Transpotation in India

7/27/2019 Transpotation in India

1/18

Transportation in India

The history of transportation spans the entire history of mankind. Today most of us take travellingand the modes of transport for granted. This project has been an eye opener for me and has helped

me understand the impact travelling and transportation has had on our lives and lifestyles.

Transport has become an integral part of our lives, it connects people and places. Although initially

the primary purpose for travel was trade and commerce it lead to exchange of knowledge, culture,

religion, and technology. Transportation is important because it promotes:

1. Understanding of different people, cultures and places leading to relationships.

2. Availability of resources and services across regions. This reduces disparity and scarcity and

provides variety.

3. Trade and commerce within the country and with other nations and boosts the economy of

the place.

4. Evacuation and aid to areas affected by natural calamities or wars.

5. Tourism, sightseeing and leisure.

Whenever any of us need to travel we think of driving or taking a flight. Can you guess the fastest

mode of travelling which doesnt need a vehicle neither costs anything? You guessed it right, it is

mind- travel. Now let us embark on a journey and time - travel to see how transportation evolved

through the years.

Historical perspective

The evolution of the different modes of transport

In Palaeolithic and Neolithic times the nomads kept moving from place to place for food and shelter.

Their only mode of transport was their feet.

Once agriculture started nomads began to settle. Their entire clans used to live in close proximity

and the human settlements were fairly self-sufficient. They did not feel the need to travel.

4000 BC was the turning point in the history of transportation. The rolling of a rock from a mountain

led to the invention of a wheel. This led to a series of advancements in transportation.

As time passed, agricultural methods improved leading to surplus goods. This probably initiated the

need to transport goods to other places and thus trade began. Historians believed that canals

linking Euphrates and Tigris were used for transportation in Mesopotamia even before the wheel

was invented.

Around 520 BC the Persian emperor, Darius I, built the Great canal linking the Nile and the Red Sea

and this was the beginning of water transport.

The 6th century BC was the year the first form of railways was used in Greece. There were grooves

made in limestone and boats kept on platforms were pushed by slaves.
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=azm#azmhttp://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=azm#azm


2/18

Around the 2nd century BC the primary means of communication was through hand carried

messages. To enhance the speed of travellers just wheels and vehicles were insufficient, hence

Romans started building roads.

Around 3rd century BC the Chinese undertook the task of joining many existing waterways into the

famous Grand Canal which helped transport rice.

This was followed by construction of the European canals around the 12th century AD in the

Netherlands primarily for drainage, but it also served as an efficient transport network.

Around 1782 the development and refinement of steam engine by James Watt lead to the steam

engine trains running on brittle cast-iron plates.

The advent of air travel began in 1783 AD with the Hydrogen hot air balloon and further refined to

the first flight by the Wright Brothers in an engine airplane in 1903 AD.

This was just the beginning and all forms of travel be it vehicles on road, trains on tracks, ships in

waterways and flights in the sky improved by leaps and bounds to the present day state.

The evolution and growth of transport in India

Before British Colonization

Prior to the arrival of the British bullock carts, horses and camels comprised the primary means oftransport on land and boats were used to carry cargo.

Around 2nd century BC, the primary route that connected India to the neighbouring countries was

the Silk routeor Silk Road. It got its name from a Chinese lucrative silk that was traded along the

route and during those days only the Chinese knew how to make silk.

This trade route connected the Roman and the Chinese empires. It passed from the eastern borders

ofEurope through north India and the Himalaya mountain range to the Taklamakan desert,

terminating in the desert regions ofTun-huang in western China.

It was a network of smaller trade routes that went over 7,000 miles across Asia. Through this trade

route the Chinese traded jade and silk and imported glass from Rome and spices from India. They

also traded gold, silver, jewellery, metalwork, glassware, animals, sheep, goats, horses and ivory

from Africa. Flowers, fruits, herbs and spices came from the Middle East and furs and skins from

Russia. Traders usually traversed only a section of the route, transferring their goods to other

caravans at various points along the way.

The Silk Road was the principal path for the early transmission of Buddhism from India to China, and

later for Chinese pilgrims travelling from China to India in search of teachings and scriptures.

Many different religions spread along this route. Algebra, astronomy, Arabic numerals, medicaltechniques, architectural styles, and a host of primarily Chinese techniques and inventions, e.g.,
http://www.answers.com/topic/europehttp://www.answers.com/topic/indiahttp://www.answers.com/topic/himalayahttp://www.answers.com/topic/tun-huanghttp://www.answers.com/topic/people-s-republic-of-chinahttp://www.answers.com/topic/people-s-republic-of-chinahttp://www.answers.com/topic/tun-huanghttp://www.answers.com/topic/himalayahttp://www.answers.com/topic/indiahttp://www.answers.com/topic/europe


3/18

printing and papermaking, spread from East to West, while various construction techniques,

seafaring methods, medicinal plants and poisons, cotton cultivation, and horse-related items such as

saddles and stirrups spread from West to East.

During the 16th century, the Grand Trunk Road was one of the longest and major roads of south

Asia. The foundation of the road was laid during the reign of the Maurya dynasty and later Sher

Shah Suri re-conceived it and built it further to connect Agra, his capital, with Sasaram, his

hometown. The grand trunk road spanned over 2600 kms.

The Mughals, who succeeded the Suris, extended the road westwards to Kabul in Afghanistan,

crossing the Khyber Pass and eastwards to port city ofChittagong. This road was later improved by

the British and extended to run from Howrah to Peshawar. This was renamed by them as the "Grand

Trunk Road". Over the centuries, the Grand Trunk road, was one of the most important trade

routes in the region and facilitated both travel and communication.

