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By P.I. Usachev /4.>5 ,
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FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA ,.e
Translation Series No. 1285
Phytoplankton of the North Pole.
Original title: Fitoplankton u severnogo polyusa. (Po sboram P.I. Shirshova na pervoi dreifuyushchei stantsii u Severnyi polyue 1937-1938gg. pod nachal l stvom I.D. Papanina.
From: Trùdy Vsesoyuznogo Gidrobiologicheskogo Obshchestva, 11: 189-208, 1961.
Translated by the Translation Bureau(NKD) Foreign Languages . Division
Department of the Secretary of State of Canada
Fisheries Research Board of Canada Arctic Biological Station Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec
1969 •
57 pages typescript
"1-1•?B /.2 DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE
TRANSLATION BUREAU
FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION
CANADA
SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT
BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS
DIVISION DES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES
VOUA NO. D AAAAA MENT DIVISION/BRANCH CI TY
VOTRE N° MINISTkRt DIVISION/DIRECTION VILLE
_ Fisheries • Arctic Ste Anne de Bellevue Biological Station Quebec
OUR NO. LANIOUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DATE
NOTRE N° _ LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES)
7557 . Russian NDK June 27, 1969
Source: Akademiya nauk SSSR, Trudy vsesoyuznogo gidrobiologich-eskogo obshchestva, T. XI, 1961. (Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Trudy of the All-Union Society of Hydrobiology, Vol. XI, 1961).
SEA ORGANISMS
THEIR ECOLOGY
UNEDITED DRAFT TRANSLATION)
\ Only for information
PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE NORTH POLE TRADUCTION NON REVISEE \ Information seulement
(According to the collections of P.P. Shirshev at the First Drifting Station, "North Pole", 1937-1938, under the command of P.D. Pananin)
(Institute of Oceanology of the Acad. of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow)
The present article on Phytoplankton of the North
Pole was prepared while Academician P.P. Shirshov was still
alive. It was intended for the "Trudy of the Drifting Station
North Pole" to deal With the biolegical Part of the research
conducted on "Pananin Ice Floe". The illness ind subsequent .
premature death of Pgtr Petrovich upset the plans for
P. I. Usachev
OS-200-10-31
2.
collected publication, and thus the/biological articles with the
the results of/processed plankton together with the hydrological
works of P.P. Shirshov remained unpublished.
In view of the fact that the interest in plankton
of high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean, connected with the
vast oceanological research which was completed according -
to the plan of the International Geophysical Year, has
increased enormously, and in view of the fact that no new
data exist as yet on northern phYtoplankton of the polar
reg ion, I decided to publish the article, though with rather
considerable abridgement of the entire text and . without the
part on classification, which would have taken up too much
space.
P.P. Shirshov was the president of the AU-Union
Society 'of Hydrobiology and, therefore, the present report
is being published in the volume of the nTrudyn'of that
society.
This work is dedicated to the living memory of
Plitr Petrovich Shirshov.
During the drift, collections of phytoplankton
were conducted by means of a reduced plankton Juday net
with an entry diameter of. 18 cm and a cone consisting of
mill'sieve N° 25 (77 according to the new numeration).
A total of 14 stations were covered from June 26 to
October 27, 1937, , i.e., the entire vegetation period in the
life of phytoplankton was encomPassed. All stations were o
confined to 88-84 N.
Due to the conditions of work on the ice floe, the
monotypicity and divisibility of the hauls could not always
be maintaine4 only at stations 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 (August 2-
September 11, 1937) were collections made in the surface layer
of every ten meter horizon up to a depth of 40-50 a.
1 2 3 4
5
6
8
9
10
4 8
11 {15
12 16 13 14 90
f21 22 •
123 ■25
{34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
{43 44
• 46
87°16'
86°42'
86°14'
4•.
Table 1
Centime c6opbc Ounionnanxmona nepaoti âpetij;ipozifeii cmantfuu 4Cescputzti no.uoc»
MecTonoamenue cranium *.
zunpoTa Hoarora
HOMCI) nnamiTomion
cTaflguu
AD.Ta CGopa (1937 r.)
ropHaom Houa, Homep npo(lat
26 mow' H mono 24 » 26 »
2 aBrycra
4),
20 »
* 1 celen6p11
11 »
88°46' 357°01'
88'12' . 357°10'
88°03' 353°50'
88000' 353°52'
88°04' 356°35' .
356°32'
0°36'
358°25'
1°01'
3-106 100-200 '3-100 3-200 4-50 2-10 9_95
10-25 25-50 50-100 0-10
10-20 20-30 - 30-40 0-30
0-10 10-,20 20-30 30-50 0-10
10-90 20-30 30-50 0-10
10-20 20-30 50-100 .
88°04'
C5opiu io coxpaminues
11 • 12 C5opu HO coxpanunach 13 14 27 ORTH6pH I 84°12' I 2°47' I . 47? 0-100
OupeacneHo no «TaGangam unTeprionmponainuax HoopanHai.» E. H. (Deaopona (1940) Ha ocHona Him HaT cGopa.
Key to Table I:
I. Net collections of phytoplankton on the first drifting station, "North Pole".
1. Plankton station number
2. Collection date (1937)
a) June •
. h) July
c) August
d) Collections were. not retained
e) Septendber
f) October
3. Location of station
Determined according to the "Table of Interpolation Coordinates" of E.K. Fedorov (1940) based on the date of collection.
i) latitude
ii) longitude
Sample number
Horizon of catch
A total of 28 net samples were processed from 10
stations during the time of the collections, from June 26
to October 27, 1937 (Table I). All collections were
processed by L.I. Smirnov with the collaboration of P.I.
Usachev.
The organisms were counted by fields of vision of
the entire sample or in parts of 0.1 cm3 ; in the latter case,
the necessary volume was removed with a stamped pipette.
The biomass was determined by calculation, i.e., the average
volumes of the cubicles for each species were multiplied by
'their nuMber; the product of these two indices gave the
volume of the biomass which, using the conversion coefficient 1, 3
gave the weight in mg/m gàshnov, 1934; Yashnov and Uga6hev,
5.
1939).
In view of the fact that the quantitative data for
collections of phytoplankton taken with nets of very .
fine mill sieve (such a net filters water poorly) only
have relative significance for eaCh indtvidual haul, we
do not give the data on numerical strength and biomass
in this report.
If we take the entire biomass of phytOplankton in
layer 0-50 m at stations 475 and 8-10 as 100%, then the
relative quantity of algae in the given layer , at these
stations (from July 26 to Septerber 11, 1937) will look
like this:
(% of total biomass)
st. 4 (26.1111) • 1 St. 5 (2.VIII) 22 St. 8 (20,VIII) • 214: St. 9 (1.IX) 51 St. 10 (11.IX) 2
Thus, it is seen that the greatest development
of phytoplankton occurred in August, with the maximum
(greater than 51%) occurring at the end of the month (St. 9).
