TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE … · 2010-11-20 · TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER BY IRRIGATION By J.H. Smith and C.W. Haydenl

TREATMENT ANDDISPOSAL OFSUGARBEETPROCESSINGWASTE WATERBY IRRIGATION

UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE

CONSERVATIONRESEARCH REPORTNUMBER 25

PREPARED BYSCIENCE ANDEDUCATIONADMINISTRATION

-14 S-2-) 1In

CRR 25080

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II\

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ABSTRACT

Irrigation with sugarbeet processing wastewater was studied at three locations for 2 or 3years where perennial grass and alfalfa wereirrigated by flooding specially graded fields.Experimental sites were scheduled forirrigation at intervals of 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Thisschedule was maintained for the first year untilthe weekly irrigated plots were discontinuedbecause of excessive loading. Waste water wassampled twice weekly from the sugar factories,and water samples were extracted from the soilat depths of from 15 to 150 cm each time thefields were irrigated. All water samples wereanalyzed for chemical oxygen demand, totalnitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, electricalconductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium,sodium absorption ratio, pH, chlorine, sulfate,and bicarbonate. Soil and plants were alsoanalyzed for selected constituents. Napplications to the experimental plots rangedfrom 280 to 4200 kg/ha and, on the fields, from277 to 1425 kg/ha. P applications ranged from 5to 50 kg/ha on the experimental plots and from11 to 43 kg/ha on the fields. K applicationsranged from 195 to 6350 kg/ha on theexperimental plots and from 490 to 3410 kg/ha

on the fields. Water applications ranged from 28to 201 cm/year, and COD applications rangedfrom 8 to 140 metric tons/ha. COD reduction inthe waste water at Twin Falls averaged 48percent in winter and 98 percent in summer; atRupert, it averaged 84 percent in winter and 98percent in summer; and at Nampa, it averaged75 percent in winter and 88 percent in summer.Nitrates found in water samples extracted from150 cm in the soil were mostly below 10 parts permillion N with a few samples higher. Irrigationwith sugarbeet processing waste water workswell in the field.

KEYWORDS: Chemical oxygen demand,nitrate, phosphorus, potas-sium, calcium, magnesium,sodium, sodium absorptionratio, electrical conductivity,pH, pollution control, wastewater irrigation.

CONTENTSPage

Glossary Introduction Methods and materialsResults and discussion

Waste effluent analysis and application Chemical oxygen demand in waste water

extracted from the treatment field Nitrogen in waste water and in extracted waste water

samples Phosphorus and potassium in waste water and

extracted soil waterElectrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium,

sodium absorption ratios, and pHChlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonatesComposition of harvested hay Soil analysis 9

Summary 9Literature cited 10Appendix 12

iv1

2 2

2and in water

5

5

6sodium, 7

in water samples 88

Issued September 1980

GLOSSARY

Anerobiosis ... Without air or without oxygen.Anions ... Negatively charged ions.Cation exchange capacity ... The sum total of

exchangeable cations (positively charged ions)that a soil can absorb.

Clay-size fraction ... A soil separate consistingof particles less than 0.002 mm diameter.

Dentrification ... The biochemical reduction ofnitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen either asmolecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.

Electrical conductivity . . . The measurementof a solution's capacity to conduct electricity.In soils and water, the electrical conductivity isa measurement of the total concentration ofsoluble salts.

Flood irrigation ... Irrigating soils by means ofsurface application of water in furrows orbasins.

Graded fields . . . Fields that have beenmechanically smoothed to a particular grade orslope.

Land disposal ... Disposing of waste materialson land.

Leaching . . . The removal of materials insolution from the soil.

Loading . . . The amount of organic matter,water, and nutrients applied to land in wastewater. See Nutrient loading.

Nutrient loading . . . The amount of plantnutrients applied to soil in wastes, either solidor liquid.

Oxygen demand . . . The oxygen required tochemically or biologically oxidize a particularmaterial.

Particle size analysis ... Determination of thevarious amounts of the different separates in asoil sample.

Primary treatment . . . The first treatment ofwaste water, which usually consists of settlingor screening out particulate material.

Processing plant waste effluent . . . Wastewater discharged from a food processing plant.

Saline . . . A nonsodic (nonsodium) soilcontaining sufficient soluble salts to impair itsproductivity.

Secondary treatment ... Additional treatmentof primary treated waste water to removedissolved organic constituents, usually bybiological oxidation.

Steffen's waste . . . The filtrate obtained fromthe precipitation of calcium sucrate in theSteffen process of recovering sugar fromsugarbeet molasses.

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) . . . Thenitrogen content of a material that is analyzedby a Kjeldahl method.

iv

TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OFSUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE

WATER BY IRRIGATIONBy J.H. Smith and C.W. Hayden l

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, irrigating agricultural landwith waste water has increased until it is now amajor method of waste water management.This method of waste water utilization hasreplaced much of the discharge to streams andconventional treatment in primary andsecondary waste treatment systems for foodprocessing waste water (4,5, 10, 13,14,15, 17,20,32).2 Most food processing waste water can beused for irrigating agricultural land because itseldom contains toxic constituents. Cropsgrown on the land remove part of the plantnutrients supplied by the waste water and canbe fed to livestock(1, 2).

Considerable data have been published onwaste water irrigation in recent years, andseveral food processing waste waters have beenevaluated for irrigation use. Smith andassociates published nutrient contents of potatoprocessing waste water (23, 25), water loading,organic loading, reduction of chemical oxygendemand (COD) and nitrates in soil (22, 27),denitrification in potato processing wastetreatment fields (24, 26), and decomposition insoils of cooking oils used in potato processing(21).

