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Transforming Higher Education in the
Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Adnan Badran
"Arab Universities: an Urgent Need for Change"
Arab Academy of Sciences (AAS) Int’l Conference
Gefinor Rotana Hotel,
Beirut, Lebanon
4h – 5th Nov. 2016
World Success Stories:
Transforming higher education in term of
Quality & Relevance
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance 2
Harvard University, Cambridge - Boston
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Harvard 1st rank world university & richest
in the world
• Established 1636 with 400 books by John Harvard on his farm on Charles river, in Cambridge - Boston.
• 1st batch nine graduates in 1642.
• Currently 21,000 students:
- 6700 undergraduates
- 14,500 graduates.
• Fund Trust $37.6 billion profiting 15% (2015).
• Wealth of its graduate equal to the total of 90
countries in the World.
• 150 of its Faculty graduates received the Noble prize.
• 8 of its graduates became presidents of United
States.
• 62% of living graduates are billionaires (2015).
• Its Motto: “Truth”.
John Harvard
4 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Criteria of Success:
• Autonomy & fully independent, (academically administratively & financially).
• Governed by Board of Trustees.
• High credibility by public and private sectors.
• Contractual research with industry & governments.
• Sustainable scholarship program for gifted students to attract the best.
• Attract best professors & researchers.
• Admission policy, recruitment of faculty & students based fully on merits without discrimination on nationality, race, religion gender … etc.
5 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Boston
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
MIT: Research – based university
• Established 1861 as research-driven university of
science & technology by William Rogers. • Aims to graduate creative thinkers; innovators, and
entrepreneurs .
• Technology-Driven University to create startup
companies from the outcome of R &D and
innovations. • All its courses of 1800 are online, free across the
World, so as to disseminate knowledge free without
monopoly. • 81 of its graduates & faculty received the Noble prize. • Its Motto: “Mind and hand, Mens et manus”.
• Its fund trust $13.475 billion, profiting 20% yearly
(2015). William Rogers
7 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
MIT: Research – based university (continue)
• MIT graduates are vehicles of development,
created 25800 companies employing 3.3
million persons. Their sale $3 trillion equal
to 11th economic power ranking nation
among OECD countries. • MIT produces annually 169 patents, the
highest in the world. • Number of its students 11,319 distributed
to:
- 4,512 undergraduates
- 6,807 graduates. 8 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Criteria of Success:
• Its academic policy “Learning by doing”.
• Succeeded in creating incubators to turn R&D and ideas financed by “venture capital” to business
• Both Harvard & MIT are located on Charles river, with business park, around them by major U.S. Companies.
• Sustainable scholarship program for gifted students to attract the best.
• Invented the blended learning.
9 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Stanford University - California
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Stanford University, California • Created 1876 by Leland Stanford on his farm
2600 acres enlarged to 32.000 acres. • Fund trust $22.2 billion with annual profit of
24.5% (2015).
• Stanford number of students 15,877:
- 6,980 undergraduates
- 8,897 graduates. • 50 of Stanford graduates and faculty
scientists received the Noble prize. • Stanford contributed & the silicone
valley next to its campus which revolutionized America.
• Its Motto: “The wind of freedom blows”.
11 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Criteria of Success:
• Autonomy & fully independent (academically, administratively & financially).
• Governed by Board of Trustees.
• High credibility by public and private sectors.
• Contractual research with industry & governments.
• Sustainable scholarship program for gifted students to attract the best.
• Attract best professors & researchers.
• Admission policy & recruitment based fully on merits without any discrimination, nationality, race, religion, gender … etc.
12 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
University of Cambridge
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
University of Cambridge • Created 1209, and it is the second-oldest University in
the English-speaking world and the world’s fourth-oldest surviving university.
• By the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely.
• Endowment trust £5.89 billion (2014, University endowment: £2.291 billion, Colleges endowment: £3.6 billion).
• Cambridge number of students 19,515:
- 12,230 undergraduates.
- 7,285 graduates.
• Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges and over 100 academic departments organised into six schools.
• Its Motto: “From here, light and sacred draughts: (non-
liteal from this place, we gain enlightenment and precious
knowledge) “Hinc lucem et pocula sacra”. 14
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
University of Cambridge • Cambridge is consistently ranked as one of the world's best
universities. • 95 of Cambridge graduates and faculty scientists received the Noble
prize.
• Athletes who are Cambridge graduates include more than 123 Olympic medalists
• Graduated 15 British Prime Ministers, including Robert Walpole, considered to be the first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
• at least 30 foreign Heads of State/Government.
• Graduated at least 9 monarchs.
• Graduated 3 signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence.
15 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
University of Oxford
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
University of Oxford • Created 1096.
• Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the world's oldest and most prestigious scholarships, which has brought graduate students to study at the university for more than a century.