In July and in the first ten days of SepteM4er, the development
of phytoplankton only amounted to 1-2% of the sum total of
biomass which had been observed at the end of July, in
August and the beginning of September. Approximately
the same distribution of biomass , . in time, was also
noted for layer 0-30 m. In layer 0-20 m the greatest
biomass had also -been observed on SepteMber 1 and that
of layer 0-10.u4 August 2.
The data obtained indicate that the development
of phytoplankton in the central part of the Pola; Basin
begins initially in the surface layer (0-10 m), apparently,
at the very end of July. Subsequently,,deeper layers are
encompassed - up to 30 with a very pronounced maximum
biomass at the end of August an the beginning of September;
at this time, the dominant phytoplankton is the late
spring species - Chaetoceros socialis; whereas, at the
beginning of August, the spring species of genera Thalassiosira,
Porosira and Coscinosira are predominant. The distribution
of phytoplankton, according to layers, at stations 5-10
(from August 2 to September 11, 1937) is given by the
following figures (in % of total biomass): 0-10 m layer -
28%; 10-20 m-49%; 20-30 m layer-22%; 30-50 m layer-1%.
Thus, for the main growing season, an average of
approximately half of the biomass kept to the 10-20 m layer, —
which is well corroborated by the conclusions arrived at by
P.P. Shirshev (1938).
8.
Thus, noticeable phytoplankton vegetation at the
North Pole (up to 850 N.) started at the beginning of Augus t .
and continued, gradually increasing in biomass, for one
month. The beginning of vegetation followed the disappearance
of the snow cover--which reached a thickness of 40-50 cm
at the end of the winter (Shirahov, 1938)— and the
freshening of the surface layer of the sea. The ice,.
which had become free of snow and had started to melt at the
beginning of August, already admitted sufficient sun raya
for the development of phytoplanktonl and the conditions
of a sharp stratification of a freshened layer and the
absence of movement of water within it was particularly .
favourable for "blooming". To end the quantitative nature
of phytoplankton, let me add that P.P. Shirshov (1938),
in his brief account, cites the largeat quantity of
chlorphyll extracted from the net collections of plankton,
equàl to 0.4 pen ,and indicates that "this quantity is
considerably lower than, for example, in the Sea of Chlikhotsk
during "summer blooming" but rather close to that 'observed
in the open parts of the Sea of Laptev", i.e., approximately 3
120 mg/m of biomass in the 0-30 m layer.
4e
As can be seen from the list, all species encountered
at the North Pole are eXtremely widespread in the northern seas.
9.
If this is observed for .plankton_species in the given
case, it is only because the diatoms which develop
in the lower (sea) surface of sea ice ("ice flora") -
benthonic and entering the net during the heul of
plankton have not yet been sufficiently studied for
the entire region of polar ice (Gran, 1904; Usachev,
1938, 1946a, b; 1947a, b; 1948; 1949; Kort, 1955).
Thus, in processing of all of the above mertioned
net samples, we found: 2 varieties of silicoflagellates
(Silicoflagellatae) 5 species of peridineans (Pyrrophyta)
and 61 species and varieties of Bacillariorhyta, a total
of 68 forms.
Of all the forms which were found, only 35 belonged
to typical plankton forms, the remaining 32 species belonged
to cryophil and benthonic forms present in the hauls of
plankton during the growing of "ice flora" on polar ice.
The plankton diatoms belonged to 13 genera, i.e.,
approximately 86% of all plankton algae were diatoms and
only about 12% were peridinean. And if we consider, in
.addition, that the biomass of peridineans and silicoflagellates
did not exceed, on the average, 3-4% of the entire biomass of phytoplankton for the entire period of observation, then the
3, I
10.
dominance of diatoms in the regions Observed becones quite
obvious.
In order to corroborate this feature, we shall
compare the composition of phytoplankton in net collections
(mainly August collection) from the Barents Sea along the
Kola meridian and its eastern part, the composition of
similar collections from the western, north-eastern and
central regions of the Kara Sea and data on material
collected from the drifting ice-breaker, the "Sedov", obtained
with the data/(Table 2).
From Table II, it may be seen that in the seas
of the Polar Basin, in terme of phytoplankton, diatons
predominate, comprising slightly more than 50% of the
entire nunber of species of algae in the Barents Sea
alone,approxinately 3/4 (63-73A in the Kara Sea and
79-86% in the collections of the ice-ibreaker "Sedov" and
"North Pole" Station. A reverse relationship is observed
for peridineans: north of 85 N., they do net exceed 19%;
in the Kara Sea, 21-32%;and in the Barents Sea, 39-43%.
Silicoflagellatae and green algae are more abundant in the
Barents Sea than in the Kara Sea with the latter being completely
absent from the collections of the "Sedov n and from the naterials
11..
of "North Pole" Station.
• CLASSIFICATION LIST OF FORMS
FOUND IN NET COLLECTIONS OF PLANKTON
DURING THE DRIFT OF "NORTH POLE" STATION
Chrysopliyta • Silicoflagellatae Borgeit
Siphonotestales Lemrnermann 1. Dictyochaceae Lemmermann
Distephanus Haecleel 1. Distephanus speculum var. septenarius
(Ehrb.) Joergensen et var. octonarius • (Ehrb.) Joergensen
Pyrrophyta Dunopnyceae Pascher
Peridiniales Schütt Peridiniaceae (Schiller)
Peridinium Ehrenberg 1. Perldinium achromaticuin Levander 2. P. crassipes Kofo id 3. P. islandlcum Paulsen 4. P. minusculum Pavillard . . 5. P. pel1ucidt4n (Bergh) Schiltt
Ba'cillariophyta A. Centrales Schûtt
Discineae Schütt • Coscinodiscaceae Kiitz.
Melosirioideae Schûtt
I. Melogira Agardh 1. Melosira arctica (Ehrb.) Dickie
Sceletonemoideae Schiitt II. Porosira Joergensen
2. Porosira glacialis (Grun.) Joergensen III. Coscinosira Gran
3. Coscinosira polychorda Gran V. Thalassiosira Cleve
4. Thalassiosira bioculata (Grun.) Osten-feld
5. Th. decipiens (Grun.) Joergensen 6.. Tb gravida Cleve 7: Th nordenskiôldii Cleve
Coscinodiscoideae Schûtt
V. Coscinodiscus Ehrenberg 8. Coscinodiscus centralis Ehrinberg 9. C. curvatulus Grunow 10. C. Oculus iridis Ehrenberg
Solenlineae Schûtt Soleniaceae Schiitt
VI. Rhizosolenia Ehrenberg « 11. Rhizosolenia hebetata f. hiemalis
Grunow 12. Rh. styliformis Brightwell
Biddulphiineae Schûtt Chaetoceraceae Schiitt
VII. Chaetoceros Ehrenberg 13. Chaetoceros atlanticus Cleve 14. Ch. borealis Bailey 15. Ch. compressus Lauder 16. Ch. concavicornis Mangin 17. Ch. convolutus Gastracane 18. Ch. debilis Cleve
• 19. Ch. densus Cleve 20. Ch. furcellatus Bailey 21. Ch. septentrionalis Oestrup 22. Ch. socialis Lauder 23. Ch. subsecundus (Grunow) Hustedt