Today this mighty stretch has been split as National Highways 1 and 2 with Delhi being at thejunction. (National Highway 2 links Kolkata with Delhi and National Highway 1 runs from Delhi to

Indo-Pak border). In India, the Grand Trunk Road now forms a part of the Golden Quadrilateral

Project.

During British Rule

Prior to British Rule India did not have steam engine and navigation canals. Except the coastal and

river valley regions in India, transportation was costly, undependable and difficult.

The British initially came to India as traders. They wanted to reach new markets for their wares and

also source cheap raw material for the British industry. Therefore they felt the need for a good

transportation system to reach the interiors of India. Although their ideas were meant for their

benefit, they indirectly served the welfare of the Indians too.

Lord Dalhousie played a vital role in the construction of the transportation system. Many projects

were initiated for building roads, bridges, canals and ports. Navigational canals were dug and the

steam ships and steam boats were introduced to the waters.

British realized that only the rail network could satisfy their needs of easy and cheap mode of

transport. The first railway lines between Bombay and Thane were built in 1853 thereafter Kolkatawas connected with Raniganj and Madras with Arcot. By 1869, 6,400 kms long railway lines were

constructed and by 1929, there were 66,000 km of railway lines serving most of the districts in the

country. The railways not only ensured quicker movement of goods, but also of British troops.

The transport system developed during the British rule had tremendous effect both on India as well

as Britain.

For Britain:

The construction of the transport system profited the British merchants and capitalists the most.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaram


4/18

It accelerated the pace of colonialism and economic exploitation of India. Within a short period,

India was converted into a market for the British machine-products and a source of raw materials for

the British industries.

Economy of Britain flourished at the cost of Indian economy.

It provided stability and they succeeded in suppressing internal resistances and external aggressions

due to greater mobility to the army and military.

For India:

It established greater contact and inter-action among the people from different parts of India. This

led to feeling of oneness and patriotism.

The economic system changed the pattern of agriculture instead of the emphasis on food-crop the

emphasis shifted to cash-crops like cotton, jute and tea. Thus initiating the process of

commercialization of agriculture.

Current Scenario

India is a very large and diverse country and it caters to the needs of 1.27 billion people. Since

the economic liberalisation of the 1990s, development of the transport sector within India has

progressed at a rapid pace.

The transport systems in India can be broadly classified into:

1. Road transport

2. Rail Network

3. Water Ways and

4. Air travel

Road Transport

Indiahasthe third largest road networkin the world with over 4.2 million km in in 2010. Road

transport has emerged as the dominant segment in Indias transport sector. It is estimated that the

road network carry nearly 65% of freight and 85% of the passenger traffic.

The road network can be broadly classified into five broad categories:

1. Expresswayare 6 or 8 lane highways with controlled-access meaning they can only

be accessed and exited using ramps. They are exclusively designed for high-speed

traffic. They are separated from the rest of the traffic and there are no traffic signals,

intersections or any other roads, railways, or pedestrian crossings. India has

approximately 942 km of expressways.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India


5/18

2. National Highways (NHs) are the arterial roads for inter-state connectivity and

movement of passengers and goods. They connect the National and State capital, major

ports and rail junctions and link up with the border roads and foreign highways.

Although they comprise less than 2 per cent of the road network, they carry 40 % of the

road-based traffic.

3. State Highways (SHs) - State Highways (SHs) and Major District Roads (MDRs) constitute

the secondary system of road transportation. They connect National Highways, district

headquarters, important towns, tourist locations and minor ports.

4. Other Roads and

5. Rural Roads -61% of the total road length in India is accounted for by rural roads.

Growth of the road network in India is provided in the table below:

.

As is seen from the table above, the aggregate length of roads, which was 0.4 million km in 1950-51

has increased more than 10 fold to 4.24 million km by 2010.

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways is the Central Government body entrusted with the task

of formulating policies and administering them, to increase mobility and the efficiency of the road

transport system in the country. The Ministry has two wings:

Road Wing is responsible for development and maintenance of National Highway in the

country. They provide technical and financial support to State Governments for the

development of state roads.

Transport Wing is responsible for formulating policies of vehicle registration, safety,

insurance and taxation.

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways carries out development and maintenance work of

National Highways through three agencies. viz. National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), State

Public Works Departments (PWDs) and Border Road Organisation (BRO).


6/18

In order to give boost to the economic development of the country, the Government has embarked

upon a massive National Highways Development Project (NHDP) in the country. The NHDP is the

largest highway project ever taken in the country. The NHDP is being implemented by NHAI some

of the important developments under this project are:

1. Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) - it is an expressway connecting the cities of Chennai, Mumbai,Delhi, and Kolkata. The expressways will aggregate 5846 kms and reduce the load on theGolden Quadrilateral Rail system, which also connects Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai.

This has been almost completed.2. North-South and East West corridors are also expressways which will connect the extremities

of India. The North South expressway will connect Srinagar and Kanyakumari and the EastWest corridor will connect Porbandar and Silchar. Together they will aggregate 7300 kms of 4to 6 lane expressways. As of January 2012, 5945 of 7300 kms project has been completed.

3. Port Connectivity - is linking the 10 major ports in India to their nearest national highways tofacilitate smoother cargo evacuation. This would involve 4 laning of the roads, 356 kms andhas been completed.

The following four stretches are common between theGolden Quadrilateraland the NS-EW

Corridors.

