the Value of Trees in the city of Toronto, but it could apply to any green space across Canada: “The green space provided by Toronto’s urban forest is a critical factor in environmental condi-tion, human health and the overall quality of life . . . . an investment in urban forests is an investment in the overall economic and envi-ronmental well-being of urban society.”

Why there’s a shortage of arborists continued from cover

Sudden Oak Death or Phytophthora ramorum is continuing in England. The fungus-like organism is attacking larch trees and other plants, like rhododendrons and bilberries. Plants and trees are being culled to control the spread.

The official news release from the local forestry commission stated, “Flight observations of Phytophthora ramorum symptoms have remained consistent—low-level symptoms in the vicinity of previously confirmed infection (either on larch or rhododendron). The symptoms observed have continued to comprise mainly small groups of trees or individuals, including symptoms as subtle as individual branches. New findings that have been investigated confirm infected rhododendron as the likely source of infection. Observations in the vicinity of previously infected larch stands that have been felled continue to highlight ongoing, low-level, collateral damage across species including Douglas fir, Noble fir and Western hemlock. Whilst these species are terminal hosts that pose no risk of sporulation, their ongoing death and dieback indicate the potential which Phytophthora ramorum has to persist on sites where large amounts of inoculum have been generated.

Ongoing death and dieback of sweet chestnut has also been observed in the Southwest of England. This species is a sporulating host and as such, where symptoms have been observed, follow-up statutory action is being taken.”

~Pat Kerr

Sudden Oak Death continues in England

“We’ve been trying to change this for

decades.”

~ Joe Outram


U NDE RGROU ND I NFO

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When we design for wind resistance in urban trees it’s not enough to know what’s going on above ground, we need to understand the “hidden half,” the roots, says Susy Domenicano, Université du Québec à Montréal. Turns out we don’t know much about roots and what we think we know may not be true. For example, when you look at that maple tree on your lawn, do you visualize its roots as an exact reflection of its canopy? Many people do. But it isn’t. “That’s probably one of the most perpetrated myths,” says Domenicano. “In fact, the root system finds itself usually in the first 60 cm of soil and will develop much further than the width of the canopy itself. When we restrain roots in tiny boxes we really are constraining the root system and lessening its ability to withstand wind.”

Tree root systems can be categorized into three broad types: heart, plate and tap root systems. Examples of heart root are birch, beech, larch and Norway maple. Examples of taproots are oaks, scots pine and silver fir. Examples of plate or surface roots are ash, aspen, Norway spruce and white pine. Having an idea what the mature root system will look like will help us choose the right trees. A plate system constrained into a small box would likely be a poor choice. A tree with a heart root or one with a tap root will go deeper but spread out less.

When the wind blowsThe more soil a root system has the more likely it will have the resources it needs to grow into a mature tree. But in terms of wind, space is something we have to consider to determine if a tree will be stable. If there is a predominate wind in a certain direction the roots will actually develop to make up for that. While cautioning that studies are still in the prelimi-nary stage, Domenicano says, it would appear that most trees will develop their roots on the leeward side. If the predominate winds are coming from the west then the

tree would develop roots on its east side in order to compensate for the wind. Developing boxes that would take that finding into consider-ation would be a way to counter the effects of those boxes, design-ing them in a way that would help the root system to develop in order to increase the stability of the tree.

The pitter-patter of all those feetBig cities plus many pedestrians equals soil compaction. “When

we compact the soil we limit the tiny, microscopic gaps that are in the soil that would allow the roots to develop,” says Domenicano. When the soil is very compacted root systems develops very, very high in the soil, decreasing the stability of the tree. In some cities, such as Charlotte, North Carolina, where roots are running under sidewalks, systems have been developed that are like suspended sidewalks, to keep the weight of walkers off the tree roots.

By knowing what different root systems look like we can pretty much figure out what the “hidden half ” of any urban tree might look like, but a new system at the University of Guelph will let us know for sure. A sonar signal is sent into the ground and sent back when it hits a root, thus allowing a three dimensional image to be created. As this technology is improved, better and better images will be accessible.

Designing for the hidden half

When planning urban plantings root systems need to be considered

Turns out we don’t know much about roots and what we think we know may not be true.

Among Domenicano’s findings: the idea that a tree’s roots mirror the structure above ground is a myth. In maples, in particular, the roots are more likely to exceed the above ground width of the tree, but not reach a proportional vertical depth.