Biddulphiaceae
Eucampioideae Schiitt
VIII. Eucampia Ehrenberg 24. Eucampia zoodiacus Ehrenberg
B. P enn al es Schiitt
Bd Araphineae Fragilarlaceae Schutt
Fragilarioideae Schûtt
IX. Fragilaria Lyngbye 25. Fragilaria islandica Grunow 26. F. cylindrus Grunow 27. F. oceanica Ci eve
X. Thalassionema Grunow 28. Tbalassionema nitzschioides Grunow
XI. Synedra Ehrenberg 29. Synedra toxonoides var. curvata (Oest- .
rup) Hustedt 30. S. hyperborea var. rostellata Grunow
B.2 Monoaraphineae Achnanthaceae Schütt
XII. Achnanthes Bory 31. Achnanthes taeniata Grunow
B.3 Biraphineae Naviculaceae Schütt
XIII. Diploneis Ehrenberg: 32. Diploneis litoralis var. clathrata (Oast- . •
rup) Cleve 33. D. smithii (Brebisson) Cleve
XIV. Stauroneis Ehrenberg 34. Stauroneis acuta W. Smith
XV. Navicula Bory 35. Navicula derasa Grunow 36. N. detersa (Grunow) Gran
- 37. N. directa (W. Smith) RaIfs typ., var. genuina Cleve et var. subtilis (Greg.)
Cleve 38. N. gelida Grunow 39. N. granii (Joergensen) Gran 40. N. recurvata Gran 41. N. sibirica (Grunow) Cleve 42. N. superba (Cleve) Gran 43. N. transitans Cleve 44. N. triginicephala Cleve 45. N. valida Cleve et Grunow
XVI. Pinnularia Ehrenberg 46. Pinnularia quadratarea (W. Smith)
Cleve var. constricta Oestrup et var. stuxbergii Cleve
47. P. semiinflata Oestrup XVII. Pleurosigma W. Smith
48. Pleurosigma karianum Grunow 49. P. kjellmani Cleve 50. P. stuxbergii Cleve et Grunow var. rhom-
boides Cleve • XVIII. Amphiprora Ehrenberg
51. Amphiprora gigantea var. septentrio. nalis (Grunow) Cleve
52. A. hyperborea (Grunow) Gran
14. 53. A. kjellmani Cleve
XIX. Gomphonema Agardh 54. Gomphonema exiguum 'Utz. 55. G. kamtschaticum var. groenlandicum
Oestrup Nitzschiaceae (Schütt) Hustedt
XX. Nitzschia Hassall 56. Nitzschia angularis var. karlana Gru-
now 57. N. delicatissima Cleve 58. N. frigida Grunow 59. N. laevisiima Grunow 60. N. seriata Cleve
_ XXI. Hantzsehia Grunow 61. Hantzschia weyprechtii Grunow
In plankton collections of the Polar Basin, there
is a predominance of diatoms e and the more severe the overall
conditions in the sea the more nnticeable is the ii'
_predominance over peridinium. The quantitative development
. of diatone is even more noticeable - they are tens of - times
more numerous - than that of peridinium. This is Understandable
since the predominant forms of diatome are the arctic and
arctic-boreal, i.e., forms of the "spring" season of the
Polar Basin seas; whereas, the majority of - peridineans
are "summer" forms, appearing everywhere in the seas after •
the first massive development.of diatoms.
• Table II gives the data of Gran (1904) on the
composition of diatom flora in the Nansen collections. However,
15.
Nansen used a very loose-woven net; therefore, the
collections of phytoplankton were unusually poor in '
quality, Gran only found six plankton diatoms in
seven plankton collections. The qualitatively richest
hauls were those taken from October 12 to 24, 1893.
During the processing of all the collections of Nansen,
including the so-called ice collections which proved
to be most complete floristically, Gran recorded 84
forms of diatoms. The najority of them belonged to
cryophils, developing in large nuMbers in sea waters on
the lower surface and walls of the drifting sea ice. As
we can see, the collections of Nansen were somewhat different
from the collections of the "North Pole" Station; and when
raking a comparison, it is necessary to bear this in mind.
Table II also cites data on the overall composition
of Phytoplankton in the net collections of the drifting
ice-breaker, the "Sedov n . It is necessary to pause briefly
to consider these data and to compare the composition of
phytoplankton in the material of ice-breaker "Sedov u
(Usachev, 1946) and "North Pole" Station (Table 3). Let me
remind you that hauls of ice-breaker "Sedovn were conducted
by A.G. Efrmov during the drift from June 4 to October 14,
1939, i.e., at almost —the .same time of year, but somewhat
more southerly although also aboVe 850N.
Table 2
Cocmae eaopoceen e cernurv.c c6opax nicausmona ne Eapeurteea u Rapcnoeo mopea, e c6opax cmanquu eCcsepustit noeloc, u Opeanpo tleco 41n «Ceaoe»
06ntee ,Itteito}ItryT1111013t>te Itpcure- IlepaRititeit j[tiaTomonne Oenenue
DoRocm Bpoirt cGopon LIHROB 11tryviti0nte Urro111311
' pOCJleft A* I B•• A B A B A B A B .
13 a p e n n e n o m o p e • Ilo .Uonlienomymeinnuiany AnryeT 1921 r. . 68 — — --. — 29 43 36 53 3 4 Ifiteenen, 1928 3anamian no:tomnia (o6- Mail -- eenTn6pr,
inan enoinea) paantec Jin' . . 177 6 3 2 . 1 69 39 92 52 8 5 Kncenen, 1928
13ouwgnast nononnna AnryeT — magma
cenTaipn 1031 r. 110 2 3 j 1 - 47 43 56 ' 51 4 3 Yeagea, 1935
Rapenoe mope 3anannalt 11tICTb Anrycr — COU-
Tntiph 1925 r. 66 2 3 1 1 21 32 41 63 1 1 3aGenuna, 1930. Conepo-noeTognan nacTb OnTnGin, 1922 r. GO 1 2 1 2 12 20 44 73 2 3 Kneenea, 1938 UenTpanintmii pilon AnrycT 1934, 1936 -
n 1945 rr. . . 98 2 2 2 2 20 21 72 73 2 2 Yeagen, 1947a, 5 U 0 ii T p a JI h il ail
'I 3 C T h If OJI II p 11 0 r o Gaceeiina •
7.6 0 pr.r lIaneena npn OnTnGin,, 1893 r. . npeiiim eilipama» Ino.tn, — nagano 84 - He yKaamnalOTCR 84** He ynaaanu fpan, 1904 .
anryeTa 1894. r. . _ L'Gopm A. r: EtPpcmona Mont. — oirr1161i»
. . . c npeihinmanutero n/n 1939 r. .. . . . 56 1 2 2 11 47*** 84 — — Yeagee, 19466 «Cep,on» . .