De Haan and associates (6, 7) reportedresearch results from The Netherlands on land

1 Soil scientist and biological technician (soils), SnakeRiver Conservation Research Center, Kimberly, Idaho83341.

2 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited,p. 10.

disposal of potato starch waste water. Theyconcluded that the system works well, thatoxygen demand and the chemical constituentsexcept potassium were satisfactorily removed atmoderate applications as waste water passedthrough the soil, and that using waste water forirrigation could economically benefit thefarmers.

Nutrient concentrations in waste water and,in some cases, feasibility for irrigation use havebeen evaluated for several food processingwaste waters: cannery wastes (9, 19), citruswastes (12), vegetable wastes (16, 28, 29, 30),fruit processing wastes (18,28, 29,32), and grainwastes (29). For the most part, these wastewaters can be used for irrigating agriculturalland with a minimum of problems.

Sugarbeet processors discharge largevolumes of waste water that contain relativelylow concentrations of organic matter,suspended solids, and various inorganicnutrients. Large amounts of nitrogen andorganic matter can be applied to the fieldsbecause they are irrigated with large volumes ofthese waste waters.

The objectives of this paper are to summarizedata for (1) flood irrigation with sugarbeetprocessing waste water; (2) loading withnutrients and organic matter; and (3) watercleanup through soil filtration andmicrobiological activity to evaluate someaspects of nutrient utilization to considersalinity and specific ions, and to discussfeasibility of continued irrigation withsugarbeet processing waste water.

2 CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORT 25, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

METHODS AND MATERIALS

This study was conducted at threeAmalgamated Sugar Company plants locatedat Twin Falls, Rupert, and Nampa, Idaho,where the waste water is used to irrigate croppedfields. The waste water irrigation fields at thethree plants were all designed and prepared forwaste water irrigation by leveling to rigidspecifications and diking the fields to preventrunoff. A slight grade was designed into eachfield to facilitate surface irrigation. The fieldswere seeded to a mixture of orchard grass(Dactylis glomerata) and alfalfa (Medicagosativa), which was harvested for hay during thesummer. Waste water was sampled at eachsugarbeet processing plant twice weekly duringthe beet processing season. An automaticsampler delivered waste water into a freezer atdesignated intervals, where it was frozen in aplastic container for storage until it could beanalyzed in the laboratory (8). At the Nampasugarbeet processing plant, a water meter wasused to actuate the sampler at preset volumes ofwater, sampling the waste water in proportionto the volume passing through the meter.

Waste water irrigations were scheduled atintervals of 1, 2, and 4 weeks at the Twin Fallsand Rupert plants and at 2 and 4 weeks at theNampa plant. The weekly irrigations werecontinued until January 1977 when they werestopped because of severe overloading of theplots. Soil water was sampled after eachirrigation, using 3.8-cm-diameter, polyvinyl-chloride sampling tubes with porous ceramiccups cemented to one end. The sampling tubeswere inserted vertically into the soil to depths of15, 3q, 60, 90, 120, and 150 cm at each samplingsite. When taking samples, approximately 0.7-

bar suction was applied to the tubes for about 48hours. The extracted water was pumped into asuction flask, transferred to a plastic bottle, andtaken to the laboratory for refrigerated storageuntil it was analyzed. Not every tube yielded awater sample at every sampling.

The water samples were analyzed for CODaccording to "Standard Methods _ for theExamination of Water and Waste Water" (3).Nitrate-nitrogen was determined with a nitrate-specific ion electrode. Total nitrogen wasdetermined by a Kjeldahl procedure, modifiedby substituting copper for the mercury catalyst(2): Total phosphorus was determined bypersulfate oxidation (31) and potassium, byflame photometry. Water applications to thefields were measured by the field operatorsusing watermeters. Processing plant wasteeffluents, water samples extracted withextraction tubes, and saturated soil extractswere also analyzed for sodium by flamephotometry. Calcium and magnesium wereanalyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry;chloride, by silver titration; sulfate, byprecipitation as barium sulfate and read on aspectrophotometer; total dissolved salts, byelectrical conductivity; and pH was taken. Soilssampled annually were analyzed for the aboveconstituents by the methods listed above and fortotal organic matter by wet digestion. The firstsoil samples were analyzed for cation exchangecapacity (CEC) and particle-size distributionfrom each sampling depth (table 1).

Plant samples were analyzed for NO 3-, totalN, P, and K as indicated above for watersamples after appropriate digestion orextraction.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Waste Effluent Analysisand Application

Waste water applications at the fields wereinitially at planned rates of 10 cm per irrigationand scheduled at 1-, 2-, or 4-week intervals. Afterthe first irrigation season, we determined thatthe weekly irrigation was excessive and woulddamage the fields; therefore, the weekly

application was eliminated, and these plotswere thereafter irrigated at the schedule ofwaste water application to the entire field area.Schedules A, B, and C corresponded to theirrigation intervals of 1, 2, and 4 weeks, and theD schedule was as needed to dispose of the wastewater on the remainder of the field.Applications varied from 28 to 169 cm per yearat Twin Falls and Rupert and from 114 to 201 cmper year at Nampa for 2 years.

TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER 3TABLE 1.-Particle-size distribution and soil types at sugarbeet

processing waste water treatment fields

Location(plot No.) Soil depth Clay Sand Silt Soil type

Cm --- Percent-----

TWIN FALLS(A) 0-15 23.2 20.3 56.5 Silt loam.

