Treasures of the Baltic Sea - Castles and Museums - A thrilling, rewarding and common history

7/28/2019 Treasures of the Baltic Sea - Castles and Museums - A thrilling, rewarding and common history

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A thrilling, rewarding and common historycastles and museums

treasuresof the Baltic sea

castles andmuseums

stonesand rocKs

forest

red BricKGothic

natural and cultural

heritaGe tourism

for increased Baltic

sea reGion identitY

shiftinGsand dunes


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editorial

Dear readers,

what comes into your mind when you think othe Baltic Sea Region: endless beaches, sanddunes, birch orests, castles and churches oreven amber? Countries around the Baltic Seashare a great variety o natural and culturalresources as well as a long common history.

The area, however, is still not well recognised asone common region outside its borders. In theramework o the EU-unded project AGORA 2.0we aim to improve the common identity o theBaltic Sea Region, based on its rich natural andcultural treasures.

The ve issues o the Treasures o the BalticSea are our appetisers or you to raise yourawareness o the unique beauty o the Baltic SeaRegion by telling exciting stories and providingshort background inormation at a glance thatmake you eel like visiting the region.

This issue will bring the ascinating world ocastles and museums in the Baltic Sea Regioncloser to you.

Dipl. oec. Betina MelissEditor

University o GreiswaldInstitute o Geography and GeologyMakarenkostrae 2217487 Greiswald

Tel. +49 3834 / [email protected]

Csis Castle seen rom

the rst outer bailey.

Malbork Castle. The High Castle St Marys Church and Main Tower

Photos:G.Kalni


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EditorialContent

Castles around the Baltic SeaCooperation around the Baltic SeaMap

DenmarkKoldinghus CastleKronborg CastleNyborg CastleRosenborg CastleSnderborg CastleSnderskov CastleVordingborg Castle

EstoniaHaapsalu Episcopal CastleNarva CastleVastseliina Episcopal Castle

FinlandHme CastleKastelholm CastleLappeenranta FortressOlavinlinna CastleRaseborg CastleSuomenlinna Sea Fortress

Svartholm Sea FortressTurku Castle

GermanyEutin CastleGottor CastleSchwerin CastleGstrow CastleLneburg CastleGranitz Hunting Castle

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LatviaBauska Castle

Cesis CastleRundale Palace

Turaida CastleVentspils Castle

LithuaniaBirzai CastleGediminas Castle TowerPalace o the Grand Dukes

Trakai Island and Peninsular Castles

Poland

Malborg CastleThe Pomeranian Dukes Castle

RussiaKaliningradMilitary-historical museumOld LadogaOreshek FortressPeter and Paul FortressSuvorov memorial museumVyborg Castle

Sweden

Gripsholm CastleKalmar CastleMalm CastleNykping CastleRoyal Palace o StockholmSkokloster Castle

Touristic InormationImprint

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People have always had the need to pro-tect themselves, their property and valua-

ble belongings like animals or housewares;during war time or when the situation wasunstable. The earliest types o protectionwe know in the Baltic Sea region, whichare still visible, are round walls made ostones with a small and narrow entrance.

These early orti cations are called IronAge ring ort and can be dated back asearly as 300-400 AD. They were probablyin use or several hundred years. The sizeo them varies rom seventy- ve to somehundred meters in diameter. The originalheight o the walls could reach several

meters. These very early orti cations wereusually placed on a strategically importanthilltop to ensure maximum protectionas well as a good view point over thesurrounding landscape to be able to spotthe enemy as early as possible. These ringorts were normally unoccupied or notused in peacetime but served as a shelterwhen a village was threatened by local ororeign enemies. In some cases you will nd archeological remains o houses inthem because the stay in these Iron Age

ring orts could be considerably long.

castles aroundthe Baltic seaby Bengt Kylsberg, curator, Skokloster Castle, Sweden

and Anne Parikka, President o The Association o Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea

In Finland and Sweden these types o ringorts can be seen quite requently in the

landscape i you know where to look.There is also another type o very earlyorti cations, but they are rather a protec-tion or larger areas o land, or examplethe amous Danavirket in south Jutlandrom around 750 AD. This combination oearthen and wooden ramparts connectedby ditches was built to protect the Danesrom tribes rom the south o Jutland.Otentimes, these earthen walls werereinorced by upright wooden poles anda palisade to make it higher, protecting de-enders rom enemies arrows and spears.

In Northern Europe, the rst stone castleswere probably built in the 12th century.

These castles were mostly multi-storey

A CASTLE COULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING PURPOSES:

defence- protection and retreato ence- opportunity or urther advance and conquestcontrol -regional administration and controlresidence- home and housing or lords and their lackeys

buildings made o local stone, sometimesprotected by an earth wall or a wooden

palisade.One o the best examples or the above-mentioned unctions in Europe is thespreading o the Teutonic order, alsoknown as Order o Brothers o the GermanHouse o Saint Mary in Jerusalem, in thesouth-east o the Baltic Sea Region in the13th century. It was originally ounded inthe late 12th century in Acre to protectand take care o the sick and wounded- mostly German - crusaders to the HolyLand. In the beginning o the 13th centurythe German Order, as it is also called, was

invited to the duchy o Masovia, north-eastPoland. From there they spread out overwhat is today Poland, Kaliningrad, Lithua-

Hme Castle


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THE SECONDARY FUNCTIONS OF A CASTLE COULD BE DESCRIBED AS:

status symbol - re ect the prestige and power o the ownerskills centre- need or cratsmen, artisans and specialistseconomy- market and airspopulation- meeting place and growth centres

nia, Latvia and Estonia. Even the Swedishisland Gotland was once held by the Order

or several years.The architecture o the castles was stan-dardized to a great extent to enablethe Order to advance quickly and to estab-lish new strongholds. The castles wereoten constructed on a square plan witha central courtyard. The walls were nor-mally very tall and adorned with turrets onthe corners. Only one central gate with adraw bridge existed. The building materialwas usually redbrick, which was easy to ob-tain in the vicinity. Good clay was availablein the area and rom riverbanks. Redbrick

was a airly new invention and providedthe opportunity to articulate the architec-ture in a way that had not been seen

beore. And as long as gunpowder and ar-tillery were not known, walls built o brick

were a suf cient protection. The outerwalls could be very thick and were mostlybuilt out o two parallel walls with mortarand pieces o scrub in between.A rare example o a brick castle in a placewhere one would not expect it to be,is Hme Castle in southern Finland. It wasoriginally built at the end o the 13th cen-tury as a stronghold o the Swedish stateand the Catholic Church against the Rus-sian Novgorods and the Orthodox church.Some other Finnish castles also served thesame purpose as border orti cations and

seats o local governments, or exampleTurku Castle, Hme Castle, Vyborg Castleand a little later Olavinlinna Castle.

These were ordered and built by the Swe-dish state. In Denmark, however, the situa-

tion was a bit different. The Danish kingsbuilt castles in important and strategicallylocated places, but also the rich and pow-erul noble amilies started to build castlesas strongholds, seats o administrationor comortable living quarters rom the15th century on. The best existing examplerom this period is Glimmingehus, built in1499 and considered to be the most beau-tiul medieval castle in Northern Europe.It was built o local sandstone and quart-zite, which is a very hard material and isnormally used as road surace today.

When Glimmingehus was built in Skne,part o todays Sweden, it belonged toDenmark. Nowadays in this landscapethere is still a large number o interest-ing and beautiul brick castles built inRenaissance style that ollowed the morecompact and orti ed castles like the onesmentioned beore. New ideas o housing,better comort and new aspects o repre-sentation as well as more stable politicalsituations in several o the countriessurrounding the Baltic Sea led to great

improvements in the castles.

Hme Castle

Photo:Museovirasto


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Picture galleries and or the rst timechairs, tables, and other movable urniturebecame common amongst the rich.Strictly planned gardens were alsoa novelty in the 16th century.

Even though the turmoil o the MiddleAges was over war was never ar away.Gunpowder, artillery and muskets werecommonly used and walls made o brickor small stones were not ef cient anymore.

The deence o a castle moved romthe castle itsel to outer orti cations.First developed in Italy, bastions, ramparts,ravelins and parapets are just a ew o theterms in a new science o orti cationsthat was used to describe a orti cationo a whole town or a castle rom the 16thcentury on. The orti cations around

Kalmar Castle in Sweden, Birzai Castle inLithuania and Kronborg Castle in Denmarkare good examples o the new orti cationsystems. Dutch architectural ideas andexperience became very important or thewhole Baltic Sea region. The Netherlandswere the very rst to be recognized as a so-vereign state in the Peace o Westphalia in1648 ater their long liberation war againstSpain that had lasted 80 years.Henceorth, Sweden dominated much othe Baltic Sea region or the next 150 years

and, o course, many o the castles as well

as orti cations were built according toSwedish needs and ideas. Both Riga andNarva are very good examples or this.Although the bastions were pulled downin Riga, it is still possible to see the layout

and in Narva they still exist, nearly intactater 300 years.In the castles situated inland, ar away romthe battle els, a new architecture saw thelight o day. Skokloster Castle in Swedenis a very good example o the new victori-ous aristocracy. The princes, eld marshals,admirals, the winner o wars, not only inSweden, but all over Europe created newantastic buildings and gardens. Theirnew-built palaces or rebuilt and enlargedcastles were more a symbol o power andprestige then a comortable house to live

in. Normally, these new Baroque aristocratsdid not settle with just one castle, but nee-ded several ones. One town palace, pre-erably in the capital, one country resortpalace in a nearby distance, one stamm-sitz or castle where the amily originatedrom and a hunting lodge which could beplaced in the ar distance rom the maincastle. The Castles/Palaces were still otenbuilt o local stone but it was now also pos-sible to import or example marble romItaly, oak rom the Baltic countries or the

interior decoration, leather tapestry rom

Holland, woven tapestry rom France andurniture rom all over Europe. Paintingsand portraits ourished and were boughtat art airs in the Netherlands or in othercountries. The owners o the castles and

their sons went on study trips to Italy andreturned home with new ideas. Throughbooks and graphic works the new ideaswere easily adopted and Rundale Palace inLatvia is a splendid example o whatthe new ashion looked like.A castle or palace is in a way a quintes-sence o history at a given moment. Theyare oten the only tangible objects roma period, a dream o their creator, a placeor an important meeting or decision.