Susy Domenicano has researched what she calls the “hidden half” of trees—the roots.

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There are no shortage of cases involving disputes about trees between adjacent properties. Some involve neighbour A adopting a self help approach and removing one or more trees on neighbour B’s land by trespassing. Other cases involve pruning back roots or branches overhanging the boundary with or without trespass occurring.

The issue of how far self help can be utilised and under what circumstances seems to vary. The concept of self help refers to an individual taking action to enforce their perceived rights without resorting to legal channels or other possible authority. If no laws are broken and no damage to other people or property results then all may be well. But, if the actions go wrong and do cause provable damage or injury, or if laws are broken, then self help can be very problematic.

Self help and tree issues often arise due to nuisance created by overhanging branches, or encroaching roots. While it may be tempting to adopt a self help approach and simply get on with a solution to remove the nuisance, problems can arise.

In order to prove nuisance the plaintiff has to prove certain issues. These are summarised at [223] in Wallace v. Joughin 2014 BCPC 73.

Nuisance requires the following elements and considerations to be applied:• Substantial and unreasonable

interference which affects the use or enjoyment of property;

• Substantial and serious interference of such a nature that it should be an actionable wrong;

• The interference must be

viewed with regard to its nature, duration and effect;

• Subjective complaints must be viewed in the context of the objective standard of the average reasonable area resident to guard against those with abnormal sensitivity or unreasonable expectations;

• Nuisance must be determined within context;

• Consideration is to be given to the character of the neighborhood and the utility of the impugned conduct.

In Wallace v. Joughin, self-help was adopted but resulted in trespass, and a long standing dispute was exacerbated when the incorrectly pruned branches were dumped back on the neighbour’s property. The self help approach attracted a fine of $4,000.

By contrast, failure to implement some self help was noted in Yates v. Fedirchuk, 2011 ONSC 5549. Here Neighbour A had installed a swimming pool that was subsequently damaged by the roots of a tree on Neighbour B’s land. Neighbour A sought relief and damages in court. Neighbour B, the defendant, failed to attend and was therefore in default. Neighbour A sought an order requiring Neighbour B’s trees be removed pursuant to the Rules of Civil Procedure.

In reviewing the evidence the Court noted that deciding

cases of nuisance involved “. . . balancing competing rights of landowners.” While there was no doubt that the creation of a swimming pool was “. . . in general accordance with the character of the community and not abnormally sensitive.” the court also chose to consider the general value and role of the Neighbour’s trees in the context of the overall urban forest, the Ottawa Official Community Plan and The Urban Tree Conservation Bylaw.

After reviewing the purpose and intent of these documents the Court concluded that enforcing removal of trees simply to prevent damage to a swimming pool on the next lot might not be reasonable because a) societal values are changing and the role of trees has assumed greater importance, b) the bylaws adopted reflect the City’s intent and place heightened importance on effective tree retention in the Ottawa region, and c) the Court did not wish to usurp the City’s role in managing the tree resource.

The issue of self help arises because the Court noted that the pool owner could have installed root barriers at the same time

as the pool was installed, but did not. In effect the Court noted that “. . . the failure by a plaintiff to take foreseeable and reasonable selfhelp remedies should be recognized as a factor in determining both the occurrence of a nuisance and the extent of damages the defendant is responsible for.” Further, it was noted that “the defendant is truly the innocent party in this scenario. She had neither the knowledge of the potential problem nor an opportunity to consider a less expensive alternative to the removal of her trees.”

The Court ruled that the plaintiff should have attempted a self help approach first of all by installing root barriers that would have prevented the damage from occurring later on. The plaintiff was given the opportunity to “. . .present further evidence both regarding the practicability of root barriers at the time she altered the use of her land and the lack of foreseeability of damage to her pool caused by the roots of the neighbour’s trees.”

The outcome of that option is not known at this time.

Not only does this case suggest that self help could have been an option, it also implies that self help should have been adopted because the damage from tree roots was a foreseeable event, and had it been adopted the damage to the swimming pool might have been avoided. Moreover, the refusal to grant approval to force removal of the offending trees, because they played a more important role as a part of the larger urban forest, provides an interesting reflection of changing societal attitudes towards tree in urban areas. Whether or not it will be adopted in other tree cases remains to be seen.