15-30 22.7 21.3 56.0 Do.30-60 23.2 14.8 62.0 Do.60.90 17.8 18.2 64.0 Do.

90-120 10.2 21.3 68.5 Do.120.150 10.2 22.8 67.0 Do.

(B) 0-15 20.4 19.1 60.5 Do.15-30 22.3 21.6 56.1 Do.30-60 22.8 20.7 56.5 Do.60.90 16.3 17.2 66.5 Do.

90. 120 11.8 19.7 68.5 Do.120-150 11.7 22.8 65.5 Do.

(C) 0-15 22.9 19.6 57.5 Do.15.30 22.3 19.7 58.0 Do.30-60 23.8 18.7 58.0 Do.60-90 20.4 16.8 62.8 Do.

90-120 12.7 17.8 69.5 Do.120.150 10.2 19.8 70.0 Do.

RUPERT(A) 0-15 15.8 59.5 24.7 Sandy loam.

/5.30 16.8 57.3 25.9 Do.30-60 24.8 44.8 30.4 Loam.60-90 26.8 35.6 37.6 Loam/clay loam.

90-120 18.2 35.6 46.2 Loam.120-150 10.7 53.1 36.2 Sandy loam.

(B) 0-15 14.9 63.1 24.7 Do.15-30 15.4 63.6 25.9 Do.30-60 21.8 48.6 30.4 Loam.60.90 15.7 58.6 37.6 Sandy loam.90-120 24.8 16.6 46.2 Silt loam.120-150 22.7 29.6 36.2 Loam/silt loam.

(C) 0-15 16.9 55.6 27.5 Sandy loam.15.30 17.4 54.9 27.7 Do.30-60 22.4 44.6 33.0 Loam.60-90 19.3 55.1 25.6 Sandy loam.90420 15.8 34.7 49.5 Loam/silt loam.120.150 18.2 34.3 47.5 Loam.

NAMPA(B) 0-15 28.8 29.6 41.6 Clay loam/loam.

15-30 19.2 33.2 47.6 Loam.30.60 17.4 36.4 46.2 Do.60-90 21.2 39.8 49.0 Do.

90-120 12.2 53.8 34.0 Sandy loam.120-150 10.2 51.8 38.0 Sandy loam/loam.

(C) 0-15 15.2 43.8 41.0 Loam.15-30 18.2 41.8 40.0 Do.30-60 14.2 51.8 34.0 Sandy loam/loam.60-90 12.6 54.0 33.4 Sandy loam.

90-120 9.4 58.4 32.2 Do.120-150 9.6 50.0 40.4 Loam.


The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), andpotassium (K) applications during threesugarbeet processing seasons, as averaged forthe processing seasons, are reported in table 2.N is primarily organic with the mean nitrate•Nconcentration of 0.6 mg/L. Total Kjeldahl N

varied widely at the three processing plantwaste water irrigation fields. At Twin Falls,maximum applied N was 682; minimum, 15; andmean, 133 mg/L. At Rupert, maximum N was135;minimum, 7; and mean, 71 mg/L. AtNampa, maximum N was 54; minimum, 10; and

TABLE 2.—Annual waste water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium applications on fields irrigated with sugarbeetprocessing waste water

[Dashes indicate no data]

Location(irrigationschedule')

Waterapplied COD Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Cm Tons/ha

TWIN FALLS155 139.5 4200

34 2820

74 27.6 776

19 178090 24.2 569

15 1545

87

48.6

1582

13 100583

31.1

864

21 1855138

37.8

980

28 2535

48

22.3 860 7 63063

24.9 672 19 1415106

20.6 738 23 1700

42 17.1 555

14 1095169 46.9 1425

43 3405

RUPERT109 60.6 1150

16 430

113 20.3 745

28 127528 8.1 370

13 490

48 28.0 570 8 19582 14.4 525 20 89528 8.1 370 13 490

15.1 335 5 130

7.9

280 11 470

50

10.0 335

11 51028

8.1 370

13 490

NAMPA192 16.3 430

27 5320

201 18.7 630

49 6350

159 13.7 320 20 4055187 18.4 545 50 5960

116 10.4 277 15 3080114 9.7 383 26 3410

1 See text p. 2 for irrigation frequency.2 Represents Processing season.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(B)

(C)

(D)

2843

TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER 5

s,Id

IS

Lt

mean, 35 mg/L in the processing waste water. Pconcentrations were rather low and variedmuch less than N with the mean concentrationsas follows: Twin Falls, 1.9; Rupert, 1.8; andNampa, 1.7 mg P/L. K concentrations were asfollows: Twin Falls, 5.6; Rupert, 3.1; andNampa, 7.2 meq K/L of waste water.

The waste water irrigations all occurredduring the fall, winter, or early sping while thealfalfa or grass was dormant. Summertimeirrigations with canal water for cropmaintenance were made as needed to grow ahay crop.

Chemical Oxygen Demand inWaste Water and in Water

Extracted From the TreatmentField

COD concentrations in the waste watervaried widely with time and locations. At theTwin Falls and Nampa plants, the waste waterwas stored for a short time in ponds before beingpumped to the fields. The storage ponds buffervalue changes in COD concentration by (theadmixture of) a large volume of plant effluents.Early in the first season of operation of thewaste water irrigation system at Twin Falls,concentrated Steffen's waste spilled into thepond. This raised the COD concentration of thepond to over 8000 mg COD/L. In a few weeks,the high COD concentration was diluted out bythe usual lower COD waste water, but largeamounts of COD and other constituents wereapplied to the land when the high concentrationwaste was being distributed to the fields. Theaverage concentration of COD in the Twin Fallswaste water for the second and third processingseasons was approximately 3300 mg/L. At theRupert sugarbeet processing plant waste waterirrigation field, COD concentrations during theprocessing season ranged from 1500 to 5300mg/L and averaged 3300 mg/L for threeprocessing seasons. COD concentrations at theNampa plant were lower than at the other twoplants, ranging from 345 to 2000 mg/L andaveraging 1100 mg/L for two processingseasons (appendix table 1).