DelhiAgra: Golden Quadrilateral & NorthSouth Corridor

BangaloreKrishnagiri: Golden Quadrilateral & NorthSouth Corridor

AkbarpurKanpur: Golden Quadrilateral & EastWest Corridor

UdaipurChittorgarh: Golden Quadrilateral & EastWest Corridor

Apart from the NHDP there are about 41290 kms of National Highways where development and

maintenance is being carried out. There is also a Special Accelerated Road Development

Programme in the North Eastern Region for improving road connectivity to the remote places of

the region. It involves:

1. Two to four laning of about 3251 kms of National highways

2. Two laning improvement of 4388 kms of State Roads.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnagirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnagirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarpur,_Ambedkar_Nagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarpur,_Ambedkar_Nagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittorgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittorgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittorgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarpur,_Ambedkar_Nagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnagirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral


7/18

In conclusion the Government aims to modernize, expand, and integrate the country's transportservices. All these projects and development work has been an employment generator and areexpected to boost the economy of the country and the regions. Government has made substantialefforts to identify the sectors shortcomings and to reform the situation.

Rail Transport

Indian Railways (IR) is the largest rail network in Asia and fourth in the world next to the U.S.A.,

the U.S.S.R. and the Canada.

The significance of railways is very high for a vast and populated country like India. It is the

primary mode of transport and connects the different regions.

The railways are an energy efficient mode of transport. Over the years the steam engines have

been replaced by diesel and electric engines which has led to further efficiency. As compared to

road transport, Railways are 5 to 6 times more energy efficient, 4 times more efficient in land use

and significantly superior from the standpoints or environment impact and safety. Indian Railways,

therefore, rightly occupies the pride of place in the growth and development of the nation and its

economy.

Railways perform the dual role, that of a commercial organization as well as a vehicle for fulfilling

social objectives. In national emergency, railways have been in the forefront in rushing relief

material to disaster stricken regions. As a part of its social obligations, railways provide subsidized

services and make investments that are un-remunerative.

The countrys high-density rail corridors face severe capacity constraints and need to expand tokeep pace with the growth of the Indian economy. In keeping with the strategic importance of rail

transport and the demand the Ministry of Railways has launched expansion projects. Some of

them are:

1. Strengthening of the golden Quadrilateral to run more long-distance mail/express andfreight trains at a higher speed of 100 kmph.

2. Strengthening of rail connectivity to ports and development of multi-modal corridors to

hinterland.3. Construction of four mega bridges - two over River Ganga, one over River Brahmaputra,

and one over River Kosi.

TheMinistry of Railwaysis responsible for the country's rail transport. The ministry operates the

state-owned Indian Railways, and is headed by the Chairman of Railway Board.

The 12 public undertakings under the administrative control of the Ministry of Railways are:

1. Bharat Wagon and Engineering Co. Ltd.(BWEL)

2. Centre for Railway Information Systems(CRIS)

3. Container Corporation of IndiaLimited (CONCOR)

4. Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of IndiaLimited (DFCCIL)

5. Indian Railway Catering and Tourism CorporationLimited (IRCTC)

6. Indian Railway Construction(IRCON) International Limited

7. Indian Railway Finance Corporation Limited(IRFC)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_Railway_Board_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_Railway_Board_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Wagon_and_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Wagon_and_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Railway_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Railway_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_Freight_Corridor_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_Freight_Corridor_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Catering_and_Tourism_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Catering_and_Tourism_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Construction_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Construction_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Finance_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Finance_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Finance_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Construction_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Catering_and_Tourism_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_Freight_Corridor_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Railway_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Wagon_and_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_Railway_Board_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India


8/18

8. Konkan Railway Corporation Limited(KRCL)

9. Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation(MRVC)

10.Railtel Corporation of IndiaLimited (Rail Tel)

11.Rail India Technical and Economic ServicesLimited (RITES)

12.Rail Vikas Nigam Limited(RVNL)

Although one may assume that the Rapid Transit System inIndiais under the Railway

ministry. It is actually an independent organisation (exceptKolkata MetroinKolkatawhich was

taken over by the Ministry of Railways from the Ministry of Urban development and the state

government of West Bengal in 2011). The Rapid Transit System consists of:

1. Metro- is an urban passenger transportation system which uses elevated or underground

trains or a combination of both." While Metro can carry more people and is faster

Monorails consume minimal space and hence can be built even around overcrowded and

short streets. Monorails are easier to build and cost lesser too.

2. Monorail is a railway system which uses a single rail track. It is usually elevated but canalso be at grade or in a subway tunnels. Monorail vehicles are WIDER than the

guideway that supports them.

3. Light rails have low floor vehicles that run on rails. Light Rail Vehicles have the electrical

workings contained in the roof and passengers enter Light Rail vehicle from a raised

platform. Light Rail also interact with road traffic but not as much as Trams. Trams in

comparison have the electrical workings underneath the floor and passengers are required

to step up onto a Tramcar.

Indian Railways is a gigantic establishment and one of the largest employers with 1.4 million

employees. The assets under its management and the extent of its operations are listed below:

115,000 km of track over a route of 65,000 km of this 23,541 km (36%) is electrified.

7,500 stations 2,39,281Freight Wagons59,713Passenger Coachesand

9,549Locomotives(43 steam, 5,197 diesel and 4,309 electric locomotives), 2300 Goods

sheds, 700 Repair shops.

It operates 14,444 trains and carries some 25 million passengers and 2.8 million tonnes of

freight per day.