The builder or owners o different castleshave oten kept records that have been

secured inside the walls o a castle.This is even the case where wars devastat-ed whole landscapes or countries. One canstill be surprised how much inormationcan be ound in the archives about thedifferent castles in the Baltic Sea region aswell as how many arteacts rom differentperiods still exist.

The castles in the nine countries surround-ing the Baltic Sea will certainly enlighteneveryone interested in history or curiosabout the past and make them realize

that we all share a common history.

Gripsholm Castle Kalmar CastleTrakai Island and Peninsular CastlesTrakai Island and Peninsular Castles

P

hotos:1,2ViktorasNeliubinas,3Kalmarslott


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cooPeration aroundthe Baltic sea

contact

President o The AssociationAnne Parikka

Tel. + 358 44 3434 [email protected]

Secretary o The AssociationBengt Kylsberg

Tel. +46 8 402 [email protected]

www.visitcastles.eu

The Association o Castles andMuseums around the Baltic Seawas the rst network connectingsome o the most importantmonuments and sites in the Baltic Sea

Region. It was ounded in MalborkCastle, Poland in 1991. The idea wasto provide a orum where peopleworking with their nations historyand cultural heritage could meet,create networks and exchangeknowledge and ideas.

The Association is a non-politicaland non-pro table association whichaims to promote the identityo the Baltic Sea Region and make itscultural heritage known worldwide.

The countries are closely linked

by their common history in spiteo their sometimes dif cult past.Research, restoration, education,marketing, management and tourismare the six pillars o The Association.At the moment, The Associationhas 44 member castles in all ninecountries around the Baltic Sea.

To be a member o The Association,castles must be open to the publicand they have to be owned bythe state, town, local community

or a oundation. In June 2012,the Association o Friends o theAssociation o Castles and Museumsaround the Baltic Sea was oundedin Sonderskov Manor in Denmark.

By joining The Friends o The Asso-ciation private persons, universities,oundations and other publicorganizations can join the worko The Association and help to createnew networks and cooperationaround the Baltic Sea.

You can learn more aboutThe Association o Castles andMuseums around the Baltic Seaand about the member castlesby visiting the website,www.visitcastles.eu.

The south aade o Eutin Castle.

Photo:StitungSchlo

Eutin


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DENMARK1 Koldinghus Castle2 Kronborg Castle3 Nyborg Castle4 Rosenborg Castle5 Snderborg Castle6 Snderskov Manor7 Vordingborg CastleESTONIA8 Haapsalu Episcopal Castle9 Narva Castle10 Vastseliina Episcopal CastleFINLAND11 Hme Castle12 Kastelholm Castle13 Lappeenranta Fortress14 Olavinlinna Castle15 Raseborg Castle16 Suomenlinna Sea Fortress17 Svartholm Sea Fortress

18 Turku CastleGERMANY19 Eutin Castle20 Gottor Castle21 Schwerin Castle22 Gstrow Castle23Ludwigslust Castle24 Granitz Hunting CastleLATVIA21 Bauska Castle22 Cesis Castle23 Rundale Palace24

Turaida Castle25 Ventspils CastleLITHUANIA26 Birzai Castle27 Gediminas Castle Tower28 Palace o the Grand Dukes29Trakai Island and Peninsular CastlesPOLAND30 Malborg Castle31 The Pomeranian Dukes CastleRUSSIA32 Kaliningrad33 Military-historical museum

34 Old Ladoga35 Oreshekatress36 Peter and Paul Fortress37 Suvorov memorial museum38 Vyborg CastleSWEDEN39 Gripsholm Castle40 Kalmar Castle41 Malm Castle42 Nykping Castle43 Royal Palace o Stockholm44 Skokloster Castle


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KoldinGhuscastle

Koldinghus was built in 1268 by King ErikVat the border between the Kingdom oDenmark and the Duchy o Schleswigas a strong orti cation protected bymoats and ramparts. The oldest survivingbuilding is the north wing, built by KingChristopher III in the 1440s. Around1500 King Hans added a palatium and acurtain wall connecting the two wings.In the middle o the 16th century King

Christian III added the south and eastwings and transormed the medieval or-tress into a contemporary royal residencewithout deenses, and just beore 1600King Christian IV added the huge Giants

Tower and a magni cent renaissancechapel.From 1715 to 1723 King Frederik IVtransormed the castle into a Baroquepalace, but in 1808 it was destroyed bya re, caused by Spanish members o theauxiliary corps led by the French Marshall

Bernadotte. The restoration began in 1890and ater 100 years, the latest phase de-signed by the architects Inger and Johan-nes Exner, Koldinghus presents a uniqueand very attractive mixture o ancient wallsand contemporary architecture.

King Erik V12591286King Christopher III14401448

King Hans14811513King Christian III15361559King Christian IV15881648King Frederik IV16991730King Christian VII17661808The Napoleonic War18081814Museumsince 1892

contact

Koldinghus Castle

Museet p Koldinghus

Markdanersgade 11DK-6000 KoldingDenmark

Tel. +45 7633 8100

[email protected]

www.koldinghus.dk

denmarK

1COPENHAGEN

Koldinghus is dominated by the Giants Tower built just beore 1600.

*1The most striking eature o the Exner restoration othe 1980s is the south wing, where laminated woodenpillars support the roo and the storey separations.

*2The original architecture o the once so magni centrenaissance chapel is supplemented by specially

designed lamps and chandeliers.

Photos:Friis

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KronBorGcastle

Kronborg, originally called Krogen(The Hook or The Corner), is situatedby the Sound in Elsinore. It was built byKing Erik o Pomerania, who introducedSound Dues rom passing ships in 1420and controlled all maritime traf c inand out o the Baltic Sea. The Sound Dueswere collected until 1857.In the late 16th century King Frederik IImodernised the orti cations with bastions

in the Dutch manner, and the medievalcastle was rebuilt as a magni centour-winged Renaissance residence,entirely built o sandstone and decoratedwith such lavish sculptures and carvingsthat it could compete with any royal castlein Europe. In 1577 the King named thecastle Kronborg. Kronborg has playeda signi cant role in the region or many

centuries. It has survived re, oods,bombardment, ransacking and beingdowngraded rom a Royal residenceto military barracks.It lost much o its internal splendour,but Kronborg continued to be developedas a ort, and it was not until 1991,when the last soldier departed, thatKronborg lost its last military unction.

Erik of Pomerania,King of the Kalmar Union13971439King Frederik II1559-1588Both sides of the SoundDanishuntil 1658Eastern side of the SoundSwedishsince 1658

contact

Kronborg Castle

Kronborg 2C

DK-3000 ElsinoreDenmark

Tel. +45 4921 3078

[email protected]

www.kronborg.dk

denmarK

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Kronborg Castle by the edge o resundInteractive introduction exhibition

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*1With resund as the background, and the castle asthe stage, Kronborg hosts open-air operas perormed

by the Royal Danish Theatre

P h o t o s : K n o n b o r g C a s t l e M u s e u m


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nYBorGcastle

denmarK

Nyborg Castle was rst mentioned in 1193.At the beginning o the 13th century a cur-tain wall was built, and a palatium rom themiddle o the century orms the core othe still existing palace. Centrally placedat the Great Belt Nyborg was one oDenmarks most important castles, andthe Daneho gathered here. A gate-housewith a small courtyard is probably romthe 14th century.

About 1400 Queen Margrete I enlargedthe castle, and in the rst hal o the 16thcentury it was renovated and expanded.Painted wall-decorations rom the timeo Frederik I can still be seen on the second oor o the Palatium, and at the time oKing Christian III the deences were mod-ernized. In 1659 the Swedes let Nyborgcastle in a damaged and plundered state

and in 1722 the King ordered the remain-ing buildings to be torn down with theexception o the palatium and the easttower, which was used as arsenal andpowder magazine or the garrison inNyborg. In 1913, the restoration o theremaining parts o the castle began, andit was turned into a museum, now parto styns Museer.

Meeting place forthe Danehof (House of Lords)mid13th century1413Queen Margrete I13751412King Frederik I15231533King Christian III15361559The Swedish Wars16571660King Frederik IV16991730

contact

Nyborg Castle

Nyborg Slot

Slotsgade 34DK-5800 NyborgDenmark

Tel. +45 6531 0207

[email protected]

www.nyborgslot.dk

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West wing and palace building*2

The Great Hall rom the 16th century

*2The rst Great Hall where the Court o Danes met.The present shape and decoration o the room is the

result o later rebuilding.

Photos:NyborgCastleMuseum


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rosenBorGcastle

denmarK

The history o the castle goes back to1606 1607, when Christian IV had asummerhouse built in a newly laid outpark just outside Copenhagen. In 16131615 the summerhouse was extended,and it was habitable rom 1615, even whenconstruction continued the ollowing year.