COD applications to the waste waterirrigation fields ranged form 7.9 to 139 metrictons/ha-year. The average applications on the

fields outside of the experimental treatmentareas were as follows: Twin Falls, 23; Rupert, 9;and Nampa, 10 metric tons COD/ha-year.These values corresponded to 62, 25, and 24kg/ha-day for the three respective field areascalculated on the basis of 365 days (table 2).

The COD analysis for water samplesextracted from the 150-cm depth in the wastewater irrigation fields were summarized for the2 or 3 years of the experiments (appendix table1). At the Twin Falls waste water irrigationfields, an average of 48 percent COD reductionwas found at the 150-cm depth for the threeprocessing seasons for the 4-week irrigationschedule. The mean waste water COD was 3888and the soil water COD was 2057 mg/L. At theRupert waste water irrigation field, the wastewater COD averaged 3456 and the soil waterCOD 548 mg/L for an average of 84 percentCOD reduction for 3 years. At the Nampa wastewater irrigation field, the waste water averaged1054 and the soil water 268 mg/L for an averageCOD reduction of 75 percent. There was anannual cycle of soil water COD with the highestconcentrations coming during the sugarbeetprocessing season and the lowest values in thesummer.

Soil water analysis for samples taken duringthe summer at the 150-cm depth averaged 97.5,98, and 88 percent COD reduction from theaverage waste water COD concentrationsduring the sugarbeet processing season at theTwin Falls, Rupert, and Nampa plants,respectively.The COD cycle resulted from adecrease in COD application following thesugarbeet processing season and biologicaldecomposition of the added organic materials inthe soil as well as leaching of added organicmaterials. In some areas, the soil is deeper thanthe 150-cm sampling depth, and organicmaterial cleanup by filtration and biologicalactivity will continue as the water infiltrates.This should ultimately produce a clean effluent.

Nitrogen in Waste Water andin Extracted Waste Water Samples

N applications to the general field areasranged from 277 to 1425 kg/ha. Except for the1425-kg application average at Twin Falls, themaximum N application was 555 kg/ha. Theserates can be utilized by growing crops with little


possibility of high nitrate (NO3-) concentrationsin the forage or of pollution of the ground water.The 4-week irrigation schedule in theexperimental plots received similar amounts ofN to that of the general field applications. Thebest practice, therefore, seems to be to irrigatethe fields with waste water at approximately 4-week intervals with the waste water Nconcentrations generally found in the threewaste waters used at the plants with which weworked. Of course, the other experimentaltreatments applied more N and were generallyhigher than was desirable for best practices inwaste water irrigation as determined by Nfertilization.

High total N was found in the waste watersamples from the Twin Falls plant, whichcorresponded to high COD concentrations earlyin the project. The maximum total N was 680mg/L with an average for the processing seasonof 210 and for the three seasons of 132 mg/L.The average total N remaining in the soil waterat the 150-cm depth was 35 mg/L, whichrepresented a decrease of 97 percent in passagethrough 150 cm of soil. At the Rupert plant, nosuch high N concentrations were found. Theaverage for three processing seasons was 75mg/L with an average soil water Nconcentration of 2.4 mg/L. This represented a98-percent decrease in total N with passage ofthe waste water though 150 cm of soil. At theNampa waste water irrigation field, the averagetotal N for two processing seasons was 36 mg/L.The total N in the soil water at 150 cm was 4mg/L, which represented an 88 percent decreasein organic N.

NO3-N in the waste water at the three wastewater irrigation fields was low with less than 1mg/L at the three locations. Organic N isconverted to NO 3 when the organic matter in thewaste water is decomposed. NO 3 concentrationsin the soil water occasionally reached very highconcentrations. The range at the Twin Fallsfield was 0 to 167 mg NIL with an average of 17mg/L of NO3-N. By removing three high NO 3values from the total before averaging theconcentrations, the mean of the remaining 51values was 8.7 mg NO3-NIL. Many of the soilwater samples had a NO 3-N concentrationbelow 1 mg/L. At the Rupert field, NO3concentrations were considerably lower than at

Twin Falls with a range of 0 to 13 mg/L and anaverage concentration of 2.3 mg NO3-N/L. NO3concentrations at the Nampa waste waterirrigation field were intermediate with a rangeof 0 to 30 mg N/L and an average of 7.8 mg NO3-N/L (appendix table 3).

Phosphorus and Potassium inWaste Water and Extracted

Soil Water

P concentrations in the waste water were low,and, consequently, relatively smallapplications of P were made in the waste water.The normal irrigation rates for the three fieldswould apply P at rates too low to maintain thefields at adequate P levels; therefore, soil testsshould be run periodically to determine the needfor additional P fertilizer.

In the sugarbeet processing waste water atthe Twin Falls site, P averaged 1.9 and rangedfrom 0.8 to 4.1 mg/L. At the Rupert site, theaverage P concentration was 1.8 with a range of0.7 to 4.3 mg/L. At the Nampa site, the averageP concentration was 1.7 with a range of 0.3 to 2.9mg/L. The average concentrations, at the 150-cm depth in the soil at the three sites were 0.19,0.12, and 0.62 mg/L for the Twin Falls, Rupert,and Nampa sites, respectively (appendix table4). P concentrations are low enough for there tobe a minimal amount of P leaching through thesoil. The higher concentration of P in the soilwater at the Nampa site compared with theconcentration of P at the other two sitesprobably is associated with soil differences andis not directly related to P concentrations in thewaste water.

