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Trauma and emergency research center 2
Trauma system
Farzad Panahi MD Associate Professor of
General SurgeryTrauma & Emergency Research
Center
Trauma and emergency research center 3
Definition of trauma
• Trauma is tissue damage caused by the transfer of energy to the body above or below the tolerance of human tissue
Trauma and emergency research center 4
Injury in Iran
• 153 people(1/5) die as a result of trauma daily
• 4000 “years of life lost”(1/3)due to trauma daily
Trauma and emergency research center 5
The Injury Pyramid
EPISODES OF INJURIES REPORTED
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT VISTS
40%
HOSPITAL DISCHARGES
DEATHS
Trauma and emergency research center 6
Cost of Injuries
–Direct Costs
–Indirect Costs
Trauma and emergency research center 7
Myth: Injuries are Accidents
• Injuries are no accident
• Injuries are no accident
• Injuries are no accident
• Injuries are no accident
Trauma and emergency research center 8
Main concept
• Trauma is a disease that can be prevented or its negative impacts decreased, or both, by primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention efforts.
Trauma and emergency research center 9
The Injury Triangle
ENVIRONMENTAGENT
HOST
VECTOR
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Concepts of Injury Control
• Haddon’s Matrix
Pre-Injury Injury Post-InjuryHostAgentEnvironment
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THE THREE PHASES OF INJURY PREVENTION
• PRIMARY PREVENTION: PRE-INJURY
• SECONDARY PREVENTION: AT THE TIME OF INJURY
• TERTIARY PREVENTION: POST-INJURY
Department of Emergency Medicine 13
TRAUMA SYSTEMS AND INJURY PREVENTION
• Historically, trauma centers focused on tertiary prevention.
• The trauma system, in contrast, should contribute to reducing the entire burden of injury.
• Therefore, it should integrate all three phases of injury prevention into planning and practice.
Department of Emergency Medicine 14
Trauma and emergency research center 15
Definition
• A trauma system is a pre-planned, comprehensive, and coordinated statewide and local injury response network that includes all facilities with the capability to care for the injured.
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
• 1775: the guide for surgeons during the Revolutionary War by Dr John Jones
• 1797: Napoleon’s chief physician implements a prehospital system designed to triage and transport the injured from the field to aid stations.
• 1865: Civilian ambulance services begin in Cincinnati and New York.
Trauma and emergency research center 17
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
• 1915: First known air medical transport occurs during the retreat of the Serbian Army from Albania.
• 1925: Dr. Lorenz Böhler forms the first trauma care system for civilians in Austria.
• 1950: During the Korean Conflict, air ambulances and forward surgical hospitals are used to reduce the time from injury to definitive surgical care.
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
• 1966: The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences publishes Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society.
• 1980: The ACS creates Advanced Trauma Life Support.
• 1990: US Congress passes the Trauma Systems Planning and Development
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Trauma Care
The system encompasses a continuum of care
Department of Emergency Medicine 20
Department of Emergency Medicine 21
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The goals of a trauma care system
• decreasing the incidence and severity of trauma• ensuring optimal care for all • preventing unnecessary deaths and disabilities • containing costs while enhancing efficiency• implementing quality and performance
improvement of trauma care throughout the system
• ensuring certain designated facilities have appropriate resources to meet the needs of the injured
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A mature trauma system seeks to minimize quality of care variations
An effective trauma system comprises both patient care and social components
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THE PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM
• The primary strategy :
– Identify a problem based on data (Assessment)
– Devise and implement an intervention (Policy Development)
– Evaluate the outcome (Assurance)
Department of Emergency Medicine 26
Trauma and emergency research center 28
Trauma system and disaster
• Those States with the most developed trauma systems were most ready to respond to mass casualty incidents.
2002, HRSA : the National Assessment of State Trauma System Development, Emergency Medical Services Resources, and Disaster Readiness for Mass Casualty Events.
Trauma and emergency research center 29
SYSTEM FINANCE
• Trauma care is lifesaving, yet expensive.
• The investment in systems can be cost-effective in terms of long-term health care costs and productivity.