The building was concluded in 1624 and inthe same year Christian IV reerred to hisGreat House in the Garden as Rosenborg

(castle o the rose) or the rst time.Rosenborg was used as a royal residenceuntil around 1710, when Frederik IVstopped using it in avour o other,more up-to-date, summer residences.Rosenborg Castle became the settingor the Royal Collections instead.

The castle with its many well-preservedoriginal interiors was opened to the publicin 1838. Among the rich collections areriding trappings and parade arms, cos-tumes, heirlooms and precious artiacts,a unique collection o glass and porcelainas well as the art collections o the dukeso Holstein, captured rom Gottorp Castle.

The cellar houses the Treasury, with theRoyal Regalia and the Crown Jewels

o the Queen o Denmark.

King Christian IV15881648King Frederik IV16991730

contact

Rosenborg Castle

Rosenborg Slot

Oster Voldgade 4ADK-1350Kobenhavn KDenmark

Tel. +45 3315 3286

[email protected]

www.rosenborgslot.dk

COPENHAGEN4

P h o t o s : R o s e n b o r g C a s t l e

Rosenborg Castle in the Kings Garden in the center o Copenhagen.

The castle with its signature towersand sandstone ornaments.

*2The Great Hall with the coronation throne o the

absolutist monarchs o Denmark, anked by threelions o silver.

*2


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sonderBorGcastle

denmarK

Snderborg Castle was built around 1170on the island o Als and during the 14thand 15th century it became a heavilyorti ed citadel owned alternately bythe Danish kings and the dukes o South

Jutland.From 1532 to 1549 the castle served as aprison or the deposed King Christian II.From 1549 on it was renovated by KingChristian III and Queen Dorothea and their

chapel is the best preserved Lutheranchapel rom the time o the Reormationin Europe.An extensive rebuilding in Baroque stylewas carried out rom 1718 to 1726 andin the middle o the century the bastionswere almost completely removed. Duringthe Napoleonic War and the Danish-Ger-man Wars the castle served as a military

hospital and rom 1864 to 1919 it wasa Prussian barracks. Ater a reerendumin 1920 the northern part o South Jutlandand consequently Snderborg Castlebecame Danish. In 1908 the castle was con-verted into a museum with emphasis onthe more recent history o South Jutland.A major restoration rom 1964 to 1973removed most o the traces rom the timeo the Prussian inantry.

King Christian II15131523King Christian III15361559Duke Hans the Younger15711622The Napoleonic War18081814Danish-German Wars18481850, 1864The Kingdom of Prussia18641919Danishsince 1920

contact

Snderborg Castle

Museum Snderjylland

Snderborg SlotSnderbro 1DK-6400 Snderborg, Denmark

Tel. +45 7442 2539

[email protected]

www.museum-sonderjylland.dk

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Photos:MuseumSnderjylland,GrnlundFoto

Snderborg Castle situated by theAls Sound in the westernmost Baltic Sea.

The princely Renaissance churchwas built between 1568 and 1570.


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sondersKoVmanor

denmarK

Snderskov Manor is mentioned or the rst time in 1448. Ater 1536 the ownerbuilt a new main wing with two diagonallyplaced deensive towers because thenobility eared new peasants revolts likethose they had experienced during theCounts Feud.Around 1614, Snderskov was destroyedby re, but the owner Thomas Juel rebuiltit and the new manor was nished

in 1620. He was a wealthy man who ownedthree manor houses and he served KingChristian IV in various unctions. Part o hisprosperity was due to the atteningo oxen or export.In 1720 Hans Bachmann became the rstnon-noble landowner at Snderskov.

He and his successor Samuel NicolausClaudius transormed Snderskov intothe Baroque manor house which canstill be seen today. During a thoroughrestoration in the years 1986-1992 severalunique wall-paintings and a decoratedwooden ceiling rom the second hal othe 17th century were discovered. TodaySnderskov is housing the regionalmuseum and the Baroque garden and

parts o the kitchen and herb gardenshave been recreated.

The Counts Feud15341536King Christian IV15881648Museumsince 1989

contact

Snderskov Manor

Museet p Snderskov

Snderskovgardvej 2DK-6650 BrorupDenmark

Tel. +45 7538 3866

[email protected]

www.sonderskov.dk

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h o t o : B r i a n P o u l s e n

Decorated wooden ceiling romthe second hal o the 17th century.

*1

*1During the restoration several unique wall paintingswere discovered. Among them were these oot

soldiers rom the early 17th century.


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VordinGBorGcastle

denmarK

The castle was built in 1160 on a steepcoastal slope by King Valdemar I as a basecamp or the crusades against the Slavictribes at the south coast o the Baltic Sea,culminating in 1168 with the destructiono the temple-site o Arkona onthe island o Rgen.King Valdemar II renewed the castleand King Valdemar IV made Vordingborga castle o international ranking, meant

to impress members o the HanseaticLeague and other oreign delegatesthat were summoned to Vordingborg tonegotiate the supremacy over the lucrativetrade on the Baltic Sea. But soon thedecline began and ater 1660 the castlewas demolished.Only one o its nine towers, the Goose

Tower, was spared because it servedas the towns prison. It was named ater

a golden goose on the top, mocking theHanseatic League, and it is the only stand-ing medieval deence tower in Denmark.Apart rom this, all that is let are remnantso the almost 800 m long curtain wall andthe 12 semicircular towers protruding romthe wall between the remains o our solidtowers.

King Valdemar Ithe Great11571182King Valdemar IIthe Victorious12021241King Valdemar IVAtterdag13401375

contact

Vordingborg Castle

Museerne i Vordingborg

Danmarks BorgcenterSlotsruinenDK-4760 VordingborgDenmark

Tel. +45 5537 2554

[email protected]

www.museerne.dk

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Photos:TheVordingborgMuseums

View o Vordingborg Castle

The Goose Tower o Vordingborg Castle

Vordingborg Castle seen rom the south


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8 TALLINN

haaPsaluePiscoPal castle

estonia

The Episcopal Castle o Haapsalu used tobe the centre o the ecclesiastical state the Saare-Lne (Oesel-Wiek) bishopric in medieval Estonia rom the 13th to the16th century.

The castle compound took its nal shapein the 16th century. The total length o thecircular wall reached 803 m, the heighto the walls 812m and their thickness0.61.8m. It had 7 towers and 4 gates.

The Episcopal castle covers an areao 3 hectares.

The convent building with the DomeChurch is the oldest part o the Episco-pal castle. The Dome Church was thebishoprics principal church or cathedral.

The building is one o the largest single-aisle churches in Nordic countries.On the Baptisterys circular windowbuilt into the southern wall o the Dome

Church, a emale gure, who was namedthe White Lady, appears during ull moonnights in August. During the Sovietoccupation the church was closed,but in 1990 it was reconsecrated as theDome o St. Nicholas. A museum onthe site tells the history o the bishopricand the castle.

The Livonian Order12371558The Livonian War15581583Sweden15611704The Russian Empire17041918Estonian Independence19181940Soviet occupation19401941German occupation19411944The Soviet Union19441991The Republic of Estoniansince 1991

contact

HaapsaluEpiscopal Castle

Sihtasutus Haapsalu PiiskopilinnusPosti 34, HaapsaluEE-90504Estonia

Tel. +372 472 53 46

[email protected]

www.haapsalulinnus.ee

View o Haapsalu Episcopal Castle and the town.Photos:1-FoundationoHaapsaluPiiskopilinnus2-Photo:TnisPadu3-Photo:EeroRikkinen

East side o the convent building.


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narVacastle

estonia

In the second hal o the 13th century theDanes built a orti ed stronghold on thewestern bank o the river running throughthe town o Narva.In 1346 King Valdemar IV sold the Danishpart o Estonia, including Narva, to theLivonian Order and by the 16th centuryNarva castle was transormed intoa convent with strong deences.In 1581, Narva was captured by the Swedes

and during the late 17th century theyorti ed the town with a modern bastiondeence system. Ater it was incorporatedinto the Russian Empire in 1704 Narva wasno longer used as a border ortress andin 1863 the bastions were abandoned.In 1944 severe ghting between theRussians and the Germans let the townin ruins. O the castle only the walls o thenorth-western round tower in the western

courtyard and the Stone Hall remained.Since the 1960s restoration work has beencarried out. In 1986 the completed rststage o the restoration was handed overto the town to be used as a museum.

Today Narva Museum is well-known orits exhibitions and its colourul historicevents.

Danish Estonia12191346

Livonian Period13461558Livonian War15581583Muscovite Russia15581581Kingdom of Sweden15811704Russian Empire17041918Independent Estonia19181940Soviet Occupation19401941German Occupation19411944Soviet Union19441991Republic of Estoniasince 1991

contact

Narva Castle

Narva MuuseumPeterburi mnt 2, NarvaEE-20308Estonia

Tel. +372 359 9230

[email protected]

www.narvamuuseum.ee

9

TALLINN

Narva Castle with Ivangorod Fortress in the backgroundNarva Castle during spring high waterPhotos:NarvaCastleMuseum


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TALLINN

VastseliinaePiscoPal castle

estonia

Vastseliina Castle (Nienhuse or NovumCastrum) was ounded in 1342 by theknights o the Livonian Order near therontier o Old Livonia and Pskov (Russia)and the road between Riga and Pskov.It was also a part o the deence lineKirump-Gaujiena- Gulbene- Rezekne-Daugavpils and was one o the strongestcastles in Livonia. Ater a miracle reportedto have taken place in the castles chapel in

1353 it was visited by pilgrims rom all overEurope.

The keep is the oldest part o the castlebut only a minor section o it survived.More is let o a Gothic style cannon tower.