K applications on the waste water irrigationfields were high to very high. The lowest Kconcentrations and applications were found atthe Rupert fields with intermediate values atTwin Falls and the highest at Nampa. Generalfield applications of K ranged from 490 to 3410kg/ha. K fertilization of the waste waterirrigation field was higher than will be neededfor any crop being grown; therefore, an excess ofK will accumulate.

K concentration in the waste water at theTwin Falls waste water irrigation fieldaveraged 5.57 and ranged from 1.1 to 13.2meq/L. At the Rupert site, the average was 3.2


and the range was 1.6 to 7.3 meq K/L. At theNampa site, the average was 7.3 and the rangewas 3.2 to 14.8 meq K/L. K concentrations in thesoil water extracted from the 150-cm depth were2.3, 0.21, and 0.21 meq K/L for the Twin Falls,Rupert, and Nampa waste water irrigationfields (appendix table 5). A large amount of K isbeing applied to these waste water irrigationfields and varying amounts are being leachedthrough the soil profile. A K equilibrium willprobably be reached after a few years of wastewater irrigation in which the amount of Kleached from the fields will approximately equalthat which is applied in the waste water.

Electrical Conductivity, Calcium,Magnesium, Sodium, SodiumAbsorption Ratios, and pH

Electrical conductivity (EC) and theassociated salt in the waste water is one of thegeneral concerns about irrigating withsugarbeet processing waste water. Appendixtable 6 gives the EC values for waste water andsoil water extracted from several depths in thewaste water irrigation fields at the threelocations. At the Twin Falls site, EC in thewaste water was 2.6 to 6.8; irrigation water, 0.3,and soil water extracted from 150-cm depth, 0.9to 1.7 in summer and 5.2 mmhos/cm 2 in winterduring the waste water irrigation season. At theRupert site, EC values were as follows: wastewater, 1.6 to 3.2; irrigation water, 0.5; and soilwater, 1 to 3 mmhos/cm2. At the Nampa site, ECvalues were: waste water, 2.2 to 6.2; irrigationwater, 0.8; and soil water 1.6 to 5.1 mmhos/cm 2.

Many of the EC values reported for the wastewater and for the soil water extracted from the150-cm depth are too high for growing crops.The quality of the irrigation water used duringthe growing season in every case was good.Irrigation with waste water is a wintertimeoperation at the three locations, and the saltassociated with waste water is applied in thewinter when the crops living on the fields aredormant. During this time, when little water isutilized by the crops, the high saltconcentrations in the water appear to have littleeffect on the crop. Irrigating with good qualitywater in the spring and during the croppingseason leaches the salt from the root zone and

lowers the EC to acceptable levels for growingthe alfalfa and grass hay.

Calcium (Ca) concentrations in the wastewater and in the soil water extracted fromseveral depths in the soil are reported inappendix table 7. Soluble Ca in the waste wateris fairly high because hydrochloric acid is usedto dissolve accumulated lime from the sirupevaporators between batches as needed. Thespent acid wastes, containing large amounts ofcalcium chloride, are discharged into thesugarbeet flume system from which theoverflow is used for irrigation. Caconcentrations in the waste water at the variouslocations are as follows: Twin Falls: wastewater, 1.8 to 26.4, averaging 9.4; irrigationwater, 2.2; and soil water, 2 to 40 meq/L. Rupert:waste water, 2.7 to 19.6, averaging 5.4;irrigation water, 2.8; and soil water, 3.5 to 19meq/L. Nampa: 3.6 to 16.5, averaging 6.3;irrigation water, 1.8; and soil water, 3.6 to 34.4meq/L. These examples of soil water Caconcentrations were from samples that wereextracted from the 150-cm soil depth. This andseveral other depths are reported in appendixtable 7.

Magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the wastewater and in soil water extracted from severaldepths in the soil are reported in appendix table8. Mg in the waste water originates from twosources: at the Twin Falls factory, the majorsource was the Steffen House waste; at the othertwo locations, impurities were removed from thesugar by ion exchangers. Recharging the ionexchangers with magnesium chloride is thesource of much of the Mg found in the wastes atthe Rupert and Nampa plants, Mgconcentrations in the waste water and soilwater at the various locations are as follows:Twin Falls: waste water, 1.5 to 6.8, averaging4.0; irrigation water 1.4; and soil water at 150-cmdepth, 1.9 to 20.8 meq/L. Rupert: waste water,1.6 to 7.1, averaging 2.8; irrigation water, 1.7;and soil water, 2.2 to 13.7 meq/L. Nampa: wastewater, 4.7 to 18.3, averaging 11.6; irrigationwater, 1.1; and soil water, 2.7 to 26.9, averaging13.6 meq/L.

Sodium (Na) concentrations in the wastewater and the soil water extracted from severaldepths in the soil are reported in appendix table9. Na in these systems is derived from (1) the


sugarbeets being processed, (2) the smallamount in the source water, and (3) the soil. Naconcentrations in the sampled waters at thevarious locations was as follows: Twin Falls:waste water, 5.4 to 14.6, averaging 8.7;irrigation water, 0.7; and soil water 3.2 to 13.4meq/L. Rupert: waste water, 0.9 to 5.8,averaging 2.0; irrigation water, 1.2; and soilwater, 1.8 to 6.0 meq/L. Nampa: waste water, 3.2to 11.2, averaging 6.0; irrigation water, 1.7, andsoil water, 1.0 to 10.1 meq/L. Because of theabundant supply of Ca and Mg in the wastewater and the soil water, Na leaches readilythrough the soils. The Na concentration in thesoil water directly reflects the concentration inthe waste water and indicates that Na isleaching without building up in the soil.