Julian Dunster is not a lawyer and the above should not be construed as legal advice. If you have an issue requiring legal advice please consult a lawyer. Additional case law can be found in the book Arboriculture and the Law in Canada. Copies are available from Julian Dunster. [email protected] www.dunster.ca Julian Dunster also maintains an extensive data base of Canadian case law involving trees. Please contact him for more information.

Tree nuisance and self help

Dunster & Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd.

Dr. Julian A. Dunster R.P.F., M.C.I.P. ISA Certified ArboristASCA Registered Consulting Arborist

Tree Risk Assessor # 1Honourary Life Member ISA and PNWISA

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The concept of self help refers to an individual taking action to enforce their perceived rights without resorting to legal channels or other possible authority.

The concept of self help refers to an individual taking action to enforce their perceived rights without resorting to legal channels or other possible authority.


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The use of cranes for tree removal has been going on for many years and almost certainly will be on the rise due to the Emerald Ash Borer infestation.

This pest has caused a sudden and dramatic acceleration in green ash mortality and is likely going to increase the use of cranes for tree removals in Eastern Canada. We are learning that trees killed from EAB lose stability more quickly than normal. This loss of stability occurs in a season or two after death and due to the high volume of dead ash trees they often stand dead several seasons before removal. The longer a dead tree stands the more unstable it becomes. In some cases when these unstable dead trees require rigging for removal, the forces from normal rigging could stimulate whole tree failure. This makes the use of cranes for removing these very large dead trees a wise choice.

I’m seeing an increase in requests for information about using cranes for tree removal. Arborists and managers are looking for help to understand what is considered safe or best practices when it comes to crane assisted tree removal. This has prompted me to devote my next series of articles to this interesting and sometimes controversial topic. Cranes can be an efficient and safe way to remove a tree. There are some things to be aware of when it comes to working with cranes to remove trees; there are methods and best practices specific to crane assisted tree removal.

In all parts of Canada cranes must be operated by a qualified individual. Crane operators are responsible for meeting the legal requirements for using the crane and they provide important information about load capacity. Clear and accurate communication between the crane operator and the person cutting is very important. There are various standardized hand signals used for communication and these should be reviewed with all crew members for clarity. Radios are also an excellent addition to the communication process.

Crane assisted tree removal is all about energy conservation. You want to manage how potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and other forms. There are three main factors that help conserve energy:1. Loads

2. Attachments

3. Release The load capacity of the crane must exceed the estimated load of the tree part. The tree part must be attached in such a

way that it will not drop, swing or sway suddenly when released and the tree part must be cut using techniques that accommodate controlled transfer of the load from the tree to the crane.

A unique aspect of removing trees with cranes is estimating the load. Most loads lifted by cranes are engineered structures and the weight is known, whereas the loads of tree parts are unknown and must be estimated. The amount a load weighs is required information so the crane operator can determine that the crane has enough lifting capacity to lift, hold and move the load. The capacity of a crane to lift and hold a load reduces as the end of the boom moves away from the base of the boom. This is why crane operators generally set-up as close to the tree as possible in order to maximize lifting potential. If a tree is hard to reach it will require a very large crane, because of the distance of reach needed to access the tree. The larger the crane, the higher the load capacity and the further the reach.

The weight of a tree part is estimated prior to cutting and once a piece is cut from the tree it must be within the lifting capacity of the crane or failure will result. Green log weight charts are great tools for helping to estimate the weight of wood. Most charts or guides list the weight of a one foot section of wood of various diameters and species. The length and average diameter of the wood is estimated or measured and this information is used to calculate and estimate the weight. Weights of branches are more difficult to calculate due to leaves and tapered limbs. Log weight charts are not branch weight charts. To my knowledge branch weight charts that factor in foliage and taper are not readily available. The weight of foliage is often underestimated and can lead to overloads. The most common method for using log weight charts to estimate the weight of tapered limbs or branches with foliage is to use the diameter at the base of the branch and apply this diameter to the full length of the branch (disregarding taper) to estimate the load.

This load information is very important and with practice estimates get very close to actual weights. Most cranes have a scale built into the system and once the piece is fully suspended the cranes scale will display the actual load. Often this estimating becomes a matter of pride and wagers are often made as to who can most accurately estimate the loads.