• Endowment trust £4.775 billion (inc. colleges) 2014-2015.
• Oxford number of students 22,602:
- 11,603 undergraduates.
- 10,499 graduates.
• Its Motto: "The Lord is my Light“,, “Dominus Illuminatio Mea “.
17 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
• 58 Nobel laureates, Three Oxford mathematicians, Michael Atiyah, Daniel Quillen and Simon Donaldson, have won Fields Medals, often called the "Nobel Prize for mathematics".
• 27 British prime ministers.
Imperial College London
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Imperial College London • Created 1907.
• In 1907, Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter, and joined the University of London. The college left the University of London one hundred years later.
• Endowment trust £113.6 million July 2015.
• Imperial Collage students 16,610:
- 9,015 undergraduates.
- 7,595 graduates.
• Its Motto: “Knowledge is the adornment and protection of the Empire” , “Scientia imperii decus et tutamen”.
• 15 Nobel laureates: “i.e. Fleming, Chain, Hopkins, Huxley,
Porter, Abdus Salam, Blackett, Higgs ..etc”.
19 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
There are many other examples of
Universities across the World,
Berkeley, Pennsylvania, Cornell,
Yale, Columbia, Michigan, Los
Angeles, Brown, Princeton, Duke,
Caltech, Carnegie Mellon,
Polytechnic, Bangalore in India,
Japan, Korea, Singapore, Ireland,
Finland … etc.
20 Badran, Adnan: Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
List best 25 Ranking Universities in the World
World Rank Institution*
Country /
Region National
Rank Total Score
Score
on
1 Harvard University 1 100.0 100.0
2 Stanford University 2 74.7 42.9
3 University of
California, Berkeley 3 70.1 65.1
4 University of Cambridge 1 69.6 78.3
5 Massachusetts
Institute of
Technology (MIT)
4 69.2 69.4
6 Princeton University 5 62.0 53.3
7 University of Oxford 2 58.9 49.7
8 California Institute of Technology 6 57.8 51.0
9 Columbia University 7 56.7 63.5
10 University of Chicago 8 54.2 59.8
11 Yale University 9 52.8 47.6
12 University of
California, Los
Angeles
10 51.5 29.5
Shanghai Ranking Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016
Rank Title No. of FTE Students
Student: Staff Ratio
Interna-tional
Students
1 University of Oxford, United Kingdom
19,919 11.6 34%
2 California Institute of Technology, United States
2,243 6.9 27%
3 Stanford University, United States
15,596 7.8 22%
4 University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
18,812 11.8 34%
5 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States
11,074 9 33%
6 Harvard University, United States
20,152 8.9 25%
7 Princeton University, United States
7,929 8.4 27%
8 Imperial College London, United Kingdom
15,060 11.7 51%
9 ETH Zurich – Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
18,178 14.7 37%
=10 University of California, Berkeley, United States
36,186 16.4 15%
=10 University of Chicago, United States
14,221 6.9 21%
12 Yale University, United States
11,751 4.4 20%
The Times World University Rankings 2016
21 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
List best 25 Ranking Universities in the World (continue)
World Rank Institution* Country/
Region National
Rank Total Score
Score on
13 Cornell University 11 49.0 42.0
14 University of California, San Diego 12 47.8 19.2
15 University of Washington 13 47.3 21.2
16 Johns Hopkins University 14 46.0 37.7
17 University College London 3 45.3 28.1
18 University of Pennsylvania 15 44.5 31.6
19 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich 1 43.8 29.5
20 The University of Tokyo 1 42.2 36.3
21 University of California, San Francisco
16 41.9 0.0
22 The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
4 41.6 14.5
23 University of Michigan-Ann Arbor 17 40.8 34.4
23 Washington University in St. Louis 17 40.8 22.9
25 Duke University 19 40.4 15.4
Shanghai Ranking Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016
Rank Title No. of FTE
Students
Student: Staff Ratio
Interna-tional
Students 13 University of Pennsylvania,
United States 20,376 6.5 20%
14 University of California, Los Angeles, United States
38,206 10.3 15%
15 University College London, United Kingdom
26,607 10.7 46%
16 Columbia University, United States
25,055 5.9 28%
17 Johns Hopkins University, United States
15,128 3.6 23%
18 Duke University, United States 15,172 4.8 17%
19 Cornell University, United States
21,424 10.2 19%
20 Northwestern University, United States
18,334 13.8 15%
21 University of Michigan, United States
41,786 9 16%
22 University of Toronto, Canada 66,198 19.5 15%
23 Carnegie Mellon University, United States
11,885 13.1 35%
24 National University of Singapore, Singapore
38,000 15.8
=25 London School of Economics and Political Science United Kingdom
9,233 12.1 70%
=25 University of Washington, United States
44,020 11.8 13%
The Times World University Rankings 2016
22 Badran, Adnan: Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Top 15 universities in the Arab world announced, 2016
23 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Th
e T
ime
s W
orl
d U
niv
ers
ity
Ra
nk
ing
s 20
16
Rank Institution Country
1 King Abdulaziz University Saudi Arabia
2 American University of Beirut Lebanon
3 King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Saudi Arabia
4 King Saud University Saudi Arabia
5 United Arab Emirates University United Arab Emirates
6 Qatar University Qatar
7 Sultan Qaboos University Oman
8 American University of Sharjah United Arab Emirates
9 Jordan University of Science and Technology Jordan
10 Suez Canal University Egypt
11 Alexandria University Egypt
12 Cairo University Egypt
13 The University of Jordan Jordan
14 University of Marrakech Cadi Ayyad Morocco
15 Mohammed V University of Rabat Morocco
Source: THE DataPoints © THE [email protected]
One reason for Saudi Arabia success in Ranking, is high level of funding.