Its operations cover24 States and 3 Union territoriesand limited international services

toNepal,BangladeshandPakistan.

The Indian railway system has 3 different gauge systems (gauge is the distance between the

inside edges of the two rails). They are the:

1. Broad gauge 54,257 kms of track where the distance between the rails is 1.67meters.

2. Meter gauge 7,180 kms where the distance between the rails is 1 meter.

3. Narrow gauge 2,537 kms where the distance between the rails is 0.72 meter.

Choice of the rail guage depends on various factors like terrain, curves, speed, nature of traffic

(freight or passenger), costs and ease of construction. However, uniformity of gauge is all
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Railway_Vikas_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Railway_Vikas_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railtel_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railtel_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railtel_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_India_Technical_and_Economic_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_India_Technical_and_Economic_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_India_Technical_and_Economic_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Vikas_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Vikas_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Vikas_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Vikas_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_India_Technical_and_Economic_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railtel_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Railway_Vikas_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan_Railway


9/18

important to allow for inter connectivity, interoperability and standardization of wagons and

locomotives etc.

In India Viceroy Lord Dalhousie introduced the Broad guage and later Viceroy Lord Mayo

introduced Meter guage to lower costs and for easier and faster construction. The Narrow guage

were mostly built privately by Princely states and a few others were built to connect hill stations

where the topography of the place did not allow for wider guage. However, the Ministry of

Railways have taken a policy decision of adopting uni-guage and are gradually converting Meter

and Narrow guage where possible into Broad guage.

Indian rail transport is divided into 17 zones to facilitate operations and management these are

detailed in the table below:

Sl.

No NameRoute

km

Headquarter

s Divisions

1. Central 3905 Mumbai Mumbai,Bhusawal,Pune,Solapur,Nagpur

2. East Central 3628 Hajipur Danapur,Dhanbad,Mughalsarai,Samastipur,Sonpur

3. East Coast 2677 Bhubaneswar Khurda Road,Sambalpurand Waltair(Visakhapatnam)

4. Eastern 2414 Kolkata Howrah,Sealdah,Asansol,Malda

5. North Central 3151 Allahabad Allahabad,Agra,Jhansi

6. North Eastern 3667 Gorakhpur Izzatnagar,Lucknow,Varanasi

7. North Western 5459 Jaipur Jaipur,Ajmer,Bikaner,Jodhpur

8.Northeast

Frontier3907 Guwahati Alipurduar,Katihar,Rangia,Lumding,Tinsukia

9. Northern 6968 Delhi Delhi,Ambala,Firozpur,Lucknow,Moradabad
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhusawal_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhusawal_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhusawal_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsaraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsaraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samastipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samastipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samastipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonepur,_Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonepur,_Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonepur,_Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurda_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurda_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzatnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzatnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipurduarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipurduarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumdinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumdinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firozpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firozpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firozpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firozpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumdinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipurduarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzatnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurda_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonepur,_Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samastipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsaraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhusawal_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railway_(India)


10/18

Sl.

NoName

Route

km

Headquarter

sDivisions

10. South Central 5803 Secunderabad Vijayawada,Hyderabad,Guntakal,Guntur,Nanded,Secunde

rabad

11.South East

Central 2447 Bilaspur Bilaspur,Raipur,Nagpur

12. South Eastern 2631 Kolkata Adra,Chakradharpur,Kharagpur,Ranchi,

13. South Western 3177 Hubli Hubli,Bangalore,Mysore

14. Southern 5098 ChennaiChennai,Trichy,Madurai,Salem,

[12]Palakkad,Thiruvanantha

puram

15. West Central 2965 Jabalpur Jabalpur,Bhopal,Kota

16. Western 6182 MumbaiMumbai

Central,Ratlam,Ahmedabad,Rajkot,Bhavnagar,Vadodara

17.Metro Railway,

Kolkata 26 Kolkata -

Some of the interesting facts and special trains operated by Indian Railways are:

1. There are two UNESCOWorld Heritage Siteson Indian Railways theChatrapati Shivaji

Terminusin Mumbai (earlier called Victoria Terminus) and theMountain Railways of India

which consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India:

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, anarrow gauge railwayin West Bengal.

Nilgiri Mountain Railway, ametre gaugerailway in theNilgiri Hillsin Tamil Nadu.

Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge railway in theShivalikmountains

inHimachal Pradesh. In 2003 this was featured in theGuinness Book of World

Recordsfor offering the steepest rise in altitude in the space of 96 kilometre.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabad_Railway_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabad_Railway_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntakalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntakalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntakalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adra_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adra_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakradharpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakradharpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakradharpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hublihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hublihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hublihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hublihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Railway_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Railway_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Railway_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Railway_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratlamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratlamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratlamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratlamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Railway_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Railway_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hublihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hublihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakradharpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adra_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntakalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabad_Railway_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Railway


11/18

2. Maharaja Railways (Gwalior Light Railway), a narrow gauge line of just 610mm width

fromGwaliortoSheopurof 198 km. in length it is the world's longestnarrow gauge

railwayline is in the UNESCO world heritage tentative list.

3. Palace on Wheelsis a specially designed train, frequently hauled by a steam locomotive, for

promoting tourism in Rajasthan.

4. Samjhauta Expressis a train that runs between India and Pakistan. However, hostilities

between the two nations in 2001 saw the line being closed. It was reopened when the

hostilities subsided in 2004. Another train connectingKhokhrapar(Pakistan)

andMunabao(India) is theThar Expressthat restarted operations on 18 February 2006; it

was earlier closed down after the1965 Indo-Pak war.