Due to the variability of wood and moisture content a safety factor is often

applied. A safety factor of 50 per cent would mean that the load could go up to 50 per cent of the load capacity given by the crane operator. For instance, if the load is estimated to be 4300 lbs, then the crane capacity should be at 8600 lbs. Using a

safety factor helps account for unknown variables and potential dynamic loads.

Dynamic loads for the most part are associated with masses undergoing changes in motion and are also referred to as shock load. When working with cranes it is

Crane assisted tree removal

Clear and accurate communication between the crane operator and the person cutting is very important.

Crane operators generally set-up as close to the tree as possible, in order to maximize lifting potential. If a tree is hard to reach, it will require a very large crane because of the distance of reach needed to access the tree.


important not to shock or overload the crane. How loads are attached to the crane and how the load is released are factors that influence whether there will be a shock load or not. Branches are attached to the hook using slings; multiple slings can be used to balance the load. Every attempt should be made to avoid a drop, swing or sway resulting in dangerous dynamic load to the crane.

Cutting techniques that allow a piece to be released with control are recommended. A miss-match technique is a good choice and there are others. It is best when cuts can be completed allowing the worker to vacate the cutting area prior to the load being released and transferred from the tree to the crane. The release of the piece is often done by using a tag line attached to the load. Tag lines are important and should be used as standard operating procedure.

The synthesis of load estimation, sling attachments and cutting techniques is the art of crane assisted tree removal. There are many techniques that incorporate these three points, and in all cases the focus should be on energy conservation. This three-pronged strategy can be used to avoid shock loading. Pre-loading based on load estimate, how the load is attached to the hook and finally how the load is cut and released. Loads are pre-loaded to avoid a sudden drop when branches are cut using techniques that allow the load to be supported until the branch can be released with the use of a tag line. A tree part should ‘float’ away from the cuts with little to no movement to the crane. Regardless of type or style of crane used these are the important factors to consider: loads, attachment and release.

There are several unique aspects to crane assisted tree removal and some are controversial. One example is to use the crane to place a worker into the tree. When trees are badly decayed and structurally weak it may be safest to use the crane to place a climber into the tree. There are methods developed that are accepted by some crane operators and jurisdictions, however not all crane operators or codes allow this practice and this is where the controversy arises. In my next article I plan to look at this practice, explain the technique and discuss rationales.

Green log weight charts are great tools for helping to estimate the weight of wood.

Most cranes have a scale built into the system and once the piece is fully suspended the cranes scale will display the actual load.

Tag lines are important and should be used as standard operating procedure.

A tree part should ‘float’ away from the cuts with little to no movement to the crane.

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ACCIDENT REPORTS

Fatalities in Ont., B.C.Ontario accidents

Ontario reported two fatalities, four critical injuries and several non-critical events in the last quarter of 2014.

• On Oct. 24, when cutting limbs from a tree, a worker wearing a fall protection system fell 45 to 50’. The worker did not survive the fall. The cause of death has not been released.

• On Dec. 16, during tree cutting, a worker was struck in the head with a limb. The worker did not survive.

The critical injuries include:

• On Oct. 31, a worker pruning trees on the side of a road was found unconscious by a co-worker.

• On Nov. 21, two employees were cutting down a tree. One stepped away from the tree, tripped on some branches, fell and was struck on the leg by the falling tree.

• On Dec. 5, a tree limb being taken down by ropes hit the worker in the face in a sling-shot fashion.

Non-critical injuries include:

• On Oct. 2, a worker was using a chain saw to cut up a tree already on the ground. The worker suffered cuts to a leg.

• On Oct. 15, two workers were trimming trees when one worker cut the other with a chain saw. The other worker sustained a laceration.

• On Nov. 4, a worker who was wearing a safety harness while trimming trees was struck by a branch that swung around and hit the worker in the head.

• On Nov. 4, a worker was using a gas trimmer to trim trees and bushes. The worker reached out for control of the trimmer, grabbed the trimmer close to the blade, suffering cuts to the hand and fingers.

• On Nov. 21, a worker wearing a harness and safety rope was cutting a branch. The worker fell while trying to re-adjust to cut the rest of the branch.

• On Dec. 4, a worker was strapping a tree when the tree dropped down a few feet and pinned the worker for a brief period. The worker sustained back and leg injuries.

• On Oct. 27 two workers were cutting down trees in a private residence when the chainsaw kicked back and caught one of the workers in the leg.