The partly preserved northern and south-eastern towers and the southern wall arerom the 16th century.At the beginning o the Livonian War thegarrison surrendered to the Russians butwas taken over by the Poles ater a peace

treaty in 1582. Vastseliina became Swedishin 1625 but during the Great Northern Warit was destroyed by the Russians.

Today the ruins have been partly restoredand Vastseliina is a well-known touristattraction.

The Livonian Order13421558The Livonian war15581583Muscovite Russia15581582

The Polish-LithuanianKingdom15821625The Swedish Kingdom16251702The Great Northern War17001721The Russian Empire17021918Independent Estonia19181940Soviet occupation19401941German occupation19411944The Soviet Union19441991The Republic of Estoniasince 1991

contact

VastseliinaEpiscopal Castle

Vastseliina PiiskopilinnusVoidu 14Vastseliina, VorumaaEE-65201Estonia

Tel. +372 509 6301

[email protected]

www.vastseliina.ee/linnus

P h o t o : 1 3 F o u n d a t i o n o V a s t s e l i i n a E p i s c o p a l C a s t l e 2 A n d r e s O t s

Episcopal Castle at nightEpiscopal Castle


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hmecastle

finland

Hme Castle (Tavastehus) was built inthe late 13th century on a small island inLake Vanajavesi as one o three Swedishstrongholds in Finland, the others beingthe castles o Turku and Vyborg.It is supposed that during the 14th and15th century the timber strongholdwas replaced by a castle o grey-stone andbrick. Besides being a deence againstthe Novgorodians, Hme Castle was also

a residence and an administrative centre.In the 1730s the castle was surroundedby a heptagonal system o bastions, whichwere strengthened in the 1770s.From 1837 until 1972 Hme Castle was aprison. The restoration o the castle andits surroundings began in the mid 1950sand was nished in 1988.When parts o the building rom the prisonperiod had been removed it was obvi-ous that con icting alterations made itimpossible to achieve a complete historical

restoration. Instead, it was decided

to let some o the second oor roomsremain in ruins. Queens Chamber andKings Hall have been reconstructed totheir original orm o the late 15th century.Hme Castle is still ull o lie. The castleis open to the public all year round. Guidedtours, events and exhibitions are organizedin the castle.

Part of Sweden12th1809Hme Castle is mentioned in writtensources for the rst timein 1308Town of Hmeenlinnawas foundedin 1639The Autonomous Grand Duchyof Finland, part of Russia,18091917The Republic of Finlandsince 1917

contact

Hme Castle

Hmeen linna

Kustaa III:n katu 6FI-13100 HmeenlinnaFinland

Tel. + 358 3 675 6820

[email protected]

www.nba.f

11

HELSINKI

Hme Castle was a prison rom 1837-1972.Next to the castle there are ormer prison buildingshousing several museums nowadays.

Photos:Museovirasto

*1

*1The decorative brick work that characterizes the rst oor on the northeast side o the courtyard is partly

original.


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Kastelholmcastle

finland

Kastelholm Castle, built on an islet witha well protected harbour, was rstmentioned in 1388. In the inner castlethere is a strong keep and in the outerbailey a well preserved three-storey housein the northern wing. This house rom thelate 15th century contains store rooms,a residence and a shooting lot in thegarret.In the late 15th century the castle was

adapted to modern warare with rearms,but like other medieval castles it soon lostits military signi cance. The dethronedSwedish King Erik XIV was imprisoned herein 1571. When the administration o theland Isles was relocated to Turku in 1634,Kastelholm Castle was let to all into decayand in 1745 a re reduced the inner castle

to a ruin. From the middle o the 18thcentury until the 1930s parts o the castlewere used as a granary.Restoration work has been carried outsince the 1890s and there has beena historical museum in the castlesince the 1930s.

Part of Sweden12th1809

Independent administrative centreof the land Islands15th1634The Kalmar Union (Denmark,Sweden and Norway)13971523The Autonomous Grand Duchyof Finland, part of Russia18091917The Republic of Finlandsince 1917The Autonomy of landsince 1995

contact

Kastelholm Castle

Kastelholms Slott

Kungsgardsalln 5FI-22520 Kastelholm, AlandFinland

Tel. +358 18 432 150,+ 358 18 432134

[email protected]

www.museum.ax

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Photos:RitaJokiranta


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laPPeenrantafortress

finland

The Fortress o Lappeenranta is a neNorthern example o a European orti edtown rom the 18th century. It was builtater the Great Northern War in orderto secure the eastern border o Finlandater Sweden had lost territories and theborder ortresses in south-eastern Finlandto Russia. Surrounded on three sides bya lake, the town was easy to deend.Nevertheless, Russian troops captured it

in 1741 and rom 1743 to 1809 Lappeenran-ta was a Russian border town. Supervisedby the amous generalissimo AlexanderSuvorov, the ortress was strengthenedrom the 1770s as an important part othe outer deense o the Russian capitalSt. Petersburg.

When Finland was annexed by Russia in1809, the ortress lost its strategic impor-tance, even though there was still a Russi-an garrison. From 1819 to the 1940s someo the barracks were used as a prison.Lapeenranta ortress was restoredbetween 1976 and 2006 and today manyo the historic buildings are used ormuseum purposes.

Part of Sweden12th century1743The Great Northern War17001721Russian border fortress17431809The Autonomous Grand Duchy of Fin-land, part of Russia,18091917The Republic of Finlandsince 1917

contact

Lappeenranta Fortress

Lappeenrannan

kaupungin museotKristiinankatu 15Fortress, FI-53101 LappeenrantaFinland

Tel. + 358 5 616 22 61+ 358 5 616 22 55

www.lappeenranta.f

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HELSINKI

The ortress area in the 1990s.Photos:SouthKareliaMuseum/SeppoPelkonen;3-H

annuVallas

Barracks rom the 1790s.

South Karelia Museum is housed in twowarehouses rom the early 19th century.


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finland

Olavinlinna Castle was ounded in 1475 bythe Swedish nobleman Erik Axelsson Tott.Situated on a small island in Lake Saimaa itwas one o the most modern ortresses oits time consisting o a citadel, a bailey and ve round cannon towers.During the Great Nordic War (1700 - 1721)Russia conquered parts o southernFinland and in the Russo-Swedish War(1741 1743) Sweden tried to win back lost

territories. Olavinlinna was captured bythe Russians in 1742 and when peace wassettled it became one in a line o Russi-an border ortresses and an army base,modernized under the surveillance o theamous Russian Generalissimo AlexanderSuvorov.Ater the Finnish War o 1808 1809Finland became an autonomous part oRussia. The castle lost its strategic unction

contact

Olavinlinna Castle

Olavinlinna

FI-57130 SavonlinnaFinland

Tel. +358 15 531 164

[email protected]

www.nba.f

olaVinlinnacastle

14

HELSINKI

The castle was a water ortress, protectedon all sides by the swit stream o Lake Saimaa.*2

The topography o the island in uencedthe shape o Olavinlinna castle.

Photos:Museovirasto

*2The castles medieval chapel is located on the se-cond oor o the Church Tower. It has a vaulted ceiling

and ragments o medieval al secco wall paintings.

The rst opera estival at Olavinlinna castlewas organized in 1912 and it is now thescene o the Savonlinna Opera Festival everyyear in July. Guided tours and events areorganized in the castle all year round.

Olavinlinna Castle was a Swedishborder fortress14751743Olavinlinna Castle was a Russian

border fortress17431809The Autonomous Grand Duchyof Finland, part of Russia18091917Olavinlinna Castle became a populartourist attraction in the late 19th centuryThe Republic of Finlandsince 1917


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raseBorGcastle

finland

Raseborg Castle was ounded in the 1370sby the Swedish magnate Bo Jonsson Grip.It was built on a rocky island in a bay bya river mouth in the south-western parto the Finnish coast. The region was ad-ministered rom Raseborg Castle and romthere it was possible to control trade withReval (Tallinn) on the other side o the Gulo Finland.

The construction o the large round tower

was carried out in the late 15th century.However, with the increasing use o re-arms in the 16th century Raseborg becameoutdated.In 1553 the Swedish King Gustav I Vasaordered that the castle should be aban-doned and the administration relocatedto the Helsinki Crown Estate. Hereater,Raseborg slowly went into a state o ruin.

The restoration work began in the late19th century and was continued until thelate 1980s. Guided tours are availableand events and estivals are organizedin the surroundings o the castle duringsummer season.

Raseborg Castle was o ciallymentioned for the rst time

in a letterdated 1378The Kalmar Union13971523Expelled Swedish King KarlKnutsson Bonde kept courtin Raseborg Castle14651467The Autonomous Grand Duchyof Finland, part of Russia,18091917The Republic of Finlandsince 1917

contact

Raseborg Castle

Raaseporin linnanrauniot

Raaseporin linnantieFI-10710 SnappertunaFinland

Tel. + 358 19 234015

www.raseborg.org

15

HELSINKI

Photos:RaseborgMuseum

Raseborg Castle was constructed in a shelteredlocation to deend Swedish interests.

Guided tours are available in Raseborg Castleduring summer season.


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16

finland

Suomenlinna (Sveaborg) is one o thelargest sea ortresses in the world, locatedon a group o islands about one kilometreoff the Helsinki shore. The construction othe bastioned naval base began in1748 at a time when Sweden had lost itsposition as a major European power andRussia was now the main enemy. In orderto protect the eastern parts o the realmnew deence plans were made in the late

1740s and Sveaborg not only became themain ortress in Finland, but the largeststronghold o Sweden.In 1808 Sveaborg surrendered to the Rus-sians and during the ollowing 110 years itserved as a Russian ortress. In spite o se-vere damage caused by a heavy bombard-ment rom an Anglo- French squadron in1855, urther development o the ortresscontinued up until the Russian Revolutionin 1917. Ater Finlands independencethe ortress was renamed Suomenlinna

(Fortress o Finland) in 1918 and it servedas a Finnish garrison or more than tyyears. Suomenlinna is now on the UNESCOWorld Heritage List.