5. Lifeline Expressis a special train popularly known as the "Hospital-on-Wheels" which provides

healthcare to the rural areas. This train has a carriage that serves as an operating room, a

second one which serves as a storeroom and an additional two that serve as a patient ward.

The train travels around the country, staying at a location for about two months before

moving elsewhere.

6. Among the famous locomotives, theFairy Queenis the oldest operating locomotive in the

world today, though it is operated only for specials between Delhi and Alwar.

7. Kharagpurrailway station also has the distinction of being the world's longest railway platform

at 1,072 m (3,517 ft).

8. The Ghum station along the DarjeelingToy Trainroute is the second highest railway station in

the world to be reached by a steam locomotive.

9. Vivek Express, betweenDibrugarhandKanyakumari, has the longest run in terms of distance

and time on Indian Railways network. It covers 4,286 km in about 82 hours and 30 minutes.

10.Himsagar Express, betweenKanyakumariandJammu Tawi, has the second longest run in

terms of distance and time on Indian Railways network. It covers 3,715 km in about 69 hours

and 30 minutes.

11.TheBhopal ShatabdiExpress is the fastest train in India today having a maximum speed of

150 km/h on theFaridabadAgrasection. The fastest speed attained by any train is 184 km/h

in 2000 during test runs.

There have been a lot of indigenous effort leading to innovation in Indian Railways and some of

these are:

1. Konkan Railway Corporation (KRC) has invented:a. theAnti Collision Device (ACD), which is capable of avoiding collision between

trains.b. Roll On Roll Off, where loaded trucks are directly carried by railway wagons to their

destination. This has helped saving fuels, decongesting roads, reducing pollution

and providing comfort, safety and speed by avoiding driving through rough terrainand extreme conditions.

c. Self Stablising Track (SST) which will help Railways run the fastest train in thenear future and will make tracks much more safe and sustainable.

2. Chittranjan Locomotive Works has built "state-of-the-art" high horse power three phaseelectric locomotive.

3. Diesel Locomotives Works, Varanasi has produced state-of-the-art 4000 HP diesellocomotive which is capable of hauling 4,800 tonne freight trains at a speed of 100 KMPHand can run continuously up to 90 days in one stretch without any major maintenance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaliorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaliorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaliorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheopurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheopurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheopurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_on_Wheelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_on_Wheelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samjhauta_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samjhauta_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhraparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhraparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhraparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munabaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munabaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munabaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Queen_(locomotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Queen_(locomotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Queen_(locomotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibrugarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibrugarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibrugarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himsagar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himsagar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himsagar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himsagar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Shatabdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Shatabdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Shatabdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Shatabdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himsagar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibrugarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Queen_(locomotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munabaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhraparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samjhauta_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_on_Wheelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheopurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior


12/18

Shipping and Waterways

India is among the 20 largest shipping nations globally on the basis of merchant fleet size. Indias

coastline is more than 7500 kms and there is about 14000 kms of navigable rivers andcanals for Inland Water Transport. Indian shipping tonnage reached almost 11.06 million GT's(Gross Tons) at the end of 2008 and the number of vessels grew to 1158 in Jan 2012.

Water Transport is recognised as the cheapest mode of transport for bulk haulage over longdistance between places situated along the waterfront. Waterways like the other modes oftransport account and add to the social and economic development of a country.

India has 12 major and 187 minor and ports along the coastline. The distinction between majorand minor ports is not based on the amount of cargo handled. The major ports are managed bythe Port Trusts which are under the central government. The minor ports are regulated by the

respective state governments and many of these ports are private ports or captive ports.

India's ports handled an estimated 650 million tons of cargo in the year ended March 2007. Themajor ports of India handled 560 m tons of cargo in 2011-12.

The most important port is the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust in Navi Mumbai. The Cochin Port Trust

in Kochi is a Natural Harbour and the 2nd busiest port in India. The Port of Kolkata is the oldest

operating port in India, having originally been constructed by the British East India Company.

The ports are the main centres of trade. In India about 95% of the foreign trade by quantity and

70% by value takes place through the ports.[129]Mumbai Port&JNPT(Navi Mumbai) handles 70%

of maritime trade in India. There are twelve major ports in India they are:

Major/Intermediate/Minor Ports of India

Port

Cargo Handled

(Million Metric Tons) :

2011-12

Containers

(TEUs)

Ship

Calls

Visakhapatnam 67.4 46,736 2 109

Kolkata/Haldia 43.2 350,000 3 127

Chennai

55.7 1,120,000* 1 857

Kandla 82.5 177,000 2 124

Mumbai 54.6 138,201 6 088

JNPT/Nhava Sheva International

Container Terminal

Gateway Terminals India

65.8 3,300,000 2 380

New Mangalore 32.9 21,460* 1,144*

Mormugao 39.0 10,011
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India#cite_note-ibefports-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India#cite_note-ibefports-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India#cite_note-ibefports-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India#cite_note-ibefports-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbaihttp://www.vizagport.com/http://www.vizagport.com/http://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/http://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/http://www.chennaiport.gov.in/http://www.chennaiport.gov.in/http://www.kandlaport.gov.in/http://www.kandlaport.gov.in/http://www.mumbaiport.gov.in/http://www.mumbaiport.gov.in/http://www.jnport.com/http://www.nsict.co.in/http://www.nsict.co.in/http://www.nsict.co.in/http://www.nsict.co.in/http://www.gatewayterminals.com/http://www.gatewayterminals.com/http://www.newmangalore-port.com/http://www.newmangalore-port.com/http://www.mptgoa.com/http://www.mptgoa.com/http://www.mptgoa.com/http://www.newmangalore-port.com/http://www.gatewayterminals.com/http://www.nsict.co.in/http://www.nsict.co.in/http://www.jnport.com/http://www.mumbaiport.gov.in/http://www.kandlaport.gov.in/http://www.chennaiport.gov.in/http://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/http://www.vizagport.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India#cite_note-ibefports-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India#cite_note-ibefports-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Kolkata