On average, ranked universities in Saudi Arabia receive $733,069 (£519,290) of institutional income per member of staff, the highest, while Egypt’s Universities receive in comparison just $101,317.
From the Economist March 28th, 2015
The World average of higher
education is 32% of student-age population at universities, 2012.
OECD countries spend 1.6% of GDP on higher education– mostly state funded model.
America spends 2.7% of GDP on higher education, mostly privately– funded model.
24 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
What is behind these success stories:
• Respect of diversity and multiculture.
• Critical thinking, and analytical minds.
• Respect of differences and new ideas.
• Rationale.
Common criteria prevails: • Autonomy & independence.
• Good Governance.
• Recruitment best faculty members on merits only.
• Procurement best students on merits only, and sustainable scholarship
program, for gifted students.
• Dynamic update of skills and pedagogy.
• Learning and smart classroom, flipp smart classroom.
• Self reading, E-Learning & online, etc.
• Competitive strive on excellence of teaching-learning and R&D, peer
reviewed papers, patents, and startup companies.
25 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
26 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
tuition based on student cost and
scholarship based on merits
admission policy based on merits
autonomy& independence of
academic, administrative &
finance
transfer of knowledge and technology thru
incubation to business parks & startup
companies
quality & relevance of
research
quality of teaching-learning. Faculty,
students procurement on merits.
the right equation of forward-looking university.
27 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Criteria for Progress:
Diversity and competitiveness will never be achieved
except through autonomy and independence of the
university.
Admission policy, procurement of faculty & staff and
admission of students should be on merits.
Students should cover their cost of education, unless
government, donors & others pay the cost on their
behalf.
Quality & relevance of teaching & research.
Link research with industry.
28 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
What to do:
Invest in quality higher education (HE).
Invest in scientific research.
HE should be flexible to react quickly to demands, and create new demands.
To graduate vehicles of development: entrepreneurs.
HE should deliver quality and relevance.
HE builds brain-intensive knowledge capital and stimulate growth.
29 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Dynamics for the K:
Build up the human capital for K.
Generate K-workers.
Create K through basic research.
K feeds innovation.
Develop K-economy.
Outreach K-society.
30 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
To Combat uncertainties:
30% of Arab population less than 15 years of age.
60% of Arab youth is below 25 years of age.
100 million jobs to be created by 2050, for youth.
Otherwise, 40% of Arab youth will not be employed.
31 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Therefore,
Investment in quality and the relevance of
higher education, smart R&D will release the
potential of creating k-based industry and new
space in the market-economy.
32 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Investment in Science
Who funds what in R&D?