Construction of the fortress beginsunder Field MarshalAugustin Ehrensvrd1748The war between Sweden

and Russia18081809The Autonomous Grand Duchy ofFinland,part of Russia,18091917The Crimean War18531856The Republic of Finlandsince 1917UNESCO World Heritage List1991

contact

SuomenlinnaSea Fortress

The Governing Bodyo SuomenlinnaSuomenlinna C 74Helsinki, FI-00190 Finland

Tel. +358 9 684 1880

[email protected]

www.suomenlinnatours.com

Suomenlinna Sea Fortress.Photos:Suomenlinnaphotoarchive/EskoJms

*2With its handsome vaulted halls, the Tenaille vonFersen in the inner bastion ring o Suomenlinna isone o the most valuable buildings on the island.

The renowated Banquet Hall is located in the Old

Granary o the Forti cations Bakery, built in 1775.

*2

suomenlinnasea fortress


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HELSINKI17

finland

The oundations o a sea ortress were laidon the island o Svartholm in 1748 andin 1764 the ortress was nished. It waspart o the new Swedish deence line aterthe loss o Finnish territories in two warswith Russia earlier in the century. NearSvartholm Sea Fortress in the mainlanda new town called Loviisa was oundedin 1752.

The town was named ater Louisa Ulrika

o Prussia who married the Swedish KingAdol Frederik. In 1808, Svartholm and Lo-viisa were taken over by the Russians. TheRussians used Svartholm both as a prisonand a sea ortress until 1844. SvartholmSea Fortress was abandoned in 1853 andin 1855 the English Navy destroyed parts

o the ortress during the Crimean War.Restoration work on Svartholm SeaFortress ruins was carried out betweenthe 1960s and the 1990s. Today there is anexhibition about the history o the ortressand guided tours are available duringsummer season.

Construction work of Suomenlinna

Fortress and SvartholmSea Fortressbegan in 1748The Autonomous Grand Duchyof Finland, part of Russia,18091917The Crimean War18531856The Republic of Finlandsince 1917

contact

Svartholm Sea Fortress

Svartholman linnoitus

Loviisa Tourist Of ceKarlskronabulevardi 8FI-07900 LoviisaFinland

Tel. + 358 19 555 234

[email protected].

Photos:TownoLoviisa,AriHaimi

The Svartholm Sea Fortress

The main entrance toSvartholma Sea Fortress

Bastion von Schantz inthe Svartholm Sea Fortress.

sVartholmsea fortress


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turKucastle

finland

Turku Castle was built in the 1280s on anisland at the mouth o the River Aura asa stronghold or the Swedish rulers.At rst it was a orti ed camp, but duringthe rst decades o the 14th century itwas rebuilt as a closed ortress. A curtainwall divided the area into two parts,the gate was moved rom the westernto the eastern tower and new buildingswere erected.

Turku Castle saw much ghting. A siegein 1365 lasted eight months and in the 16thcentury it was besieged six times. Fromthe 1550s to 1563 Duke Johan o Finlandresided there and later it was one o theprisons o the dethroned Swedish KingErik XIV, the Dukes brother. A re in 1614destroyed most o the castle and ater itwas rebuilt it was turned into a warehouse.

Renovation work had been going onor some years when the castle was badlydamaged by a re caused by a Sovietaircrat in 1941 during the Second WorldWar. The restoration lasted rom 1946until 1961. Since 1881 the castle hashoused the Historical Museum o Turku.

Part of Sweden12th century1809

The Kalmar Union (Denmark,Sweden and Norway)13971523The extravagant courtof Duke Johan and Catherine

Jagellonicain 1560sThe Autonomous Grand Duchyof Finland, part of Russia,18091917The Republic of Finlandsince 1917

contact

Turku Castle

Turun linna

Linnankatu 80FI-20101 TurkuFinland

Tel. +388 2 262 03 22 (guided tours)Tel. +358 2 262 03 00 (ticket of ce)

[email protected]

www.turku.f /turunlinna

HELSINKI18

Photos:MarttiPuhakka


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eutincastle

GermanY

Eutin Castle was built in the 12th centuryby the Bishop o Lbeck, but unortunatelynone o the medieval buildings have beenpreserved to the present day.In 1586 Prince-Bishop Johann Adol, Dukeo Schleswig-Holstein, began developingthe castle into an impressive residence,but in 1689 most o it was destroyed by re. Between 1717 and 1727 Prince-BishopChristian August, grandather o the Rus-

sian Tsarina Catherine the Great, rebuilt thecastle in Baroque style. Swedish-GermanRudol Matthias Dallin was the architectand Johann Christian Lewon laid out animposing French-style garden. Between

1787 and 1803 the garden was transormedinto an English landscape garden. In 1773the Duke o Oldenburg was granted theDuchies Delmenhorst and Oldenburg,and Eutin became his summer residence.In 1992 the Eutin Castle Trust was oundedand it has been a museum since.

The Bishopric of Lbeck

12th century1530The Lutheran Prince-Bishops15311803The Dukes of Oldenburg18031992The Eutin Castle Trustsince 1992

contact

Eutin Castle

Stitung Schlo Eutin

Schlossplatz 5D-23701 EutinGermany

Tel. + 49 4521 7095 0

[email protected]

www.schloss-eutin.de

19

BERLIN

Faade o Eutin Castlere ected in the castle moat

View rom the south gardento the main tower

Inner courtyard withthe main tower

Photos:StitungSchloEutin


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GermanY

Gottor Castle was built by the Bishop oSchleswig on an island at the end o theSchlei Fiord just outside the city o Schles-wig. In 1268 it was taken over by Duke Erik Io Schleswig and it remained in the posses-sion o the Dukes until 1713.

The oldest visible part is the Gothic Hall,built in three stages between about 1450and 1530. The west wing was built around1530 by Duke Frederik (later King o Den-

mark and Norway Frederik I). The lavishlydecorated aade in Dutch Renaissancestyle was considered the richest and mostashionable in Northern Europe. Even asKing o Denmark, Frederik preerred toreside at Gottor Castle and rarely visitedhis Danish castles.Around 1700 the castle underwent a majorrenovation in Baroque Style, which wasnever completed. Ater the Great Northern

War, where the Duke o Holstein-Gottorhad taken side against Denmark, the Da-nish King Frederik IV took over the duchiesand also Gottor Castle. In the 19th centuryGottor Castle was used as a Danish bar-racks, and ater 1864 it became a Prussian-German barracks. Since 1947 Gottor Castlehas been the state museum o Schleswig-Holstein.

Residence of the Bishopof Schleswiguntil 1268Residence of the Dukesof Schleswig-Holstein12681713The Great Northern War17001721Germansince 1864

contact

Gottorf Castle

Stitung Schleswig-Holsteinische

LandesmuseenSchloss GottorD-24837 SchleswigGermany

Tel. +49 4621 813222

[email protected]

www.schloss-gottor.de

Gottorfcastle

20

BERLIN

Photos:StateMuseumoArtandCulturalHistroyandArcheologyCastleGottor


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schWerincastle

GermanY

The multi towered castle is regarded asone o the most important architecturalmasterpieces o Romantic Historicism inEurope. The magni cent residence is theproduct o remodelling and reconstructionwork done in the mid 19th century to anolder castle complex, the origins o whichcan be traced back to the Slavic era.

The building work was commissionedby Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II o Meck-

lenburg-Schwerin who engaged, in addi-tion to the master builders Georg AdolphDemmler and Hermann Willebrand romSchwerin, the most in uential architectso his era: Gottried Semper rom Dresden,the Cologne Cathedrals master builder

Ernst Friedrich Zwirner and FriedrichAugust Stler, the court architect tothe Prussian king.Located picturesquely in the dreamy Burg-garten garden and extensive parkland, thesumptuous stately building with its neo-Renaissance style was inspired by localtraditions and the French castles along theLoire. Today it houses the Federal StateParliament o Mecklenburg-West Pomera-

nia and the Museum Schloss Schwerin.The path across the historic swing bridgeleads into the Schlossgarten garden, aBaroque creation that is unique in north-ern Germany and based on plans by theFrenchman Jean Legeay.

contact

Schwerin Castle

Museum Schloss Schwerin

Lennstrae 1D-19053 SchwerinGermany

Tel. + 49 385 525 29 20

[email protected]

www.schloss-schwerin.de

21

BERLIN

The throne room

The dining roomPhotos:LotharSteiner,StaatlichesMuseumSchwerin


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GermanY

At the edge o Gstrows old town, oneo the most important Renaissance castlesin northern Europe surprises with itsunexpected southern European charm.Duke Ulrich o Mecklenburg began build-ing a magni cent residence here in 1558to replace a ormer medieval castle.In order to construct the new south andwest wings he engaged Franz Parr, a Lom-bard who had previously worked in Silesia,

as the master builder. Parr managed toachieve a synthesis o Italian, French andGerman architectural concepts that wasunique or both the era and the region.Splendid stucco ceilings, regarded asamong the most remarkable in Germany,have been preserved rom when the castlewas built. The quaint banquet hall ceilingis especially lavish, or the most part

eaturing exotic hunting scenes adaptedrom Dutch copper engravings. As themagni cently decorated court o the courto Wallenstein, the princely residencewas a ocal point o European history ora brie period during the Thirty Years War.In 1657, the last Gstrow duke, GustavAdol entrusted the Huguenot CharlesPhilippe Dieussart with the modernisationo his residence.