13/18

Paradip 54.3 2,000 1,636*

Kochi 20.1 203,000 1 225

Tuticorin 28.1 377,102 1 533

Ennore 15.0 - 201

The Ministry of Shipping, under CentralGovernment of India, is the apex body for formulation

and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to Shipping and Ports. The

Ministry of Shipping throughShipping Corporation of India (SCI) manages offshore and other

marine transport infrastructure in the country.

SCI was awarded the prestigious "Navratna" status by Indian Government in 2008. It started out

as a marginal Liner shipping Company with just 19 vessels, the SCI has today evolved into the

largest Indian shipping company which operates a fleet of 80 vessels as of March 2013 totaling5.90 milliondeadweight (DWT). It owns and operates about 35% of Indian tonnage and operates

in practically all areas of shipping business servicing both national and international trades..

Inland Waterways

India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form

ofrivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. The total navigable length is 14,500 kms. Freight

transport by inland waterways is highly underutilized in India. The total cargo moved by inland

waterways is just 0.15% of the total inland traffic in India.

Cargo that is transported in an organized manner is confined to a few waterways inGoa,West

Bengal,AssamandKerala. The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) under Ministry of

Shipping is the authority in charge of the waterways in India. It does the function of building the

necessary infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects

and also administration and regulation. Following waterways have been declared as National

Waterways:

National waterway-1:AllahabadHaldiastretch of theGangesBhagirathiHooghly riverof

total length 1620 km was declared as National Waterway-1 (NW-1) in the year 1986.

National Waterway-2:SadiyaDhubristretch of theBrahmaputra riverof total length

891 km was declared as National Waterway-2 (NW-2) in the year 1988.

National Waterway-3:KollamKottapuramstretch ofWest Coast

CanalandChampakaraand Udyogmandal canals of total length 205 km was declared asNational Waterway-3 (NW-3) in the year 1993.

National Waterway- 4:KakinadaPondicherrystretch of canals andKaluvelly

tank,BhadrachalamRajahmundrystretch ofRiver Godavariand Wazirabad

Vijayawadastretch ofRiver Krishnaof total length 1095 km was declared as National

Waterway-4 (NW-4) in the year 2008.

National Waterway-5:TalcherDhamrastretch of rivers,GeonkhaliCharbatia stretch of

East Coast Canal, CharbatiaDhamra stretch of Matai river andMahanadi delta riversof total

length 620 km was declared as National Waterway-5 (NW-5) in the year 2008.

National Waterway-6:Lakhipur-Bhangastretch of 121 km of theBarak Riveris the 6th

waterway. It will result in unified development of the waterways for shipping and navigation andtransportation of cargo to the North Eastern Region particularly in the states of Assam, Nagaland,
http://www.paradipport.gov.in/http://www.paradipport.gov.in/http://www.cochinport.com/http://www.cochinport.com/http://www.tuticorinport.gov.in/http://www.tuticorinport.gov.in/http://www.ennoreport.gov.in/http://www.ennoreport.gov.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_backwatershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirathi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirathi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhubrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhubrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhubrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoly_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoly_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoly_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoly_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champakarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champakarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champakarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakinadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakinadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakinadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliveli_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliveli_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliveli_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliveli_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrachalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrachalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrachalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Godavarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Godavarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Godavarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Krishnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Krishnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Krishnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Dhamarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Dhamarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Dhamarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonkhalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonkhalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadi_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadi_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadi_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhanga&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhanga&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhanga&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhanga&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadi_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonkhalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Dhamarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Krishnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Godavarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrachalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliveli_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliveli_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakinadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champakarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoly_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoly_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhubrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirathi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_backwatershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_Corporation_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://www.ennoreport.gov.in/http://www.tuticorinport.gov.in/http://www.cochinport.com/http://www.paradipport.gov.in/


14/18

Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh. It was accepted as National Waterway in

January 2013 by Union Cabinet.

In conclusion while shipping and waterways are eco-friendly, economical and a favourable mode

of transport it has been underutilized and road and rail transport still remain the preferred mode

for most. This is probably due to the congestion and inefficiency of the Ports. All the same thePort traffic has more than doubled during the 1990s, touching 650 million tons in 2006-07. India's

ports need to significantly ramp up their capacity and efficiency to meet these surging demand.

Air Transport

The history of civil aviation in India began when J.R.D. Tata, a visionary had founded the first

airline (called Tata Airline) in 1932 and had himself piloted its inaugural flight. This was done

without any patronage from the government however after independence in 1948, Air India

International Ltd., was established by the Government of India as a joint venture with Tata Airline.

Later the airline was nationalized as Indian Airlines (IA) in 1953 and brought completely under the

purview of Indian Government.

The Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for the formulation of national policies and programmes

for development and regulation of civil aviation and for devising and implementing schemes for

oderly growth and expansion of civil air transport.