Sodium absorption ratios (SAR) calculatedfrom the mean values for Na, Ca, and Mg ateach sampling date and site at the variousdepths are reported in appendix table 10. TheSAR values at all of the sampling sites, in all thewaste water samples, and in all of the soil watersamples are low enough that there should be noproblems with Na buildup and loss of soilinfiltration capacity because of irrigating withthese waste waters. Waste water SAR values atTwin Falls, Rupert, and Nampa ranged from 1.8to 8.8, 1.0 to 3.2, and 1.6 to 4.1, respectively. SARvalues in the irrigation water at the threelocations were 0.7 , 0.8, and 1.1, respectively. Soilwater SAR values ranged from 1.6 to 3.0, 1.0 to2.0, and 0.6 to 5.6, respectively, for the threelocations. All of these values are considerablybelow the value that would pose a Na hazard inthe soil.

The pH values for waste water, irrigationwater, and soil water extracted from severaldepths in the field are reported in appendix table11. The pH values reported in table 11 are allwithin the normal range for neutral tocalcareous soils and, with the exception of onepH value of 10.6 found at Twin Falls, werebetween 6.6 and 8.4. With these values, there isno reason to be concerned about the soil or waterpH resulting from irrigation with thesesugarbeets processing waste waters.

Chlorides, Sulfates, andBicarbonates in Water SamplesAppendix tables 12, 13, and 14 contain data

on chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate

concentrations in waste water, irrigation water,and soil extracts from the sugarbeet wastewater irrigation fields. Chloride concentrationsin the waste water were 8, 8, and 23 meq/L atTwin Falls, Rupert, and Nampa. The higherconcentration of chloride at Nampa resultedfrom ion exchanger recharge with magnesiumchloride. The same system was used at Rupert,but apparently the backwash from the ionexchangers was diluted more there. Chlorideleaches readily through the soil, and theresulting soil water chloride concentrationswere similar to the waste water concentrations.At the three locations, they ranged from 3.1 to11.0 at Twin Falls, 0.7 to 11.0 at Rupert, and 3.6to 38.3 meq/L at Nampa waste water irrigationfields.

Sulfate concentrations were relatively low atthe three waste water irrigation systems,averaging 1.5, 1.1, and 0.7 meq/L at Twin Falls,Rupert, and Nampa, respectively. The sulfatealso leached readily through the soil, andconcentrations in the soil solution were similarto those in the waste water with values of 0.1 to 5meq/L at the three locations in the soil solution.

Bicarbonate concentrations in the wastewater at Twin Falls ranged from 13.2 to 49.5,averaging 31 meq/L; at Rupert, the range was 2to 27.5, averaging 11.1 meq/L and, at Nampa,the range was 5 to 13, averaging 9 meq/L. Theirrigation water ranged in bicarbonate at thethree locations from 2 to 4 meq/L. Soil waterextracted from the 150 cm depth in the soilranged in bicarbonate from 2.3 to 41, 1.9 to 24,and 2.6 to 15 meq/L at Twin Falls, Rupert, andNampa, respectively. This anion also leachesreadily as indicated by the soil waterbicarbonate concentrations that were similar tothe waste water bicarbonate concentrations.

Composition of Harvested HayChemical composition of the harvested hay

samples for 1976, 1977, and 1978 are given intable 3. These analyses include NO 3-N, total N,P, K. The total N analyses include nitrates andrepresent a fairly wide range of values from 1.63to 3.88 percent total N. This corresponds to acrude protein concentration of 10.2 to 24.2percent (total N x 6.25). The NO 3 concentrationsof the initial samplings were relatively high,ranging up to 9,500 p/m NO 3-N.

Values above 2,000 p/m NO 3-N are considered

9TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER

TABLE 3.-Analyses of hay samples grown on sugarbeetprocessing waste water irrigation fields

[Dashes indicate no datil

DateNitrate-nitrogen

Total Phosphorusnitrogen

Potassium

PI pm ------------Percent ----------------

TWIN FALLS

------

July 1976 2,250 2.22 0.21 2.78June 1977 3,520 2.22 0.24 3.00Aug. 1977 1,090 2.98 0.30 3.88Oct. 1977 2,020 3.10 0.25 3.14June 1978 330 1.66 0.22 3.27July 1978 560 2.44 0.20 2.72Sept. 1978 810 2.70 0.29 3.04

RUPERTJuly 1976 3,540 2.52 0.32 2.66June 1977 1,000 1.63 0.28 2.99Aug. 1977 310 1.80 0.23 2.76June 1978 560 0.28 2.71Sept. 1978 415 2.41 0.21 2.08

NAMPAOct. 1976 9,500 3.08 0.62 4.06May 1977 780 3.45 0.39 3.71June 1977 220 2.32 0.35 3.69July 1977 230 2.62 0.38 2.72May 1978 70 1.65 0.23 3.10July 1978 875 3.88 0.46 3.40Sept. 1978 415 3.06 0.30 2.10

to be hazardous to livestock. In this case, thelivestock should be conditioned to highconcentrations of nitrate or the feed should bediluted with other feed containing less nitrate(11). P concentrations in the forage ranged fromadequate (0.2 percent) to high (0.6 percent) andshould provide a P-sufficient ration forlivestock. K concentrations in the forage werealso adequate to high. With the amount ofpotassium being applied in the waste water, theK content will continue to be high in the forage.