:.Gophr H. 11. Mn mutina Ilionli — OirritGlib • . .
na cTattwist «Cenepinaii (oenonnort mare- • nome» pnan — anryeT)
1937 r: . . . . 68 — — 2 1 5 • 7 61**** 92 — -- IlacTosagee coo6•• '..6op1.! na eTaunint . «Ce- germe -
nepnwii T101110C — 4» 1954-1955 rr. • 12 — — — — 3 25 9 75 _ — Bitpnernc, 1957
: • .
• A — o6ntee n'ion° ni Ron; B — nucno Donon (n % or ociiuiero nucna). •• lionannritoutee 50.11fAl1IfItCTIi0 nonitannentirr IC cocrany neRonoit' Onopt.i.
••• 1111 ristm 13 Isitnott oTtiocturest ic icrittel ■tinn.t Ii 4101)NI3A1 Oeil 'mea. -•-• tl ■ s sm. :su 1. 11 :m III is., tss. it st 1.1ms.4.ss:es.s
17.
Key to Table II:
I. Composition of algae in net collections of plankton from the Barents and Kara Seas, in collections of "North Pole" Station and of the drifting ice-breaker, the "Sedov".
1. Reservoir •
A. Barents Sea
a) Along Kola Meridian b) Western half (total data) c) Eastern half
B. Kara Sea
a) Western part h) North-eastern part c) central region
C. Central part of the Polar Basin
a) Collection of Nansen during the drift of the "Franr
b) Collection of A.G. Efremov from the drifting ice-breaker "Sedov".
c) Collections of P.P. Shirshov at "North Pole" Station.
d) Collections at "North Pole Station - 4". 2. Ti me of collection
A. a) August, 1921 ID} May-Septemdber of various years c) August - beginning of Septenber, 1931
B. a) August-September, 1925 b) October, 1922 c) August, 1934, 1936 and 1945
C. a) October, 1893; July - beginning of August, 1894
b) July-October, 1939 c) July-October (basic matgrial - August,
1937 ci) 1954-1955
18.
3. Total number of algae species
4. Flagellates
I) A ii) Bt
Silicoflagellates
i) A ii) B a) Not indicated
6. Peridineans
i) A ii) B
7. Diatomaceous
0 A ii) B
8. Green . a) Not indicated
i) A ii) B
9. Source
A. a) Kiselev, 1928 h) Kiselev, 1928 c) Usachev, 1935
B. a) Zabelina, 1930 h) Kiselev, 1938 c) Usachev, 1947 a, b
C. a) Gran, 1904. h) Usachev, 1946 b c) Present data d) Virketis, 1957
A - total number of the species B - number of species (in. % of the total number) •
"The vast majority belong to ice flora 0
ileOf these, 13 species belong to cryophils and to flora of the benthos,
**** Of these, 32 species belong to cryophils and to flora of the benthos.
19.
In analysing the comparative data, we must
bear in mind that the hauls on board ice-breaker "Sedov"
were conducted by meansof a Juday net with mil], sieve
No 23-24 (N° 3 according to the old numeration), i.e.,
also from very loose-woven fabric. This explains the
absence of a whole series of minute diatoms without setae
(Navicula and others) in the collections of the "Sedov".
On the other hand, the loose-woven net allowed'the water to
pass through normally, filtering a greater amount of water
than in the case of the hauls at "North Pole" Station where
a net of extremely fine-woven fabric was used. For.this
reason, I shall 'tuft myself to comparative data on the
qualitative properties only (with the specified correction
in method) and shall not make quantitative comparisons.
As a result of processing the zooplankton in the /197 -
net samples, collected at "North Pole Station-4" (1954-1955),
M.A. Virketis (1957) presents the entire composition of
plankton algae encountered (according to identifications by
I.A. Kiselev) in "Appendix II". The hauls were conducted
by means of the sanie loose-meshed net as on the "Sedoe
(mash N° 23), The collections proved to be very poor:
a total of 12 species, 9 of which were diatoms; no observable
quantitative development was obtained in any e the hauls.
e
20.
It is now necessary to consider the composition
of phytoplankton from an ecologic-geograPhic.point of
view. Table IV gives the total:
distribution for the layer up to 50 m according to
biogeographic groupa. In the characterization of a for% .
I followed the directions of A. Link° (1907), I.A. Kiselev
(1925, 1932, 1939, 1950, 1957), Gran (1902), Hustedt
(1930-1959) and others. Only data on plankton forma , are
given in the Table.
Table III
(Du:non/with:molt cenuazz c6opoo eta cnzatiquu ieCecepubiii noiloc» U co opoms 8pcii;fict ezln «Ceâoo»
• Iipemne.- ai
Wryruxo- }Burn". Ilepnu- WIe nue ECH 0 - tz
13pemn cOopa a o
U ■,— (.) 4,..." 0 . o..— ..* 0
- . «. (.., 0 0 0 0 0 (7.• ° tz, c.- r: c.>
a o a o a o a o .1".; PI. g •Z.̀«
• .
r( C e B ep u r.i ii nonioc» 26.111-27.X 1937-r. — — 1 100 5 20 61 51 67. 50 eCeAos» 4:VI--14.X. 1939 r 1 — 2 50 6 17 47 66 56 59 05gne nn,ghi . • • • . --.' ......-- 1 ....... 1 -- 31 -- 33 --
Key to Table III:
I. Phytoplankton of net collections at "North Pole" Station and during the drift of ice-breaker "Sedov".
1. Time of collection
a) "North Pole" 26.VI 27.X, 1937 b) "Sedov" - 14.X, 1939 0) General species
2 2
2 1 — 1 2 8 11
10 13 7 7
5 29 35
2. Flagellate
i) number ii) % of total.
Silicoflagellates
i) number ii) % of total
Peridineans
i) number ii) % of total
21.
4 .
5. Diatoms
i) number ii) % of total
6. Number in the collections
7. % of total
Table IV
Buozeoepautiecnan xapcunnepucmurea eumonAanznnona no c6opo.11 cmantitiu «Ceoepublii noaloo (0.4s cizoa 0-50 .44)
OKeamplecitne HepuTlinecicue
Ppynna E
Bcc
ro t
rulo
n
.0
be= 6 2 a
..1
0. 0
4DM.. .F7'.
à E.' "
o.
me.
M
. lipeuriewryrintosme . . . . IleprrAnnerr . . • ..... AnaTomen IlToro BIUJ OB . .
Key to Table IV:
I. The biogeographic nature of phytoplankton according to the collections of "North Pole' Station (for the 0-50 m layer).
22.