TheDirectorate General of Civil Aviation(DGCA) is the national regulatory body for the aviation

industry. It is controlled by theMinistry of Civil Aviation. The ministry also controls aviation related

autonomous organisations like theAirports Authority of India(AAI), Bureau of Civil AviationSecurity (BCAS) and theIndira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademias well as thePublic Sector

UndertakingslikeAir India, theAirports Authority of India(AAI) andPawan Hans Helicopters

Limited.

Till mid 1990s the government-owned airlinesAir Indiaand Indian Airlines dominated Indian

aviation industry. The Airport Authority of India (AAI) was the only major player involved in

developing and upgrading airports.

The aviation industry includes not only aircrafts but also helicopters.Pawan Hans Helicopters

Limitedis apublic sectorcompany that provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas

Company (ONGC) to its off-shore locations, and also to various State Governments in India,

particularly inNorth-east India.

India's rapidly increasing demand for infrastructural improvements and the high investment levelshave prompted liberalization of the sector. The Open-sky policy and other liberalization policiesthat were adopted by the Indian Government propelled a rapid and dramatic transformation of theaviation sector.

Today India is the 9th largest civil aviation market in the world and ranked 4th largest in terms of

domestic passenger volumes. India also has the world's highesthelipadat theSiachen Glaciera
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Rashtriya_Uran_Akademihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Rashtriya_Uran_Akademihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Rashtriya_Uran_Akademihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_undertaking#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_undertaking#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_undertaking#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_undertaking#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hans_Helicopters_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hans_Helicopters_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hans_Helicopters_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hans_Helicopters_Limitedhttp://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/air-india-aihttp://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/air-india-aihttp://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/air-india-aihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONGChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONGChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-east_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-east_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helipadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helipadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helipadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helipadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-east_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONGChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/air-india-aihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hans_Helicopters_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hans_Helicopters_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_undertaking#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_undertaking#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Rashtriya_Uran_Akademihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)


15/18

height of 6400 metre (21,000 ft) abovemean sea level.The Hyderabad International Airport has

been ranked amongst the world's top five in the annual Airport Service Quality (ASQ) passenger

survey along with airports at Seoul, Singapore, Hong Kong and Beijing.

Airports Authority of India (AAI) operates 125 airports and civil enclaves out of a total of 449airports and airstrips located throughout India. They also operate 41 heliports through PawanHans Helicopters Limited. The cities of Bengaluru, Delhi,Hyderabad, Kochi and Mumbai areserved by privately (or joint-venture) operated airports. All operational airports handled a total of157.5 million passengers (118.0 m domestic and 39.5 m international) in 2011. The total numberof aircraft movements amounted to 1.52 million and freight handled exceeded 2.3 million tons in2011.

There are more than 20 international airports in India. TheIndira Gandhi International

AirportatDelhiand theChhatrapati Shivaji International AirportatMumbaihandle more than halfof the air traffic inSouth Asia and more than 40 % of nations air traffic. The dramatic increase inair traffic for both passengers and cargo in recent years has placed a heavy strain on the country'smajor airports especially the Delhi and Mumbai airports. The international airports in India are:

State City Airport

Andhra

Pradesh Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

Assam Guwahati Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport

Bihar Gaya Gaya Airport

Delhi New Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport

Gujarat Ahmedabad Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport

Karnataka Bengaluru Bengaluru International Airport

Karnataka Mangalore Mangalore Airport

Kerala Kochi Cochin International Airport

Kerala Kozhikode Calicut International Airport

Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Trivandrum International Airport
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://www.hyderabad.aero/http://www.hyderabad.aero/http://www.hyderabad.aero/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://www.hyderabad.aero/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Hanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level


16/18

Madhya

Pradesh Bhopal Raja Bhoj Airport

MadhyaPradesh Indore Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport

Maharashtra Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport

Maharashtra Nagpur Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport

Maharashtra Pune Pune Airport

Meghalaya Shillong Zaruki International Airport

Rajasthan Jaipur Jaipur International Airport

Tamil Nadu Chennai Chennai International Airport

Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Civil Aerodrome

Tamil Nadu Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirapalli International Airport

Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Amausi Airport

West Bengal Kolkata Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport

Advantages and Disadvantages of Air travel

Air travel is the preferred mode of travel for the following advantages:

1. Speed- It is the fastest mode of travel or freight. It is the best mode for travel in case of

emergencies and transporting perishable goods.

2. Minimal infrastructure Only needs airports but no surface tracks like a network of roads

or rails.

3. Direct access Can take the shortest and direct route to the destination.

4. Comprehensive reach Is not obstructed by physical terrain like mountains, seas andhence can reach difficult areas that are inaccessible through the other means of transport.


17/18

In spite of many advantages air transport has the following disadvantages:

1. Costs Although there are multiple low cost airlines, this is currently the most expensive

mode of travel. It is beyond the reach of a large section of the population. Besides the

investments in airports, aircrafts, fuel, maintenance and training is very high.

2. Risk It is also the most risky since any minor snag or collision (even with a bird) can lead

to accidents. The survival rate in air accident is the least and the damage and costs the

highest since the aircrafts are very expensive.

3. Limited capacity The aircrafts are small carriers and hence even with increase in fleet

may not be the mode for mass transport in a country like India.

4. Unreliable Since air travel is impacted by weather conditions and is relatively more

sensitive to it the reliability is compromised.

In conclusion the Indian Aviation industry has grown dramatically after the liberalization.The total number of aircrafts in the country have increased from 225 in 2000 to 735 in 2010 and

the no of operation airports has increased from 50 in 2000 to 82 in 2010 and the passengerhandling capacity has increased from 66 million to 235 million.