The vaulted rooms o the basement houseone o the most important medievalcollections o northern Germany.Renaissance and Baroque paintings givenew lie to the glamour o the one-timeducal seat. Among the outstanding pieceson display here are works by Cranach,Marten de Vos and Tintoretto.

contact

Gstrow Castle

Museum Schloss Gstrow

Franz-Parr-Platz 1D-18273 GstrowGermany

Tel. +49 3843 7520

[email protected]

www.schloss-guestrow.de

GstroWcastle

22

BERLIN

The elaborate ceiling o the banquet room

Painting by Marten de Vos P h o t o s : 1 2 S t a a t l i c h e s M u s e u m S c h w e r i n 3 G a b r i e l e B r c k e r S t a a t l i c h e s M u s e u m S c h w e r i n


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ludWiGslustcastle

GermanY

Duke Friedrich o Mecklenburg-Schwerinhad the new castle built between 1772and 1776 in accordance with plans by thecourt architect Johann Joachim Busch asthe centrepiece o the late Baroque townlayout o Ludwigslust.

The original acilities still remaining inclu-de replaces, mirrors, overdoors, parquet ooring and chandeliers. These, along withthe surviving ornaments and decoration

made o Ludwigsluster carton (papier-mch), characterise the impressiono authenticity.

The castle remains open to the publicduring the extensive restoration workto be carried out over the next ew yearstill 2015. In addition to the illustriouscollection o paintings, the busts by theFrench sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon,

the architecture models made o cork andthe artistic clocks, uture visitors will ex-perience and enjoy top-class art on displayacross almost 3,000 square metres:

The menagerie series by the French courtpainter Jean-Baptiste Oudry, porcelainrom Meissen, ivory objects and a complet-ely reconstructed picture gallery withworks by the court painters.

The castle is surrounded by gardens dating

back to the 18th century. The originalgeometrically designed castle garden wasextended in the mid-19th century by thelandscape architect Peter Joseph Lennto create a landscape with Baroque ele-ments such as avenues, cascades, canalsand water jumps. The LudwigslusterSchlosspark castle park is regarded as oneo the most beautiul in northern Germany.

contact

Ludwigslust Castle

Museum Schloss Ludwigslust

SchlossreiheitD-19288 LudwigslustGermany

Tel. + 49 3874 571 90

[email protected]

www.schloss-ludwigslust.de

23

BERLIN

The porcelain roomPhotos:1,2-LotharSteinerStaatlichesMuseumSchwer

in;2-ElkeWalord,StaatlichesMuseumSchwerin


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GermanY

The Berlin architect Johann GottriedSteinmeyer built Granitz Hunting Castlebetween 1837 and 1851 or Prince WilhelmMalte I o Putbus. The castle is situatedin the centre o one o the largest unbro-ken woodland areas on the Isle o Ruegen.Like a landmark, the plastered brick edi cecrowns the so-called Tempelberg (Temp-le Mount). The tall central tower designedby Karl Friedrich Schinkel projects out

over the hills summit and can be seenrom aar. Its winding staircase imposinglyplaced in the tower is one o the castlesmain attractions.

The observation platorm, 144 metresabove sea level, offers a picturesquepanorama over the delightul landscapeo Ruegen.Guests o the Prince used to stay in thecastle during the hunting season.An extensive collection o hunting trophiesand the historical drawing rooms are remi-

niscent o these times.

Since the early 1960s the castle has beenhousing a museum. Today its exhibitionrooms provide inormation about thebuildings history, the guests and theirhunting parties. Examples o 19th centuryarts and crats like antler urniture are tobe discovered and the Knights Hall withits stove ormed like a suit o armour hasbecome a new attraction.Since 2003 Granitz Hunting Castle has

been in the care o the Stately Palacesand Gardens o Mecklenburg Western-Pomerania.

Putbus family1851-1945Museum since1960s

contact

Granitz Hunting Castle

Granitz Hunting Castle

P.O.B. 1101D-18609 Ostseebad BinzGermany

Tel. + 49 38393 663 816

[email protected]

www.granitz-jagdschloss.de

24GranitZhuntinG castle

Knights Hall

P h o t o s : 1 M a t t h i a s L a n g e r 2 3 T h o m a s G r u n d n e r

Staircase inside the castle


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BausKacastle

latVia

Bauska Castle was rst mentioned in 1443and in 1451 it was included in a list oLivonian Order castles. Ater the Reorma-tion and the dissolution o the LivonianOrder the Duchy o Courland-Semigaliawas established, o which Gotthard Kettler,the last master o the Order, became the rst duke. Bauska became a ducal castleand it was most likely in the 1580s that theorti cations were modernized and a new

residence was built.In 1625 Swedish troops besieged the castlebut in 1628 a Polish Army orced them toleave. In 1658 the Swedes invaded Cour-land once more and they let the castledevastated in 1660. At the beginning othe Great Northern War Swedish troopsoccupied the castle again and plans were

made or a new rampart system. In 1705they surrendered to the Russians andwhen they let in 1706 the castle was partlyblown up. Restoration work began in the1970s. The Dukes residence was com-pletely restored in the 1990s and acquiredits present-day appearance in 2008. Since1990 Bauska Castle has been a museum.

The Livonian Order12371561Gotthard Kettler, Masterof the Livonian Order15591561,Duke15611587The Polish-Swedish War16211625,16261629The Northern Wars16551661The Great Northern War17001721

contact

Bauska Castle

Bauskas pils muzejs

PilskalnsBauskaLV-3901Latvia

Tel. + 371 639 237 93

[email protected]

www.bauskaspils.lv

RIGA

25

Photos:BauskaCastlemuseum

Bauska Castle is a complex o buildings, located on a hillat the con uence o the two rivers Msa and Mmele.

Ater establishment o the Duchyo Courland Bauska Castle wasconverted into a orti ed residence.

The remains o the oldest part the Livonian Order Castle.


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csiscastle

latVia

For a ew years, ater 1209, the Brotherso the Sword shared an old hill ort witha local ethnic group, the Wends and in1214 they built a stone castle, Wenden, ona nearby plateau. In 1237 it was capturedby the Teutonic Knights and becamethe seat o the rst master o the LivonianOrder, but at the end o the 15th centurythe Orders headquarters were movedto Rga.

During the rst hal o the 13th centurya stone chapel, a chapter house and proba-bly some timber houses were built.In the late 14th century the castle wastransormed into a convent type castlewith our wings grouped around a quad-rangle and in the late 15th century threecircular gun towers were added to thedeences.

Serious damage was done to the castle inthe Livonian War and in the 18th centurythe ormer gatehouse was converted intoa manor house, the so-called New Castle.

The old castle is now a spectacular ruin.Between 2007 and 2010 extensive internaland external restoration and reconstruc-tion work was carried out at the NewCastle. Since 1949 the New Castle has beenhousing the Csis History and Art Museum.

The military order of The Brothersof the Sword12021236Livonian Order12371561The Livonian War15581583

contact

Csis Castle

Csu Vstures un mkslas muzejs

Pils laukums 11CsisLV-4100Latvia

Tel. +49 371 641 218 15

[email protected]

www.turisms.cesis.lv

RIGA

26

Aerial photograph o Csis CastleThe Masters Chamberin the west tower.

Csis Castle seen romthe rst outer bailey.

Photos:1-G.Kalni,2-R.Jelevis,3-CsisCastle


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turaidacastle

latVia

In 1214 in the name o Albert, the bishopo Riga, Bishop Philip o Ratzeburg beganwork on a stone castle on the site o a pre-vious timber castle belonging to the Livs.It was called Friedland (Land o Peace)but the new name was rarely used.Instead, the castle and the surroundinglands continued to be known by the oldLiv name o Turaida.All through the Middle Ages it was an

important economic centre or the archbi-shops o Riga as well as the residence o alocal administrator and a military strong-hold. Extensions were added until themiddle o the 16th century and it served asa ortress until a devastating re in 1776.

The rebuilding combined with a system-atic study o the remains o the castle wasundertaken in the second hal o the20thcentury. Today it is part o the TuraidaMuseum Reserve and in the rebuilt castlethere is an exhibition about the castlebuilding, the Archbishopric o Riga andevents in the Turaida castle district con-nected to Latvian and European history.

The Bishopric of Riga11861255The Archbishopric of Riga12551561

contact

Turaida Castle

Turaidas muzejrezervts

Turaidas iela 10SiguldaLV-2150Latvia

Tel. +371 679 723 76,Tel. + 371 679 714 02

[email protected]

www.turaida-muzejs.lv

RIGA

28

Turaida CastleThe Main Tower o Turaida CastlePhotos:TuraidaMuseumReserve


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VentsPilscastle

latVia

Ventspils Castle (Windau) was built inthe second hal o the 13th century. It was rst mentioned in 1290 and was controlledby the Livonian Order until 1561. Then itbecame a local administrative centre in theDuchy o Courland and a small garrisonwas quartered there. In 1659 the castle waspartly damaged by the Swedes.Ater the Great Northern War andthe incorporation o the Duchy into

the Russian Empire the military unctionswere abandoned and rom 1832 until 1959the castle served as a prison.From 1962 on it housed the Soviet BorderGuards and when they let in 1983 thebuildings were in poor condition. Restora-tion o Ventspils Castle began in the mid-dle o the 1980s. The Castle differs rom

other medieval castles in Latvia, having aninterior where modern design harmonizeswith the historic environment. Today thecastle houses a museum.