1. Group
a) Flagellates b) Peridineans 0) Diatoms d) Sum total of species
2. Oceanic
i) arctic ii) arctic-boreal iii) boreal
3. Neritic
i) arctic ii) arctic-boreal iii) boreal
I. Species total
Of the 35 plankton forms, 13 or 37% are arctic,
9 or 26% are arctic-boreal and 13 or 37% are boreal.
The neritic assemblage, (23 forms) predominates
in the plankton composition, with the greater majority
belonging to arctic and arctic-boreal forms. The majority
of the 12 forms of the oceanic_complex are boreal. In both
cases, the phytOplankton consist primarily'of diatoms which
are generally dominated in the Polar Basin seas by neritic,
arctic and arctic-boreal forms, forming the entire "spring"
flora; the oceanic boreal flora mainly form the "summer"
flora. Thus, among plankton algae, we Observe' a predominance
(more than 60% of the entire number of forms) of neritic /19,8
t-lacurra ncTpenae-
MOCTII, OT ;lc.= ncex ripe;
0,4, ynacinn no Guomacce no Tex nnotiam,
noTopux ucTpenannch
nakune iPoomm
% riar" ,t no imo-
Nacce BO neex ripo-
Gm ,
Bonopocax
9 39 89 82 86 • 7 •
86 86 82 79 72
27 19 0,3
92 9
4 1 4
30 21
4
2 4 1 5
23.
arctic and arctic-boreal forms. .If, we add to this
the non-plankton diatoms which in the overwhelming
majority of cases, apparently, also belong to arctic
(mentie) species, then the composition of algae in
the processed collectiens will definitely take on features
of the arctic and arctic-boreal type. When calculating
biomass, we see a clearly outlined dominance of arctic
forma. This suggests those conditions in Which vegetation
of polar plankton occurs: surface layer (up to 30-50 m) -
layer of arctic waters - without any evident influence of
the Atlantic, and constant presence of ice.'
Table V - OumonnartKmou e cenutbzx c6opax ija 'maul/ tu uèesepublii. no.ztoc»
% no ocpeartennbtat batetbist) •
• Bacillarlophyta: Melosira arctica Thalassiosira spp. Porosira spp. ,
•Coseinosira spp., Coscinodiscus spp. . .Rhizosolenia spp. Chaetoceros spp. Fragllaria spp., Achnanthes spp. . .
'Navicula spp., Gomphonema sp. . . • Nitzschia frigida, N. seriata Bee Pyrrophyta
Key to Table V:
I. Phytoplankton in net collections at "North Pole" Station (in % according to averaged data)
1. Algae
2. Incidence, % of the number of all samples.
24.
3. % of biomass in those samples in which the given form were encountered
4. % of biomass in all samples
Let us turn to a more detailed considei.ation of
phytoplankton (Table 5). We shall begin mith its-leading
part-diatomaceous algae.
Dominant among diatome in phytoplankton are Discoineae-
Coscinodiscaceae. Among these, a dominant position is occupied
by the following species: Porosira glacialis, Goscinosira
polychorda, Thalassiosira bioculata, Th. eravida and Th.
nordenskaldii. The biomass of these forme ranged within
the limits of 24 and 98%, with biomass of P. glacialis
accounting for 60%, in rare cases comprising less than
10% of the entire biomass of phytoplankton. An average
of 27% of the biomass of all collections was attributed to
P. glacialis whose incidence was 84%. The incidence of species
of Thalassios ira was 89% of all hauls; their biomass accounted
for 45% of the entire biomass in the sample (Station 6, August 4, 1937), occupying an average of 19% for all collections.
The sane position was occupied by C. polychorda, which together
with certain representatives of genus Coscinodiscus was predominant
in some parts of the stations and accounted for 39-48% of the entire biomass of phytoplankton in the haul. The incidence
of this species was 86%; the average pereentage of biomass
for all samples was 19%.
25.
Among Soleniineae„ only genus Rhizosolenia was
encountered, with two species having almost no importance
at all since they were only found at two stations and in
very linited nunhers (7% of the biomass of the sample).
From among Biddulphiineae, genus Chaetoceros with its /199
11 species had enormous significance. Ch. atlanticus (86%)
is first in terns of incidence; Ch. social's is second.
The latter species was the quantitatively dominant form.
During its massive development (end of August to the
beginning of September), Ch. socialis characterized the
nbloomingn of the mater and accounted for up to 70% of the
• entire biomass of phytoplankton in the hauls. If we take
into account its development for the entire period of research,
then the biomass of Ch. socialis averaged 15-17%. On the
Murnan Coast (the coastal strip from Kildin Island to Svyatoi
Nos Cape), Ch. socialis appears among plankton in March' and
attains its massive development in April (Kamshilov, Zelikman,
Rolikhiyainen, 1958).
The remaining species of Chaetoceros, although
encountered rather frequently in the collections studied
(Ch. furcellatus, Ch. debilisi Ch. borealis), always occupied
a subordinate position, each taken individually according
to its biomass. But, in general, the entire geniis Chaetoceros
had a very high index of 86% in terms of incidence and an index
of 22% in terms of biomass of all samples.
26.
Thirty-six species were counted in group Pennales,
i.e., approximately 60% of all diatoms encountered during
the processing of the material collected.
As is known, the vast majority of species of Pennales
belong to benthonic forms; namely, they occupy the surface
of the hard substratae of the litoral zone and participate
in the massive overgrowth of under-water vegetation (mainly,
higher algae). But, among them, we can count more than a score
of forms which are encountered in plankton. Seven such
species may be counted among the specified 35. Therefore,
28 are non-plankton Pennales, i.e., approximately one half
of the entire species composition of diatoms. The presence
of these benthonic species are also a very characteristic
feature of the collections of "North Pole" Station.
Considering the ecologic nature of benthonic species,
we note that the majority of them belong to so-called ice
farms - cryophils (Gran, 1904; Palibin, 1903-1906, 1925;
Shirshov, 1937; Usachev, 1948, 1949), which develop in mass
quantity on the lower side of sea ice or on the cornices,
projections and in the depressions on its walls in the water.
Accumulations of such diatoms may break off from the substrata
and may swim for some time with the dying phytoplankton (for
example, Nitzchia frigide . and Fragilaria. oceanica) between the
27.
ice on the surface of the sea as rather large slimy or
porous farms. It is namely to such "ice-clinging" '
accumulations of diatoma . that F. Nansen turned his
attention-during his expedition on the "Firm" (Gran 1904);
the same thing was repeatedly noted by I.D. Papanin ( 1938,
1940) in his polar observations. According to the data of
Gran (1904), a massive development of algae near the "Framr
was observed July 18-27 and August 3-5. I.D. Papanin
writes of this phenomenon in hie diary August 3, 5, 20 and.
27 . as can be seen from the dates cited, the periods are very
close.