Soil Analysis

Soil samples were taken in the waste waterirrigation fields at the beginning and end of theresearch project. Appendix table 15 gives dataon the soil analysis for organic matter, total N,K, Ca, Mg, Na, sulfate, SAR, pH, and EC. Theseanalyses were made on soil samples obtainedfrom six depths from the surface to 150 cm deep.

SUMMARYWaste water irrigation rates of 10 cm per

irrigation at intervals of 1, 2, or 4 weeks wereestablished at three sugarbeet processing wastewater irrigation fields in southern Idaho. Therates of irrigation used by the sugar companyfor disposal of their waste water on the balanceof the fields were also monitored. Waste waterapplications ranged from 28 to 169 cm per yearwith additional water used during the summer

to grow the hay crops on the fields. The organicmatter applied in the waste water (COD) rangedfrom 7.9 to 140 metric tons per year or 22 to 383kg/ha-day. These highest rates appliedexcessive amounts of organic matter andnutrients to the fields. The range of organicmatter applied to the general field areas thatwere not in the experimental plots was 10 to 47metric tons/ha-yr.


N applications in the waste water rangedfrom 280 to 4200 kg N/ha-yr with the range forthe general field area being 277 to 1425 kg N/ha-yr. P applications were relatively low for wastewater irrigation with 5 to 50 kg P/ha-yr beingapplied. K applications were, in many cases,very high with a range of 130 to 6350 kg K/ha-yr. The lower N application rates could beutilized by growing plants, but the highest rateswere in excess of crop requirements or croputilization capacity. In many cases, Papplications were lower than crop requirementsand would therefore require periodic soil testsand perhaps P fertilization. K applications inthe waste water were high to very high and willprobably reach an equilibrium where theapplied K will leach through the soil at about thesame rate that it is applied.

EC and salts in the waste waters are high tovery high and would pose serious problems forirrigating crops if the waste water were usedduring the growing season. Winter irrigationwith the waste water, when crops are dormant,

decreases the problems of salinity. Salts can beleached from the root zone of the plants withgood quality irrigation water before the haybegins to grow in the spring. Even though alarge amount of salt was leached through thesoil in these waste water irrigation fields, thecrops grew satisfactorily and the system workswell and looks good. Leaching of organicconstituents of the waste water has been greaterthan would be desired. Measurements at the150-cm depth showed lower values of CODremoval than were found with potatoprocessing waste water (25). Irrigation withgood quality water in the summer has given thefields time to recover from organic loading, andthe soil micro-organisms decomposed the addedorganic residues.

The design and management of these wastewater irrigation fields has been excellent. Itshould be possible to continue irrigating thesefields with sugarbeet processing waste water formany years if the loading is not increased abovethat observed in these experiments.

LITERATURE CITED

(1) AHRTANo. D.C.. A.E. EiticEsoN, A.R. Wol.coTT.andEws.

1974. CERTAIN ENV] RoNMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSO-

CIATED WITIE LONG TERM LANE) DISPOSAL OF FOOD 1110 -

ESSING WASTES In Proceedings of the 1974 CornellAgricultural Waste Management Conference.,N.Y. State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,Ithaca, N.Y.: 222-223.

(2) NovAE. A.E. ERICKSON, and others.1975. EFEE("rs .()F LONG TERM LAND DisPOSAL El?

SPRAY IRRIGATION OF FOOD PROCESSING WASTES ON

SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOLE, AND

SUBSURFACE WA'l • ER Journal of EnvironmentalQuality 4(21:242-248.

(3) AMERICAN; PUBLIC HEALTH ASSoCIATION,

1971. STANDARE) METHODS FOR THE. EXAMINAT111N OF

WATER AND WAR ET WATER Thirteenth Edition, 874 p.,New York.

(4) Bol:r()N. P.1947. CANNERY WASTE DISPOSAL. RY FlEE.TE IRRIGATION.

Food Packer 38:42-43, 46.

(0) Bu rri.•R. R.M., N.II. Wootawi. and E.A. MYERS.1974. SPRAY-IRRIGATION DISPOSAL. ()E WASTE WATER.

Pennsylvania State University Special CircularNo. 185, 17 p.

(6) DE HA.NN, F.A.M., and Rd. ZWERMAN

1973. LANE) DISPOSAL OF POTATO SPAR[ II PRocEssim;WASTE WATER IN 'ME NKTHERLANDS In Proceedings ofthe 1973 Cornell Agricultural Waste ManagementConference, New York State College of Agricultureand Life Sciences, Ithaca, N.Y.: 222-228.

(7) IloocEvEEN. and F. RIEM1973. ASPECTS OE AGRECI E LTURAL E;sp: (IF v(a..yro

STARCH wAsTE WATEN Netherlands Journal of Agri-cultural Science 21:58-1-14.

(8) FISH•R. and J.H. SNITCH

1975. AN At1ToMAT1C SYSTEM FHB. SAMPLINt n PROE•sS

ING WASTE WA. tER. Soil Science Society of AmericaProceedings l8(2):382-384.

(9) (iII.IIF. I..C., A.S. KEsTER. J.P. LAW, and others.1971. A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FIER "TREATMENT E q.'

CANNERY WASTES. Journal of the Water PollutionControl Federation 43(10):2011.

(10) GERNIIAM, C.F., and T.K. NEHvEn.1974. 'TRY:ATM-W.11i S'r(lIIlES (IF THREE Forn ) pRocE . s.