British Columbia accidents

• In Sept. 2014, a recently certified worker was fatally injured while trying to fall four limb-tied trees. The faller lost control of all four trees, with all of them falling towards the faller (opposite to the intended direction).

• A certified manual faller was bucking a blowdown tree on steep ground. When the faller cut off the top section of the tree, the root wad section shifted and pinned the faller to the ground.

• In Nov. 2014, a worker received a soft tissue injury to the head when the worker was manually tree falling and moving away from the base of a falling tree. The certified manual faller was struck on the head by the top of a small (seven inch diameter) danger tree.

• In Oct. 2014, a certified faller sustained a fractured vertebra. The worker lost control of a tree. The tree hit another worker, who was repairing a chainsaw within the work area.

• In Sept. 2014, a tree worker in the public sector received a fractured leg when struck by a windfall tree. The worker was preparing to fall a danger tree when struck.

United States accidents

• A 21-year old worker was fatally injured in Claysburg, PA, USA in June 2014. The tree service company was charged in December after the incident was investigated with “willfully putting the employee and others at risk by using a UTV on a slope exceeding the 15-degree limit permitted by the UTV manufacturer.” At the time of the incident, the vehicle was operating on a 20-degree hill, which allowed it to roll over and fatally injure the employee. As a result, the company was cited for one willful violation under the Occupational Safety and Health Act’s general duty clause and was placed in OSHA’s Severe Violator Enforcement Program. A willful violation is “one committed with intentional, knowing or voluntary disregard for the law’s requirement.”

At the time of writing, the company is still within the time limits allowed to appeal this decision. However, OSHA’s formal statement says, “This tragedy could have been prevented by simply complying with the manufacturer’s instructions.” They included identification of a previous incident with a UTV rollover in central Pennsylvania, in July 2012. The company acknowledged the UTV’s slope limitations and the hazardous conditions associated with operating the vehicle on rugged terrain.

The proposed penalty is $70,000

• A tree service fatality in Florida, in May, has resulted in $41,000 in charges for willful and serious misconduct.

A 39-year-old tree trimmer was killed when the mechanical arm supporting the bucket of an aerial lift suddenly collapsed, striking the cab of the truck and ejecting the worker onto the pavement. The employee was topping off a tree at a residence. The formal statement from OSHA states, “This tragedy could have been prevented if the employer followed proper safety procedures by performing the mandatory service and maintenance to the aerial lift. The only difference between a safe and unsafe act is the level of importance an employer places on doing what is right.” Citations included: failure to ensure the worker in the aerial lift had a body belt with a lanyard attached to the boom or the basket, failure to take an aerial lift out of service that had a frayed cable that had not been rebuilt in 15 years and to mark lift controls properly, workers were allowed to use chain saws without eye protection, the employer did not ensure employees, working in an area where tree limbs were cut, wore head protection.

Forests and green spaces have a positive effect on people’s health The urban forest is increasingly being recognized for its ben-efits to public health and wellbeing. As a result, more cities in North America are including green spaces in their community health policies and promoting trees in their climate-change agendas.

The International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) credits partnerships between medical professionals and tree experts for making headway on today’s global health-challenges, including obesity, heart disease and nutrition.

“Research shows that the presence of trees in a community can encourage people to be more physi-cally active in addition to affecting their attitudes and behaviors,” says Jim Skiera, Executive Director of ISA. “We are just beginning to establish relationships be-tween public health experts and urban forestry, but we know much more about the positive link between health and nature than we did 10 years ago, so there has been tremendous progress.“

Currently, tree experts are working with the World Health Organization to develop guidelines for improving human access to green space in urban areas. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals also include making more green space available, especially for young people and the elderly.

“In Canada, urban foresters have been part of a policy to fight skin cancer and in Sweden, a regional government has partnered with a university to treat people with burnout in therapeutic gardens,” says Dr. Cecil Konijnendijk, a noted expert on urban forestry and urban greening in the depart-ment of landscape architecture, planning and management at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. “A colleague of mine in the Netherlands has partnered with a health insurance company for a program to take people out on nature walks to help alleviate stress.”

Among the ways trees improve public health:

• 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants from the environment each year. (Courtesy: USDA)

• Neighborhoods with trees experience fewer incidents of domestic violence and are safer and more sociable. (Courtesy: USDA)

• People who use public parks and open spaces are three times more likely to reach recommended levels of physical activity than those who don’t participate. (Courtesy: NIH)

For more information on the health benefits of trees, visit www.treesaregood.org.