Three quarters of the non-plankton diatoms are
indicated in all of the ice collections of Nansen (Gran,
1904) and, according to the data on material of previous
authors cited by Gran, they belong to typical cryophils
in conditions of drifting ice. To the latter, from Centrales,
we must assign diatom Melosira arctica, which forma large
slimy masses on ice walls (Palibin, 1903-1906; Usachev, 1935,
1948, 1949). Chaetoceros seDtentrionalis, considerably more
rare Thalassiasira bioculata, and sone others are also necessary
components of the diatom accumulations—no longer slimy but
porous, almost without mucus. The biomass of such evident
cryophils, in the net collections which were studied, accounted
for approximately 20% of the entire biomass of the sample in a
28.
number of hauls (Stations 2, 3, 6 - July 11, July 24 and
August 4, respectively). These algae which were encountered /200
at all stations and in all hauls constituted 5-5% of the biomass of all collections. The insignificance of the ,
last figure should be explained by the method of collections
since the net did not catch the lower surface of the ice .
floes or else it closed below the surface horizon at a depth
of 2-1m,
Typical among Naviculaceae were Navicula directa,
N. trigonocephala, N. selida, N. recurvata, N. sibiricai
and also Pinnularia quadratarea var , stuxbergii et var.
constricta, Pleurosigma stuxbergii, P. klellmani, Diploneis
litoralis var. clathrata. Belonging to genera Amphirrora
and Gomphonema were representatives A. hyperborea, A. Figantea
var. septentrionlis, Gomrhonema exiguum, G. kauntschaticum.
The most frequent forms of Fragiltiriaceae in the collections
were pragilaria oceanica and P. islandica. Encountered in almost
every sample (86%), theae forms accounted for up to 17%
of the entire biomass of the sample in June; and later, they
developed unremittingly although they yielded to other diatoms
in terms of biomass. Both forma accounted for an average of
2-3% of the biomass of ai]. collections. Achnanthes taeniata
played a subordinate role.
Dominant among Nitzschiaceae plankton were Nitzschia seriata
and N. 4rigida. They were encountered in almost every haul
29.
(73e; however, their greatest biomass was 5%; the average
for all collections was 1% of the entire biomass of all
samples.
The total incidence of peridineans was 72% of all
samples; up to the September hauls, the biomass was extremely
'modest'and rarely exceeded 1% of the entire biomass of
plankton in a sample. A sudden change occurred in the
increase of biomass of peridineans in the middle of September
(station 10, SepteMber 11) when their biomass comprised 19
and even 41% of the haul.
Since Peridineans are primarily "sumnme forma, then
precisely this sudden change in SepteMber determined the summer
season. The average biomass for all samples was 4%. Peridinium
islandieum was dominant among peridineans.
Two organisms which have not been precisely identified
hitherto and, therefore, not indicated in my classification
list still remain to be mentioned: these are Echinum minus
and Eehinum majus '(Meunier, 1910). They are rather common among
plankton in the Polar Basin seas, and in the material in
question they were noted at each station in very small numbers.
For a more realistic representation of the composition
of phytoplankton by layera and its change in the space of time,
I selected 5 stations with equal hauls - stations 5, 6, 8, 9
30
and 10; in addition, the data for stations 5 and 6 were coàbined since the samples at these stations were taken
at approximately the saine tine,(Fig.- 1).
The distribution of phytoplankton in the middle
layer (10-20 u) differs somewhat from that of the others
due to an increase in the development of Chaetoceros socialis
at station 8 (August 20), not observed in the other layers
for the sans time. Thalassios ira was dominant in the 20-30 m
layer, and Porosira glacialie in the 10-20 m layer at almoet
all stations. The biomass of Coscinosira, mainly, Coseinodiscus
centralis was greatest at the beginning of August in the
0-10 m surface layer, sharply diminishing in the 20-30 in
layer.
All the graphe of Fig. 2 show that the study encompassed
the entire period of de'velopment of Chaetoceroe ,
Ch. socialis)--from the beginning until "blooming" (50-67%
of the entire biomase)--and the formation of spores. Such a
feature of narked contracted vegetation of the basic dominant
is, probably, a very characteristic feature in the development
of phytoplankton of high latitudes. The quantity of Fragilaria
and Achananthes is greatest in the 20-30 m layer, although,
in general, it is rather insignificant, put constant. The same
cari be said of non-plankton Navieula, Gomnhonena and others.
31.
The quantity of Nitzschia in the 0-10 m layer is
very small; at the end of August it increases in other
layers, the increase being very evident in the 10-20 m
layer. Peridineans, as more boreal "summer" forma, stand
out distinctly in all layers after station 9 by September 11.
Fig. id, combining all data on layers up to 30 m, defines well
the role of all phytoplankton components in time, showing
especially the "Chaetoceraceae cycle" with a predominance of
ChetOceros socialis.
Let us now turn to a consideration of the seasonal
phenomena in phytoplankton. Speaking about the biological
spring Which was Observed during the drift, I.D. Pananin
writes: a noticeable development of phytoplankton
began in the last ten days of July in the upper layers of
the sea: the hydrobiological spring had now begun for our
latitudes" (1940, P. 52). P.P. Shirshov (1944) cites the
sa* data in his article on the scientific results of the
drift of "North Pole" Station, briefly mentioning that seasonal
phenamana were clearly marked and that a sharp increase was
Observed in the quantity of phytoplankton in August.
The Works of P.P. Shirahov (1936, 1937, 1938) and
V.G. Bogorov (1938, 1941), throw sufficient light on the
seasonal phenomena in the life of plankton in tïde polar seas.
LUZ
Thelassiostra
Porosira
Chaetoceras; saciali3
/- /
--Peridineee
Parosira
o Thalussiosire
32.
Coecinasira 4
-FVOscinocirscus
Chaetaceros . socialis i__LCheetoceros
(ocvnerible) (remainder) ‘--caope spores / Frogilaria. ,...!2-4,achnolittes
-Novicule • etc Nitzschie
_4--Peridi osas
Navicula etc Navicula etc Navicula etc 'itzschia
ChcretecereS (ocmonblibie)
(remainde 4por
_Fragile 4c1manthes
.--enele rpor _Fragile
4c1manthes
8 .9 10 ,
1.1Z 1111 Cm 5 5
2-41.151 20111 •ir ro
flu Cm 5-5
20.71
•
Cescinosue+ "4-Coscimacliscus
Chaetoceros - i(ocrnemaleple) lremainde
cnopin spor FraQilaria Wcleienthes Navicula etc. Nitzsclile
Chaetacera, (olmanbee) (r emaind er) cllopai spores
+Achnanthe3 Navicule etc
Nitzschm Peridineee
f/ '11
r1 /
1/1
Coscinastral; +Cascimall'iscul
')
S Cheetaceros • samele
y•
I
Cm 5-8 8 . 9 10 Cm 55 8 .9 10 . 2-11.Iff 20 ZIŒ 1.2 KU' 2-e1! 20.111 1.2 tt.ff •
Pitc. 1. CocTaB dirronnamwrolia (B % OT 06Mer1 6110MaCCLI) B uplinonlocHom paffoHe . no c6opam cTarqux uCesepmer mum» 1
1 yer--a r .-- B cnoe 0-10 e; 6 — B cnoe 10-20 et: e — B caoe 20-30 "; 8 "— B caoe 0-30 J4
Fig. 1. Çomposition of phytoplankton (% of total biomass) 'in the polar region according to the collections of "NorthPolen station.