Trauma and emergency research center 30
SYSTEM FINANCE
• Motor vehicle fees, fines, and penalties
• Court fees, fines, and penalties (not motor vehicle related)
• 9-1-1 system surcharges
• Intoxication offense fees
• Controlled substance act or weapons violation fees
• Taxes on sales of tobacco
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OUTCOMES OF TRAUMA CARE SYSTEMS
Does the establishment of trauma systems increase trauma patients'
survival?
Trauma and emergency research center 33
• preventable deaths to range as high as 20–40 percent of deaths due to injury Trunkey and Lewis, 1991
• the implementation of a regional trauma system, the proportion of preventable fatalities fell from 13.6 to 2.7 percent. Shackford et al.,1986
Trauma and emergency research center 34
Trauma Center Categorization
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Level I Trauma Center
• Admission of at least 1,200 trauma patients yearly. • 20 % ISS >15• dedicated trauma program, trauma service, trauma
team, and medical director. • Departments of surgery, neurosurgery, orthopedic
surgery, emergency medicine, and anesthesia. • General surgeons, anesthesiologists, and emergency
medicine specialists must be immediately available 24 hours a day.
Trauma and emergency research center 36
• Every surgical subspecialty ,OB/GYN and radiology on call
• Board certification for general surgeons, emergency physicians, neurosurgeons, and orthopedic surgeons.
• Completion of ATLS for the general surgeons and emergency physicians.
• personnel and equipment pertinent to trauma in all age groups.
Trauma and emergency research center 37
• 24 h OR and ICU
• Radiological services (including angiography, sonography, CT and MRI), clinical laboratory, hemodialysis, burn care, and acute spinal cord management.
• Rehabilitation services
• Performance improvement and a trauma registry
• Leaders in continuing education, trauma prevention programs, and research
Trauma and emergency research center 38
Level II Trauma Center
• Similar to level I facilities. • Cardiac surgery, microvascular/replant surgery,
and acute in-house hemodialysis are not required.
• A surgeon on call 24 hours a day and present at resuscitations and operative procedures.
• OR available when needed in a timely fashion. • Emergency department and ICU
Trauma and emergency research center 39
Level III Trauma Center
• 24 hour general surgical coverage. • Transfer agreements • Emergency medicine, anesthesia, orthopedics,
plastic surgery, and radiology. • 24 hour operating room and on call personnel.• Computed tomography . • Trauma registry • CME availability for physician and nursing staff
Trauma and emergency research center 40
Level IV Trauma Center
• Initial evaluation, assessment and resuscitation
• Transfer
• 24 hour coverage by a physician; surgical coverage may not be available.
• Located in rural
• Continuing education and prevention programs
Trauma and emergency research center 41
Paradigm Shift in Trauma Care
Old Thinking New Thinking
Trauma is a “surgical disease” Trauma is a “team” disease
Exclusive: trauma care must focus on a subset of the most seriously injured patients that are threatened by death
Inclusive: trauma care must focus on all injured patients to reduce not only death but also disability and costs to society
“Trauma Centers” save lives “Trauma Care Systems” save lives, reduce disability, and costs
Competition among hospitals for “designation”
Cooperation among hospitals to assure broad system safety net access and effective stabilization and transfer
Trauma and emergency research center 42
Summary
TRAUMA CARE SYSTEM PLAN COMPONENTS
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ADMINISTRATIVE COMPONENTS
– LEADERSHIP
– SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
– LEGISLATION
– FINANCE
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OPERATIONAL AND CLINICAL COMPONENTS
• PUBLIC INFORMATION AND PREVENTION
• HUMAN RESOURCES
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OPERATIONAL AND CLINICAL COMPONENTS cont’
• PREHOSPITAL– COMMUNICATION– MEDICAL DIRECTION
• Off-Line and On-Line Medical Direction
– TRIAGE– TRANSPORT
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OPERATIONAL AND CLINICAL COMPONENTS
• DEFINITIVE CARE
– TRAUMA CARE FACILITIES
– INTERFACILITY TRANSFER
– REHABILITATION
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OPERATIONAL AND CLINICAL COMPONENTS cont’
• EVALUATION– Data Collection– Trauma System Evaluation– Trauma Center Evaluation– Research
• Trauma Care Research• Research Funding
Trauma and emergency research center 48