INC. PLANT WASTE WATERS. Purdue UniversityEngineering Extension Service Bulletin No. 145,Part 1:283-289.


(11) HILL, R.M., R.L. OGDEN, and C.W. ACKER-30N1972. NITRATE TOXICITY IN FORAGE, FACT OR FICTION ,

Nebraska Farm, Ranch and Home Quarterly, Fall1972:18-20.

(12)Koo,R.C.J.1974. IRRIGATION OF CITRUS WITH CITRUS PROCESSING

WASTE WATER. Government Reports Announce-ments 74(4):104-105.

(13) LOEHR, R.C.1974. AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, PRO-

BLEMS, PROCESSES, APPROACHES. Academic Press, Inc.,New York:576 p.

(14) MEYER, J.L.1974. CANNERY WASTE WATER FOR IRRIGATION AND

GROUND WATER RECHARGING. California Agriculture28(8):12, 18.

(15) OVERMAN, A.R., and HSIAO-CHING, Ku1976. EFFLUENT IRRIGATION OF RYE AND RYEGRASS

Journal of the Environmental Engineering Divi-sion, American Society of Civil Engineers102(EE2):475-483.

(16) PEARSON, G.A.1975. RESPONSE OF ASPARAGUS TO APPLICATIONS OF

SIMULATED VEGETABLE PROCESSING WASTE WATER

Journal of Environmental Quality 4(3):337-339.

(17) W.G.J. KNIBBE, and H.L. WORLEY.

1972. COMPOSITION AND VARIANCES OF WASTE WATERFROM FOOD PROCESSING PLANTS. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Agricultural Research Service,ARS 41-186, 10 p. [Series discontinued; Agricul-tural Research Service is now Science and Educa-tion Administration-Agricultural Research.]

(18) RAUSCHKOLB, R.S., R.D. BOTTEL, J. PANDERHILL, andothers.1975. LAND APPLICATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLF:

CANNERY BY•PRoDucTS California CooperativeExtension Soil and Water Newsletter No. 26, p. 3-4.

(19) REED. A.D., W.E. WILDMAN, W.S. SEYMAN, and others.1973. SOIL RECYCLING OF CANNERY WASTES. Cali-

fornia Agriculture 27:6-9.

(20) SHANNON, S., M.T. Virrum, and G.H. GIBBS1968. IRRIGATING WITH WASTE WATER FROM PRocE:Ss.

[NG PLANTS. New York Agricultural ExperimentStation, Geneva, Cornell University Research Cir-cular No. 10, 9 p.

(21) SMITH, J.H.1974. DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL OF WASTE COOKING OILS

USED IN POTATO PROCESSING. Journal of Environ-mental Quality 3(3):279-281.

(22)1976. TREATMENT OF POTATO PROCESSING WASTE

WATER ON AGRICULTURAL LAND. Journal of Environ-mental Quality 5(1):113-116.

(23) C.W. ROBBINS, and C.W. HAYDEN.1975. PLANT NUTRIENTS IN POTATO PROCESSING WASTEWATER USED FOR IRRIGATION. In Proceedings of the26th Annual Pacific Northwest Fertilizer Con-ference, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 15-17,1975:159-165.

(24)-E.G. GILBERT, and J.B. MILLER.1976. REDOX POTENTIALS AND DENITRIFICATION IN A

CROPPED POTATO PROCESSING WASTE WATER DISPOSAL

FIELD. Journal of Environmental Quality5(4):397-399,

(25)-CW. ROBBINS, J.A. BONDURANT, and C.W.HAYDEN.1977. TREATMENT OF POTATO PROCESSING WASTE

WATER ON AGRICULTURAL LAND; WATER AND ORGANIC

LOADING, AND THE FATE OF APPLIED PLANT NUTRIENTS.

In Proceedings 1976 Cornell Agricultural WasteManagement Conference, April 28-30, 1976,Rochester, N.Y.

(26) R.G. GILBERT, and J.B. MILLER.1978. REDOX POTENTIALS IN A CROPPED POTATO PROC-

ESSING WASTE WATER DISPOSAL FIELD WITH A DEEPWATER TABLE. Journal of Environmental Quality7(4):571-574.

(27) -C.W. RoBBINS, J.A. BONDURANT, and C.W.HAYDEN.

1978. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF POTATO PROCESS.ING WASTE WATER BY IRRIGATION. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Conservation Research Report No. 22,43 p.

(28) SODERQUIST, M.R., G.I. BLANTON, JR., and D.W. TAYLoR.1972. CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE

PROCESSING WASTE WATERS. Proceedings of theThird National Symposium on Food ProcessingWastes, EPA-R2-72-018, p. 409-436.

(29) and J.L. GRAHAM.1977. FRUIT-, VEGETABLE-, AND GRAIN-PROCESSING

WASTES. Journal of the Water Pollution ControlFederation 49(6):1118.1123,

(30)Timm. H., N.B. AKESSON, M. O'BRIEN, and others.

1976. SOIL, AND CROP RESPONSE TO VARIABLE LOADING

OF CANNING WASTES. Presented at American Societyof Agricultural Engineers meetings at Davis,Calif., June 1976.

(31) UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY.1974. METHODS FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER

AND WASTES. U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, EPA-625-/6-74-003, 298 p.

(32) WHITE, J.W., JR.

1973. PROCESSING FRUIT AND VEGETABLE WASTES. InSymposium on Processing Agricultural and Muni-cipal Wastes, G.E. Inglett, editor, p. 129-142.

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