.33.
Using the data of P.P. Shirshov, We can find representatives
of both "spring" and "summer" species in the collections
studied.
Included in "early spring" or "spring" species are
the following 12 diatoms. All of them are neritic, arctic
(8 species) or arctic-boreal (4 species) forms: Melosim
arctica, Porosira elacialis, Coscinosira polychorda,
Thalassiosira gravida, Th. bioculatae Fragilaria islandica,
F. oceanica, Achnanthes taeniata, Amphiprora hyperborea,
Navicula granii, Nitzschia frigida, N. delicatissima.
It would seem that Coscinodiscus centralis should
, also be assigned to the "spring" tbrms (Voronkov and
Krechman, 1939), but its seasonal nature has only been
studied in the conditions of the White Sea.
Chaetoceros turcellatus and Ch. socialis of the
"late spring" species of phytoplankton have been detected.
Both of these forms are neritic; the first is arctic and the
second, arctic-boreal.
To "summer" forms, P.P. Shirshov (1937) assigns
Chaetoceros atlantiaus, Ch. borealis, Ch. compressus,
Ch. convolutus, Ch. debilis, Ch. subsecundus, Eucampia ■I• r
zoodiacus, Peridinium achromaticum. P. arassiPeS, 1.
islandicus, P. minuscultua, P. pellucidum. Of these; 5 are
il eetemue
. sprIng Becemyele spring
ecezeowe I te spri
\Mg
, mele, twee e,
undéfined se un' "emia,2 summer 10 5b
2-«711 • 20.111 1.41 MLT 1-41•711 . Om. 5-0 .8
20.J7 M,T
ercehme spring
ikagifeilechwas _late sprj
flecemiue spring
/7e7dIreeecemite
late spri
mer e ss
1.LT 11.11 2-41.22 e • .9 10
20.E1 1.2" 1111 8
20E1 Cm 5-6
2-4' 2)71
71ennitie h'epn,o,Opearag cesolla
Heonpedenchwoza , • =wig El-e±^±1telit—Seet-81319
e,
Fig. 2. Composition of phytoplankton (% of total. biomass) according to the "seasonality" of species'in the polar region according to the collections of "NorthPole" Station.
The graphs were made with consideration to the species of the "undefined season", a, a' - in layers 0 - 10m and 10 - 20m; b, b' - in layers 20 - 30m and 0 - 30m
35.
oceanic, boreal species and 7 are neritic and.arctic-boreal.
The latter group is debatable since, according to their .
present ecologic nature, it would seen4.Ch. subsecundus
and Ch. debilis, the vegetation of which is limited to
late periods following spring "blooming" of the sea, should .
belong to'species which are closer to the boreal than to
the arctic-boreal. In addition, I assign the spores of late
spring species, Q. furcellatus and Ch. socialis to' n eumnern
forms, as cells forming in the "summer" period in the
vegetation cycle of the specified forme.
Among the forms of the "undefined" season for the
Arctic seas, P.P. Shirshov (1937) listed the following
6 diatoms: Thalassios ira nordenskiBldii, Coscinodiscus
oculus iridis (although he attaches this diatom to "summer"
species in another case), Rhizosolenia bebetata f. hiemalis,
Rh. styliformis, Chaetoceros septentrionalis, Nitzschia
seriata.
Discrepancy in the determination of seasonality
of species in arctic conditions mainly concern Th. nordenskiBldii
and N. seriata since I.V. Palibin (1903-1906) records them
in the group of "spring" collections together with Chaetoceros
furcellatus and Ch. socialis. At present, forme of the
nundefinedn season have already acquired the necessary L22
36.
8ecemue spring
gee,fume spring
mumeeceme late spring
emme 8 — 10 56
241.111 20.EI MT MT Cm 5-8
Z 11.181
a '
8ecemue spring
Cm 5-8 8 enz
eoelleiec://eue ate spring
10 fif 11.Œ
20.EŒ 1.1r 11,1
Figure 3. Seasonal species in the composition of phytoplankton (% of the total biamass) according to the polar region according to the collections of "North Pole" Station.
The graphs were made without consideration to species of the "undefined season" , a, a' - in layers 0 - 10m and 10 - 20m; b, bt - in layers 20 -'30m and 0 - 30m
I 4
37.
characterization: Th. nordenski81dii and Rh. hebetata
f. hiemalis have been assigned to arctic-boreal species,
cryophil Ch. septentrionalis to arctic and the remainder
to boreal species.
The remaining forms of all collections, not listed
by P.P. Shirshov (1937) according to their seasonality,
I have-assigned to species of the "undefined season" mainly
because their seasonality remains debatable in view of the
absence of the exact ecologic nature of these forms. The
majority of them were subordinate coimponents of phytoplankton
and did not form significant biomass, although their total
biomass at the beginning of vegetation (for example, August
2-4) constituted 40% of all biomass at the expense of
Coscinodiscus centralis.
For a more definite conclusion on seasonality,
I shall use the sa me stations as in the previous case
(Fig. 2). An initial glance at the graphs already defines
the particular feature of the composition: the predominance /204
of "spring" and "late spring" forms. The latter (for
. example Ch. sociilis) increase very significantly quantitatively
from the beginning of AUgust and end their cycle of development
by September
3 8.
The relatively large quantity of species of the
"undefined season" at the beginning of vegetation (17-45%)
gradually decreases to 11%. In the first case, Coscinodiscus
oculus iridis, C. centralis t Thalassiosira nordenskaldiil
Nitzschia serata and some non-plankton forms predoninated.
However, it night also be necessary in our conditions to .
assign C. centralis to the "spring" species as P.P. Vorohkov
and G.V. Brechman did for the White Sea (1939).
P.P. Shirshov does not give the seasonal nature
of this diatom. Initially, "summer" speCies form a very '
small biomass which increases to 18-30% only by September /20-5
11 at the expense of peridinean and spores of Chaetoceros.
"Spring" species were predominant at the beginning
of observations and towards the end of vegetation; in August,
they withdrew to second place due to the massive development
of Chaetoceros socialis.
There is no fundamental difference in the distribution
by layer, although "late spring" species in both the 10-20 m
layer and the 20-30 m layer predominate more constantly
in terms of biomass. The average data for the entire 0-30 m
layer have a levelled-off nature as resulting observations
by layer„
39.
The overall picture of the composition, of
phytoplankton without the species of the "undefined
season" remains as before (Fig. 3). The characteristic
feature of the collections under study is more distinctly
defined: the predominance of "spring" forms at the
beginning and at the end of vegetation and of "late
spring" forms in the second half of August.