RESEARCH

“We know much more about the positive link between health and nature than we did 10 years ago, so there has been tremendous progress.“


NEW PRODUCTS & INFORMATION

New version of Lofteness Kwik-TrimLoftness Specialized Equipment has released a new version of its Kwik-Trim compact mechanical tree trimmer for right-of-way maintenance work. Featuring an upgraded chassis and powertrain, the new unit offers more horsepower, increased stability and easier maintenance than the previous model.

Despite the increases in size and weight, the unit is still compact enough to access tight jobsites and light enough to be towed behind a pickup, unlike large-scale mechanical trimmers, which typically require semi trucks with specialized trailers.

Other new features include easier access to hydraulic components, in which the operator is no longer required to tilt the cab. Furthermore, the winch has been moved to a more convenient location at the front center of the machine. The winch now has its own hydraulic circuit, so it is ready to be operated from inside the cab whenever needed.For more information on Loftness’ complete product line, contact Loftness Specialized Equipment, P.O. Box 337, Hector, MN 55342, call 800-828-7624 (U.S. and Canada) or 320-848-6266 (international), email [email protected], or visit www.loftness.com.

Go anywhere option from RaycoRayco’s RG35 Super Jr is now available with 4-wheel drive. The 4x4 option is available as an option on new machines and as a retro-fit kit for older RG35 Super Jr’s. The popular RG35 is now more capable on challenging terrain, with better traction for climbing slopes and chip piles. All RG35’s feature a 35hp Vanguard engine and swing-out controls that offer better visibility while cutting and swing in-line for travel through gates. Other features include wide, bar-tread floatation tires, hydraulic backfill blade, and best-in-class 51-inch cutting width.

For more information on the RG35 or any other RAYCO products, visit www.raycomfg.com or call 1-800-392-2686.

Heavy duty ATC from ProgressProgress Rail Services, a Caterpillar Company, has introduced the All Terrain Carrier, a 18,000 lb, 127 HP unit capable of supporting various attachments., and designed to access extreme off-road areas on utility, railroad and highway right of ways.For more information: www.progressrail.com

The new version of the Loftness Kwik-Trim is still small enough to be

trailered behind a pickup.


www.craneandhoistcanada.comTo subscribe by phone call 1-800-661-0368

The Voice of Canada'sHeavy Lifting Industry

6 issues

from $36per year

Great Careers ...Great Jobs.

Immediate Positions for Tree trimmers and Foremen, Utility Line Clearing and Residential/Commercial Arborists

Positions available in most areas across Canada

Davey Representatives & Contacts:

BC & AB Residential Tree Care John Arico [email protected], Vancouver, Victoria, Edmonton & Calgary

AB, BC, SK Utility & Line ClearingMark Turnbull

[email protected]

Ontario Residential Tree Care & Utility Line Clearing Mike Lenarcic, 905-818-3566 [email protected] London, Kitchener, Hamilton, Mississauga, Toronto, Muskoka, Ottawa, Niagara

The Davey Tree Expert Co. of Canada, Ltd.Ancaster, ON and Nanaimo, BC

An Equal opportunity Employer

Visit www.daveytree.ca

EVENTS

FEBRUARY 2015

Feb 15-21: New Orleans, USA

International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Annual Convention

www.isanet.org

Feb 18-20: Windsor, ON

ISA Ontario Conference & Trade Show

www.isaontario.com

MARCH 2015

Mar 9-12: Victoria, BC

Western Canada Turfgrass Association Conference and Trade Show

http://wcta-online.com

NOVEMBER 2015

Nov 12-14: Pittsburgh, USA

Tree Care Industry (TCI) Expo

http://tcia.org/events

NEW PRODUCTS

To find out more about this exciting new industry magazine go to www.servicetruckmagazine.com

or contactNick Moss, Marketing Manager, Office: 250-478-1981

[email protected]

Introducing a new magazine focussed on service truck owners, operators, man-agers and manufacturers across the US and Canada. NEW

Source for information on Geo-Boy Brush CuttersJarraff Industries has launched a new comprehensive website for the Geo-Boy Brush Cutter Tractor. The site offers helpful information including technical specifications for the 4-Wheel Drive and Low Ground Pressure models.