The Livonian Order12371561The Duchy of Courland15611795The Northern Wars16551661The Great Northern War17001721

The Russian Empire, CourlandGovernorate17211918The Republic of Latvia19181940The Soviet Union19401990The Republic of Latviasince 1990

contact

Ventspils Castle

Ventspils muzejs

Ja iela 17VentspilsLV-3601Latvia

Tel. + 371 636 220 31

[email protected]

www.muzejs.ventspils.lv

RIGA

29

Photos:J.Presnikovs,L.Balodis,A.Vijups

Ventspils Castle - the oldest buildingin Ventspils town, nowadays Ventspils museum

Part o the permanent exhibition in the castle:The town o Ventspils in the 13th 19th century

The education center o the museumis situated in the ormer stables


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Biraicastle

lithuania

Birai Castle was built between 1586and 1589 by Duke Kristupas Radvila(Radziwill) Perknas (God o Thunder)and today it is the best preserved bas-tioned castle in Lithuania.During the 17th and 18th century it wasthe main Lithuanian stronghold in thewars against Sweden but in 1625 1627it was captured by the Swedes and largelydestroyed. The reconstruction lasted

nearly ty years and rom 1662 to 1669it was rebuilt in Dutch style with bastions.In 1682 Birai was a huge deensive sitewith its orti cations, a palace and twentyother buildings. Nearly a hundred cannonswere kept in its arsenal. On 14 September1704 the Swedish army attacked anddestroyed the castle and during theollowing two and a hal centuries it ell

into decay. Ater World War II there wereattempts to preserve what was let, buturther decay could not be prevented.Finally, a decision to rebuild Birai Castlewas made and reconstruction work was nished in 1988. Since 1989 the Birairegional museum Sla has been situatedin the castle.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania11th12th century1569The Polish-LithuanianCommonwealth15691795The Polish-Swedish wars16211625,16261629, 16551661The Great Northern War17001721

contact

Birai Castle

Bir krato muziejus Sla

J. Radvilos 3LT-41175Lithuania

Tel. +370 450 318 83

[email protected]

www.birzumuziejus.lt

VILNIUS

30

Photos:BiraiRegionalMuseumSla


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Gediminascastle toWer

lithuania

Vilnius Castle, also called Gediminas Castleor The Upper Castle, is part o a largerorti cation including The Lower and

The Crooked Castle. It was mentioned orthe rst time in 1323 in a treaty with the

Teutonic Order. There had been a timbercastle on the site since the 11th century,but since the 13th century the walls andtowers have been built out o stone andthe Teutonic Knights never managed to

capture it.Fires and wars devastated the castle andit was last used as a ortress between1655-1661. Ater that it decayed slowly andwhen a Russian ortress was built thereater 1831 parts o it were demolished.During the interwar years in the 20thcentury conservation work was carried out.In World War II the tower was damaged,but rebuilt and since 1960 it has houseda museum. In 1995 it was totally renovatedand along with the Lithuanian ag, the

tower has become a symbol o the Repub-lic o Lithuania.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania11th and 12th century1569Grand Duke Gediminasof Lithuania13161341Grand Duke Vytautasof Lithuania13921430The Polish-LithuanianCommonwealth15691795The Polish-Swedish wars16211625,16261629, 16551661

The Russian Empire17951914World War I19141918Independent Lithuania19181940World War II19401945German occupation19401941Part of the Soviet Union19411990The Republic of Lithuaniasince 1990

contact

GediminasCastle Tower

Gedimino pilies boktasArsenalo g. 5LT-01143 VilniusLithuania

Tel. + 370 526 174 53,Tel. + 370 526 294 26

[email protected]

www.lnm.lt/en/exposition-locations/

gediminas-castle-tower.html

VILNIUS

31

Gediminas Castle Tower in Vilnius

P

hotos:KstutisStokus


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43

Palace ofthe Grand duKes

lithuania

Grand Dukes Palace in Vilnius was builtduring the 13th and 14th century.At the end o the 15th and the beginningo the 16th century the Gothic style castlewas transormed into a luxurious Renais-sance style residence. During the 17thcentury it was reconstructed in earlyBaroque style. In 1655 the Russians plun-dered and devastated the palace and inthe late 18th and early 19th century all

wings o the palace except or the easternwing were demolished.Ater the Lithuanian state was re-estab-lished in 1990 there was a discussion aboutthe reconstruction o the palace andin 2001 it was nally decided that workshould be done.It has been in progress since 2002 andthe reconstructed historical residence othe Grand Dukes o Lithuania is expectedto open by the end o 2013 as a brancho the National Museum. It will also be

an important venue or state ceremonialevents and the spreading o tourist inor-mation about Lithuania and its historicsites.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania11th12th century1569The Gediminid and JegillonianDynastyaround 13001572

The Polish-LithuanianCommonwealth15691795The Vasa Dynasty15871668The Polish-Swedish wars16211625,16261629, 16551661The Russian Empire1772, 1793,17951914Independent Lithuania19181940Part of the Soviet Union19411990The Republic of Lithuaniarom 1990

contact

Palace ofthe Grand Dukes

Nacionalinis muziejus LietuvosDidiosios Kunigaiktystsvaldov rmaiKatedros a. 4LT-01143 VilniusLithuania

Tel. +370 5 212 7476

[email protected]

www.valdovurumai.lt

VILNIUS

32

View o the palace romthe Upper Castle (Gediminas Hill)

View o the arches rom the inner courtyard

Renaissance style throne roomPhotos:VytautasAbramauskasandMindaugasKaminskas


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traKai islandand Peninsular castles

lithuania

Trakai Peninsular Castle was built bythe Grand Duke o Lithuania, Kstutis(13421383), and while the building workswere still continuing the constructiono the Trakai Island Castle on one othe largest isles o Lake Galv began.

The complex was probably nished in theearly 15th century by Kstutis son, GrandDuke Vytautas (13921430).Ater the Teutonic Order was deeated at

the Battle o algiris (Grunewald) in 1410the Island Castle became the residenceo the Grand Duke o Lithuania, but inthe 16th century the castle lost its militaryunction. The Grand Duke moved to Vilniusand the Island Castle became a prison orthe nobility.In 1655 a Russian army plundered andburned the town o Trakai and the castleswere destroyed and never rebuilt.

The restoration o the Island Castle to its15th century appearance started in 1953.

The Central Palace was rebuilt in 1962and in 1987 the restoration was completed.Since 1962 the Island Castle has beena museum.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania11th12th century1569

The Polish-LithuanianCommonwealth15691795The Polish-Swedish war16551661The Russian Empire17951914Part of the Soviet Union19411990The Republic of Lithuaniasince 1990

contact

The Trakai Islandand Peninsular Castles

Trak istorijos muziejusKstuio 4

TrakaiLT-21104Lithuania

Tel. + 370 528 539 45

[email protected]

www.trakaimuziejus.lt

VILNIUS

33

The Great Hall o the Island Castle

Exposition hall o the Trakai HistoryMuseum in the Island Castle Aerial view o Trakai Island Castle


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45

34

WARSAW

malBorKcastle

Poland

Malbork Castle (Marienburg) was oundedin 1274 by the Teutonic Knights. From 1309it was the seat o the Grand Master andthe capital o the monastic state in Prussia.During the 14th century it became thelargest and most impressive o all castles othe Order. Malbork consisted o three mainsections. The High Castle was a monas-tery with the Church o St. Mary and theknights and priests quarters.

The Middle Castle housed the GrandMasters Palace, the Great Reectory andthe in rmary. In the Outer Bailey were theworkshops, stables, granaries, armoury,river port and a chapel or servants. In 1457the Teutonic Knights lost Malbork Castleto the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellonian.Ater the partition o Poland in 1772 it be-came Prussian barracks and military stores.During the 19th century extensive resto-rations re-Gothicized the castle. MalborkCastle suffered terrible damage in 1945

and restoration work has been carried outever since. In 1997 the castle was inscribedin the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The castle as the TeutonicKnights monastery12741457(the Grand Masters seat since 1309)The castle as a temporary seatof the Kings of Poland, and the Royal

Military base14571772The castle within the bordersof German Prussia and Germany17721945World War II19391945Polish againsince 1945

contact

Malbork Castle

Muzeum Zamkowe w Malborku

Starociska 1PL-82-200 MalborkPoland

Tel. +48 55 64 70 800

[email protected]

[email protected] (Bookings)

www.zamek.malbork.pl

Panoramic view o Malbork Castle rom the south-west

The Chapter Hall at the High Castle

P h o t o s : B L O k o n s c y


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WARSAW

35the PomeranianduKes castle

Poland

Sometime during the rst hal o the 12thcentury Duke Wartislaw l built a timbercastle on the site o a temple dedicated tothe three-headed Slavic god Triglav.

The castle was enlarged during the 13thcentury and in 1346 Barnim III added a so-called stone house. Today the oldest pre-served part o the castle is the south wingbuilt by Duke Boguslav X around 1490.Ater 1530 Duke Barnim XI extended the

castle, and rom 1573 until 1582 it wasrebuilt by Duke Jan Frederic in Renaissancestyle.Ater the Peace o Westphalia in 1648the Swedish Governor General o Pome-rania resided here and rom 1705 onwardsthe castle was the home o the PolishQueen Catherine Leszczynska and herdaughters or some years.

In 1720 it became the residence o DukeChristian August o Anhalt-Zerbst,commander o the Prussian garrison.In 1944 carpet bombing by the alliedorces destroyed nearly 70% o the castle.

The rebuilding in Renaissance style beganin 1958 and continued until the 1980s.

Today, the rooms o the castle are usedor exhibitions and other cultural activities.