Thus, we may MI=0 that in the central part o
of the Polar Basin, north of 84-85 N., among phytoplankton,
there is a predominance of "spring" ("early spring") flora
with an,increase of "late spring" species in the middle
of vegetation or that the entire brief development of
phytoplankton encompasses onlY the "spring" species and
that the "summer" species play a very insignificant role
even towards the end of vegetation. This conclusion
corroborates very well the conclusion stated earlier by
I.V. Palibin (1903-1906) about the contracted Vegetation
processes in the northern seas. It also corresponds very
well with the position expressed by V.G. Bogorov (1938,
1941) on the monocyclical feature of the polar seas in the
quantitative development of plankton, but introduces a
correction in the change of their seasons as to phytoplankton.
40.
• B.G. Bogorov considers that spring, summer and autumn
in the Polar Basin occur during August and Septe.nber;
whereas, the given data indicates that for the vegetation
of algae in the central part of the Polar Basin there is
only one clearly marked season - the spring season,
with a complete cycle of vegetation of arctic and
arctic-boreal species, i.e., "spring" and "late spring"
forms.
To the characterization of phonological features in
nature in the ocean at the North Pole, We ought to attribute
a curious fact: whenthm massive species of phytoplankton -
Chaetoceros socialis - near the coast of Murom appears
among plankton in March and multiplies to "blooming" of the
sea in April, then at the North Pole it reaches its
quantitative maximum in August. This fact indicates quite
specificially that spring in the ocean at the North Pole is
four months "late" as compared to the southern part of the
Barents Sea.
CONCLUSIONS
1. On the drifting station "North Pole", we set
up 14 plankton stations, at which fractional hauls were
conducted using a Juday net with a cone consisting of siik
14.1.
o mill sieve N° 77 (N 25 according to the old numeration).
The collections of phytoplankton were made from the pole o
to 84 N. from June 26 . to October 27, 1937. Twenty-eight
samples were processed with 22 of these processed from
August 2 to September 11.
2. The quantitative processing showed that in the
0-50 m layer the greatest quantity of phytoplankton
(97% of the biomass, summed up according to collections
for the entire period of research), was observed in August.
As a result of the August vegetationo \biomass was
greatest in the collections of phytoplankton on September 1,
1937 (approximately 120 in/m3 for the 0-30 m layer);
subsequently, it decreased abruptly. Thus, we may assume
that the entire vegetation period of phytoplankton in the
polar region lasts one month. Biomass of phytoplankton
during the remaining time of research accounted for 1-3%
of the biomass of ail hauls.
3. At the beginning of August, the greatest number of
phytoplankton was eserved in the 0-10 m layer and the
second largest number ih the 10-20 m layer. The entire
biomass of algae for the period from August 2 to Septerdber 11
was distributed according to layers as follows: 0-10 m layer,
28%; 10-20 m layer, 49%; 20-30 m layer, 22%; 0-30 m layer, 99%.
4. Sixty-eight forms of algae were found in the
samples: silicoflagellates (Chrysophyta, Silicoglagellatae)
were represented by two varieties; peridineans (Pyrrophyta),
by 5 species (7%); diatoms (Bacillariophyta), by 61 species
(92%) . The latter include 21 genera.
5. In comparing the number of phytoplankton'in the
net hauls at the polar stations (according to data in the
literature and our own data) and the Barents and Kara seas,
we notice a gradual increase Ln the predominance of diatoms
in the overall composition of phytoplankton (% of the
total biomass): Barents Sea, 39-43% peridineans and •
51-53% diatoms; Kara Sea, 21-32% peridineans and 63-73%
diatoms; central part of the Polar Basin, 7% peridineans and
92% diatoms,
6. In accordance with the biogeographical nature of
the 0-30 (50) m layer, the predominant phytoplankton forma
are neritic-arctic and arctic-boreal (more than 60% of the
total composition), comprising completely the "spring" and
"late spring" flora. The arctic and arptic-boreal nature of
the plankton species examined is particularly emphasized in
the data on biomass which indicate thnse features in which
vegetation of algae takes place: freshened surface layer
(up to 30-50 ni) - the layer of Arctic waters without evident
influence of "fresh" waters of the Atlantic, and the influence
1■ '
43.
. of such an important ecologic factor as the presence of
ice.
7. According to predominance in biomass and
incidence or leading species, Porosira glacialis and
Chaetoceros socialis are first and the species of Thalassiosira
and Coscinodiscus polychorda are next. Although Nitzschia
frigida, N. seriata, species of Fragilaria and Achnanthes
taeniata are constantly encountered, their biomass in the
samples was not greater than 5%.
A very characteristic feature.of the collections is
the constant presence or benthonie diatona-cryophils:
species of Navicula, Pinnularia, Gomphonema and others. Their
-biomass in a layer of water attained an average of 4% (up to
15% in individual samples). Peridineans accounted for an
average of 4% of the entire mass of phytoplankton. -
8. During the examination of the distribution of
biomass of basic phyteplankton forms in tine, according to
layer, it was seen that in the 0-30 m layer, August encompassed
the entire basic period of vegetation of diatoms Chaetoceros
socialis (to nblooming n and the beginning.of the formation
of quiescent srores). At the beginning and end of vegetation
of phytoplankton, Poros ira, Thalassiosira, Cose4nsira
and others predaminated. Thus, another feature of polar
phytoplankton is the massive development of Chaetoceraceae
plankton (Chaetoceros socialis) in an extremely contracted
period- during a single month, August.
9. An analysis or the composition of polar région
phytoplankton from the point of view of seasonal nature
showed that for the entire period of vegetation arctic and
arctic-boreal species clearly predominated, which determined
the "spring" character in the composition of plankton.
"Summer" forms (boreal type) in appreciable quantity (up
to 22% of the biomass) only appear at the very end of
vegetation.
10. In comparing the appearance of the predominant
species Chaetoceros socialis in plankton and its massive
quantitative development to the time of "blooming" at the
Murman Coast and at the North Pole, we may say that spring '
in plankton for the North Pole occlirs after a "delay" of tour
months as compared to the southern regions of the Barents Sea.
45.
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TRANSLATION BUREAU
FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION
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CANADA)
CITY
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OUR NO. NOTRE N °
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LANGUAGE
LANGUE
aerman and FRENCH into English
ANSLA TOR (INI TIALS) TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES)
E.C. 25 March 1969
DATE
RE GERMAN AND FRENCH TITLES IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RUSSIAN ARTICLE:
p. 208
(German) 34. GRAN, H.H., 1902. The plankton of the Norwegian Sea.
" 36. HUSTEDT,Fr.,1930T1959. The diatoms. x Rabenhorst's
cryptogamic flora of Germany, etc., Vol. 7.
(French) 37. MOUNIER, A. 1910. The microplankton of the Barents and
Kara Seas.
Translator's Note: "Kieselalgan" would seem to be a misprint. It is aSsumed this should read "Kieselalgen" (diatoms).
10..31
}, , t J iist. e 111'
IITEPATVPA
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