The website also showcases the versatility of the brush cutter through the Applications section, where users can learn about specific brush cutting applications.

The Geo-Boy Brush Cutter Tractor has the ability to lift the cutter head approximately 11 feet high and can quickly and effectively clear brush and trees up to 12 inches in diameter. With two tier III engine options, 220 hp and 260 hp, the Geo-Boy is more powerful, maneuverable and fuel efficient than other brush cutters in its class. The Geo-Boy is ROPS and FOPS certified.The new website can be found at: www.geo-boy.com


OPERATOR SAFETY ›› The Next Level

Be Safe. Get ChipSafe TM.

When preparing to use a brush chipper equipped with the ChipSafe device, operators must wear ChipSafe work gloves on their hands and straps on their ankles, or ChipSafe straps on both their wrists and ankles.

The ChipSafe Operator Safety Shield is mounted directly to the sides of the infeed chute of a Morbark brush chipper.

If, while feeding the brush chipper, the operator’s hands or feet enter the defined ChipSafe sensing zone, sensors in the plates send a signal to interrupt the chipper’s feeding mechanism, protecting the operator from possible injury.

By simply swiping a ChipSafe gloved hand or strap across the reset box, the operator is able to reactivate the feeding mechanism with little or no disruption in productivity.

Introducing the ChipSafe™ Operator Safety Shield — the latest operator safety innovation for Morbark® Beever™ brush chippers.

Learn more about how the ChipSafe Operator Safety Shield can help protect you and your workers, and see it in action at www.morbark.com/getchipsafe.

Morbark and our network of authorized tree care dealers are committed to chipper operator safety and ongoing training. After several years of research, development and testing, we see the introduction of the patented ChipSafe Operator Safety Shield as a true testament to this commitment. Here’s how it works:


You Deserve the Best.There are thousands of reasons why professionals all around the world turn to Bandit for chipping and grinding equipment. Rugged construction.Custom-built machinery. Excellent fuel economy. Exceptional performance. These are just a few reasons, but there’s one reason that trumps them all. When you buy a Bandit, it’s not just another purchase. It’s an investment. An investment into your company. Your livelihood. Your future. For 30 years, companies large and small have trusted Bandit to build the equipment they need. So shall it be for 30 more.There’s no reason why you shouldn’t own a Bandit... so what are you waiting for?

Invest in your future today—invest in a Bandit.

MODEL 990XP

VISIT YOUR NEAREST AUTHORIZED DEALER LOCATION

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As we look back on 30 years of success, we are extremely grateful to all the hard working professionals in the tree care industry that have made us the company we are today. the first Bandit chipper was built in 1983 by just six people in a small mid-Michigan shop; today that shop is part of 240,000 square feet of manufacturing space, staffed by a workforce of over 400 to produce nearly 50 different innovative wood processing machines sold all around the world.

We’ve stayed close to the professionals who use our equipment, asking for your input to make these machines even better. as a result you’ve helped us grow through the years, from hand-fed chippers to whole tree chippers, horizontal grinders, stump grinders, forestry mowers, and the expansion continues for 2013.

We couldn’t be more proud of this industry and the dedicated people who show up every day to suit up, rope in, climb, cut, chip, and grind – then get up early the next morning to do it all again. it’s a tough job, and we thank you for trusting us to help you do it. From everyone at Bandit industries, thank you for 30 great years. trust us when we say the best is yet to come.

30 years OFINNOVATION...

Made possible by partners like you.

Model 2250HYDROSTATIC DRIVE

STUMP GRINDER

NORTHLAND CHIPPER SALES, LTD.#104 - 20551 LANGLEY BYPASS

LANGLEY, BC V3A 3E8PH: 1-800-665-2447

ARBORIST SUPPLY CO.2222 33 AVE SW

CALGARY, AB T3Z 3N4PH: 1-888-240-3993

HEPBURN ENTERPRISES INC.7945 WILKES AVE

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WWW.HEPBURNENTERPRISES.COM

POWERTECH240 RODOLPHE BESNER- UNIT 40VAUDREUIL-DORION, QC J7V 8P2

PH: 1-888-892-7777

MODEL 2250

Bandit Builds your Bottom Line.

www.banditchippers.com | 1.800.952.0178 | Remus, MI - USA

Documents

Tree Service Canada #31 Spring 2015