However, in spite of the above, India continues to be a small player in the international arena andeven when compared to other emerging markets. Chinas domestic traffic is 5 times the size ofIndias despite having a population just 15% larger. India has 1 aircraft for every 2.89 millionpopulation in comparison to 1.14 million in china, 0.96 of Indonesia, 0.89 in Philippines and 0.63

in Brazil. This shows that the there is still a lot of untapped potential for the Indian Aviationindustry.

References:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India

2. http://morth.nic.in/index1.asp?lang=1&linkid=10&lid=144

3. http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/history-of-transportation-4121.html4. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab795. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTO

PTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20703625~menuPK:868822~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003

707~theSitePK:579598,00.html

6. http://www.facts-about-india.com/transportation-in-India.php

7. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_silk_road#page10

8. http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html

9. http://www.answers.com/topic/silk-road#ixzz2VdtwQT5B

10.http://www.india9.com/i9show/Grand-Trunk-Road-48741.htm11.http://www.preservearticles.com/2012010720133/essay-on-the-development-of-

transport-and-communication-system-in-india-during-british-raj.html

12.http://www.shareyouressays.com/103088/4-important-impact-of-british-rule-in-india

13.http://www.preservearticles.com/201106228398/importance-of-transport-and-

communication.html

14.http://irc.org.in/ENU/knowledge/datalot/Basic%20Road%20Data/basic%20road%20data.p

df

15.http://www.nhai.org/programme.htm

16.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways

17.http://www.irfca.org/faq/

18.http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1

19.http://web.archive.org/web/20050618234536/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/abir.html20.http://www.irctc.com/organization.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Indiahttp://morth.nic.in/index1.asp?lang=1&linkid=10&lid=144http://morth.nic.in/index1.asp?lang=1&linkid=10&lid=144http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/history-of-transportation-4121.htmlhttp://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab79http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20703625~menuPK:868822~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20703625~menuPK:868822~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20703625~menuPK:868822~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20703625~menuPK:868822~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20703625~menuPK:868822~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.htmlhttp://www.facts-about-india.com/transportation-in-India.phphttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_silk_road#page10http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/silk-road#ixzz2VdtwQT5Bhttp://www.india9.com/i9show/Grand-Trunk-Road-48741.htmhttp://www.india9.com/i9show/Grand-Trunk-Road-48741.htmhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012010720133/essay-on-the-development-of-transport-and-communication-system-in-india-during-british-raj.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012010720133/essay-on-the-development-of-transport-and-communication-system-in-india-during-british-raj.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012010720133/essay-on-the-development-of-transport-and-communication-system-in-india-during-british-raj.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012010720133/essay-on-the-development-of-transport-and-communication-system-in-india-during-british-raj.htmlhttp://www.shareyouressays.com/103088/4-important-impact-of-british-rule-in-indiahttp://www.shareyouressays.com/103088/4-important-impact-of-british-rule-in-indiahttp://www.preservearticles.com/201106228398/importance-of-transport-and-communication.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/201106228398/importance-of-transport-and-communication.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/201106228398/importance-of-transport-and-communication.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/201106228398/importance-of-transport-and-communication.htmlhttp://irc.org.in/ENU/knowledge/datalot/Basic%20Road%20Data/basic%20road%20data.pdfhttp://irc.org.in/ENU/knowledge/datalot/Basic%20Road%20Data/basic%20road%20data.pdfhttp://irc.org.in/ENU/knowledge/datalot/Basic%20Road%20Data/basic%20road%20data.pdfhttp://irc.org.in/ENU/knowledge/datalot/Basic%20Road%20Data/basic%20road%20data.pdfhttp://irc.org.in/ENU/knowledge/datalot/Basic%20Road%20Data/basic%20road%20data.pdfhttp://www.nhai.org/programme.htmhttp://www.nhai.org/programme.htmhttp://www.nhai.org/programme.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttp://www.irfca.org/faq/http://www.irfca.org/faq/http://www.irfca.org/faq/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1http://web.archive.org/web/20050618234536/http:/www.indianrail.gov.in/abir.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050618234536/http:/www.indianrail.gov.in/abir.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050618234536/http:/www.indianrail.gov.in/abir.htmlhttp://www.irctc.com/organization.htmlhttp://www.irctc.com/organization.htmlhttp://www.irctc.com/organization.htmlhttp://www.irctc.com/organization.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050618234536/http:/www.indianrail.gov.in/abir.htmlhttp://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1http://www.irfca.org/faq/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttp://www.nhai.org/programme.htmhttp://irc.org.in/ENU/knowledge/datalot/Basic%20Road%20Data/basic%20road%20data.pdfhttp://irc.org.in/ENU/knowledge/datalot/Basic%20Road%20Data/basic%20road%20data.pdfhttp://www.preservearticles.com/201106228398/importance-of-transport-and-communication.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/201106228398/importance-of-transport-and-communication.htmlhttp://www.shareyouressays.com/103088/4-important-impact-of-british-rule-in-indiahttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012010720133/essay-on-the-development-of-transport-and-communication-system-in-india-during-british-raj.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012010720133/essay-on-the-development-of-transport-and-communication-system-in-india-during-british-raj.htmlhttp://www.india9.com/i9show/Grand-Trunk-Road-48741.htmhttp://www.answers.com/topic/silk-road#ixzz2VdtwQT5Bhttp://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.htmlhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_

Documents

Transpotation in India