The Duchy of Pomerania,The Gri n Dynasty12th century1637Swedish occupation16301648Swedish Pomerania16481720Prussia17201945Polandsince 1945

contact

The PomeranianDukes Castle

Zamek Ksit Pomorskichul. Korsarzy 34PL-70-540 SzczecinPoland

Tel. + 48 91 43 38 841

[email protected]

www.zamek.szczecin.pl

View o the castlePhotos:1,2-BeataBogusawska,3-MarekKowalczyk

The castle seen rom south-west.

The Gothic gallery


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MOSCOW

36

KalininGrad

russia

In 1255 King Ottokar II o Bohemia oundeda castle by the river Prege on Prussianterritory conquered by the TeutonicKnights. It was named Knigsberg aterhim and at the beginning o the 14th cen-tury it was a rectangular castle with eightdeensive towers but also a convent withall the necessary acilities.In 1525 the last Grand Master o the Order,Albrecht o Brandenburg, converted to

Lutheranism and became the rst Dukeo Prussia. Knigsberg Castle became hisresidence and the city was the capital oPrussia until 1701 when the Duke becameKing Friedrich I o Prussia and moved toBerlin.Ater the Second World War the castlewas a blackened ruin. Knigsberg becamepart o the Soviet Union and its name waschanged to Kaliningrad. In the 1960s the

ruins were pulled down, but during the rst decade o this century a joint Russian-German excavation project uncoveredthe cellars. The ruin is now protectedas an ancient monument in the careo the Kaliningrad Museum o Historyand Art.

The Teutonic Knights12551525

The Duchy of Prussia15251701The Kingdom of Prussia17011871The German Empire18711918The German Republic19181945The Second World War19391945The Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics19451991Russian Federationsince 1991

contact

Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad Museum o

History and ArtKlinicheskaya ulitsa 21KaliningradRU-236016Russian Federation

[email protected]

http://westrussia.org

Excavation o the south-eastern part o the castle.Photos:KaliningradsMuseumoHistoryandArt


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MOSCOW

37

militarY-historical museum

russia

In 1703 Peter the Great ounded an arse-nal inside the Peter and Paul ortress inSt.Petersburg with the purpose to storeand preserve old guns and cannons as wellas both Russian and captured guns andcannons considered to be o historicalvalue.By the late 18th century the collectionwas moved to a new arsenal on the LiteinyiProspekt, but later it was returned to the

Peter and Paul ortress. Today it is locatedon the territory o Kronwerk, once a parto the St. Petersburg ortress, built 17051708 and continually renewed throughoutthe century.Ater 1848 a new Kronwerk was builto stone and the new arsenal, built inPseudo-Gothic Style, was nished in 1860.

The Military-Historical Museum o Artillery,Engineers and Signal Corps is the oldest oits kind in Russia. The Museums collec-tion includes artillery armaments andammunition, ri es, military-engineeringequipment, signal means, banners, mili-tary uniorms and insignia rom the 14thcentury onwards. There is also a selectiono modern armaments including missilesystems. The museum is open to the public

all year round.

Tsar Peter the Great reign16821725Peter and Paul Fortress1703Foundation of Military-HistoricalMuseum29.8.1703

contact

Military-HistoricalMuseum

Military-Historical Museumo Artillery, Engineerand Signal Corps7 Aleksandrovskii ParkSt. Petersburg, RU-197022Russian Federation

Tel. + 7 812 610 [email protected]

www.artillery-museum.ru

Photos:Military-HistoricalMuseum

View o the museum area


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MOSCOW

38oldladoGa

russia

The legendary Varagian Prince Rurik builta wooden ortress at the shore o LakeLadoga in 862. The rst stone ortress wasbuilt in the late 9th and early 10th centuryby Saint Oleg. In 997 it was destroyed bythe Norwegian Earl Eirik. Prince Mstislavthe Great o Novgorod erected the secondstone ortress in 1114.

Through centuries the stone ortressprotected the northern rontier o Russia.

In the early 17th century Ladoga wasthe only ortress in the northern part othe Moscow State and it was the objecto constant struggle between differentpolitical sides.In the beginning o the Great NorthernWar (1700-1721) Peter the Greats troopswere concentrated in Ladoga. In 170214 regiments under the leadership o FieldMarshal Sheremetev let Ladoga to con-quer Nteburg ortress (Russian: Oreshek),which had been held by the Swedes

since 1612. In the late 18th century

Old Ladoga lost its status as a townand the ortress was gradually destroyed.

Today only picturesque ruins remind uso its ormer grandeur. Restoration workshave been carried out since the mid-20thcentury. Old Ladoga (Staraya Ladogain Russian) is a museum today.

Old Ladoga was already well known

in the 9th and 10th centuriesPart of Kievan Rus10191132Part of Novgorod Rus11321478Russiansince 1478New Ladoga (Novaya Ladogain Russian)was ounded in 1704

contact

Old Ladoga Fortress

Museum Staraya Ladoga

19 Volkhovsky pr.Staraya LadogaVolkhovsky districtLeningrad region, RU-187412Russian Federation

Tel. +7 813 637 35 24

[email protected]

www.oldladoga.spb.ru

The Assumption Temple, *3

A 16th century guntower.

The Church o St. John the Baptist, 17th century.

*312th century the northernmost monumento pre-Mongoli and Old Russian architecture.It is one o the six (and o two preserved) stonechurches built in Ladoga in the 12th century. The wallwas brightly decorated with resco painting, the most

amous image St. Kirik.

Photos:MuseumOldLadoga


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MOSCOW

39oresheKfortress

russia

The rst Shlisselburg Fortress Oreshekwas built o timber in 1323 by the Nov-gorodians on an island at the head o theRiver Neva on Lake Ladoga. During a battlebetween the Russians and the Swedes in1349 it was destroyed by re and in 1352the Russians built a new stone ortressconsisting o three low rectangular towersconnected by walls. In the late 15th andearly 16th century it was again replaced

by a new powerul orti cation with sevenmassive towers o which only vehave survived to the present day.When the Swedes captured Oreshek inMay 1612 they named it Nteborg andwhen the Russians recaptured it in 1702it was named Shlisselburg, which is derivedrom the German word Schlsselburgmeaning key-castle = the key to theBaltic Sea (Gul o Finland). From the endo the 18th century until the OctoberRevolution o 1917 the ortress was used

as a political prison.

German attacks during the Second WorldWar severely damaged the ortress.Restoration work has been carried outsince 1965. Today Oreshek Fortress isunder the authority o the St. PetersburgMuseum o History.

Novgorodians builtOreshek Fortress1323

Novgorodian lands were taken overby Moscow14711478Part of Sweden16121702Russiansince 1702

contact

Oreshek Fortress

Oreshek Fortress

ShlisselburgLeningrad RegionRU-18869Russian Federation

Tel. + 7 921 951 91 32,Tel. + 7 812 230 64 31

[email protected]

www.spbmuseum.ru

Gosudareva (Tsars) Tower

*1

Golovin Tower and stairs to the rooedpassage on the parapet

*1Memorial complex dedicated to the deenders o

Oreshek Fortress during the Second World War andthe ruins o St. Johns Cathedral

Photos:StateMuseumotheHistoryoStPetersburg


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MOSCOW

40Peter and Paulfortress

russia

The ortress was ounded in the deltao the Neva River on 27 May 1703 to deendthe land that Russia had captured rom theSwedes during the Great Northern War.

The same day is also considered to bethe birthday o the City o St. Petersburg.It took our months to build the ortressout o earth and timber in the orm oan irregular hexagon with six curtain wallslinking six massive bastions protruding

towards the attacker.During a period rom 1706 to 1740 earthand timber were replaced by a solidconstruction o masonry and rom 1779to 1785 the southern walls o the ortresswere aced with granite.

From 1718 onwards Peter and Paul Fortresswas also used as a prison or statecriminals.From 1870 to 1872 a new prison was builtand the castle remained the main remandprison up until 1918. Most o the buildingsinside Peter and Paul Fortress are underthe authority o the St. Petersburg Muse-um o History.

Tsar Peter the Great16821725The Great Northern War17001721St. Petersburg, Capital of the RussianEmpire17131728, 17321918

contact

Peter and Paul Fortress

State Museum o the Historyo St Petersburg

3 Petropavlovskaya krepostRU-197046St PetersburgRussian Federation

Tel. + 7 812 230 64 31Tel. + 7 812 498 05 11

[email protected]

www.spbmuseum.ru

The Commandants HouseThe Mint

Peter and Pauls Cathedraland the Boat House

Photos:StateMuseumotheHistoryoStPetersburg


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MOSCOW

41

suVoroV memorialmuseum

russia

The Suvorov Memorial Museum inSt.Petersburg was Russias rst memorialmuseum built according to EmperorNicholas IIs decree o 1899 and openedin the presence o His Majesty in 1904.It was designed by court architect Alexan-der von Gogen and constructed between1901 and 1904. With its stylistic loans romold Russian ortress architecture (especiallyrom the Kremlin in Moscow), its turrets

and battlements and medieval armorscarved in stone, it stresses the act that themuseum is dedicated to the greatestRussian commander o all time and one othe great generals o the world, AlexanderSuvorov who, besides never losing a battle,also built ortresses in the autonomousGrand Duchy o Finland and towns in the

south o Russia in the late 18th century.Ater the revolution in 1917 the museumwas closed. It was reopened in 1951 as theSuvorov Museum o Military History.However, since 1991 it has been theSuvorov Memorial Museum again.It displays personal belongings, wardecorations, uniorms, guns, banners,documen

Documents

Treasures of the Baltic Sea - Castles and Museums - A thrilling, rewarding and common history