33
70%
17%
10%
3%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
private sector
universities govt.sector non-profit sector
70%
27%
3%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Govt. sector Universities Private sector
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Expenditures of R&D (as a percentage of GDP) 2014 or closest year
Source: 2016 World Development Indicators- World Bank
selected countries
as a % of GDP
Arab countries
as a % of GDP
34
0.29
0.32
0.82
1
1.26
1.7
1.89
2.04
2.18
2.19
2.25
2.72
2.86
3.17
3.58
0 1 2 3 4
Pakistan
Iran
India
Turkey
Malaysia
UK
Iceland
China
Singapore
Australia
France
USA
Germany
Finland
Japan
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, January 2015
NA
0.04
0.07
0.17
0.3
0.43
0.47
0.49
0.68
0.68
0.73
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Iraq
Bahrian
Saudi Arabia*
Oman
Kuwait*
Jordan
Qatar
UAE
Egypt
Tunisia**
Morocco
Researchers (full-time equivalent per million people) (2014) or closest year
Selected countries Arab countries
35
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
68
127
128
362
597
682
857
1803
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Libya
UAE
Jordan
Saudi Arabia
Algeria
Lebanon
Sudan
Yemen
Iraq
Oman
Kuwait
Bahrian
Qatar
Egypt
Morocco
Tunisia
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
157
167
691
1113
1156.5
1793.5
4019
4201
4252
4380.5
4531
5386
5993
6658
6986
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
India
Pakistan
Iran
China
Turkey
Malaysia
USA
France
UK
Germany
Australia
Japan
Iceland
Singapore
Finland
Source: 2016 The World Bank Group - World Bank
Among Researchers
Nobel Prizes in Science & Medicine
Source: Battelle & R&D Magazine 36
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Source: http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2015-2016/competitiveness-rankings/- World Bank
Global Competitiveness index 2015 ranking of countries of the world
37 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
3.4 3.7
3.8 3.9
4 4.1
4.2 4.2 4.2
4.3 4.4
4.5 4.6
4.8 4.9
5.1 5.2 5.2
5.3 5.4 5.4
5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
5.6 5.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pakistan
Egypt
Lebanon
Tunisia
Algeria
Iran
Oman
Morocco
Jordan
India
Turkey
Bahrain
Kuwait
Iceland
china
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Malaysia
Qatar
UK
Sweden
Netherlands
Germany
Finland
Japan
USA
Singapore
Arab tertiary graduates in science, engineering and agriculture, 2013 or closest year
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistic, July 2015
38 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
510363
255435
141196 124494
75744 65421 60686 35279 34007 25682 2284
NA 14.1 24.4 27.8 18.7 36.3 44.7 11.9 15.8 23.8 22.8 29.4 NA
total (all fields)
Share of total (%)
Published Scientific papers (per million inhabitants) 2014
Source: UNESCO Science Report Towards 2030
Selected countries Arab countries
39 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
NA
NA
NA
3
6
8
8
47
58
101
115
146
151
154
174
203
276
371
548
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Syria
Libya
Iraq
Palestine
Mauritania
Sudan
Yemen
Morocco
Algeria
Egypt
Bahrain
Jordan
Oman
UAE
Kuwait
Lebanon
Tunisia
Saudi Arabia
Qatar
37
42
184
311
326
331
576
998
1007
1109
1385
1913
1974
1976
2594
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Pakistan
India
China
Turkey
Iran
Malaysia
Japan
USA
France
Germany
UK
Singapore
Australia
Finland
Iceland
Highest citation rates Average citation rate for publications, 2008-2012
40 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
1.01 0.96
0.85 0.78 0.78 0.78
0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63
0.56 0.5
NA NA NA 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Source: UNESCO Science Report Towards 2030
Key collaborators in research Main foreign partners, 2008-2014
Source: Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science, Science Citation index Expanded; data treatment by Science-Metrix.
41
Country 1st collaborator 2nd collaborator 3 rd collaborator
Algeria France 4883 Saudi Arabia 524 Spain 440
Bahrain Saudi Arabia 137 Egypt 101 UK 93
Egypt Saudi Arabia 7803 USA 4725 Germany 2762
Iraq Malaysia 595 UK 281 USA 279
Jordan USA 1153 Germany 586 Saudi Arabia 490
Kuwait USA 566 Egypt 332 UK 271
Lebanon USA 1307 France 1277 Italy 412
Libya UK 184 Egypt 166 India 99
Mauritania France 62 Senegal 40 USA 18
Morocco France 3465 Spain 1338 USA 833
Oman USA 333 UK 326 India 309
Palestine Egypt 50 Germany 48 USA 35
Qatar USA 1168 UK 586 China 457
Saudi Arabia Egypt 7803 USA 5794 UK 2568
Sudan Saudi Arabia 213 Germany 193 UK 191
Syria France 193 UK 179 Germany 175
Tunisia France 5951 Spain 833 Italy 727
UAE USA 1505 UK 697 Canada 641
Yemen Malaysia 255 Egypt 183 Saudi Arabia 158
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
High – technology exports (% of manufactured exports) 2015 or closest year
Source: 2016 The World Bank Group - World Bank
High technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinists, and electrical machinery.
selected countries % of manufactured exports
Arab countries % of manufactured exports
42
NA
NA
NA
0.04
0.12
0.15
0.57
1.2
1.31
1.49
1.55
2.06
4.32
4.94
5.31
8.46
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sudan
Libya
Iraq
Qatar
Kuwait
Algeria
Saudi Arabia
Yemen
Egypt
Bahrain
Jordan
Lebanon
Oman
Tunisia
Morocco
UAE
NA
1.41
2.16
7.51
8.72
13.51
16.66
16.78
19
19.91
20.80
25.37
28.45
42.8
47.18
0 10 20 30 40 50
Iran
Pakistan
Turkey
India
Finland
Australia
Germany
Japan
USA
Iceland
UK
China
France
Malaysia
Singapore
Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
Patent applications in Arab states, 2012
43 Adnan Badran, Transforming Higher Education in the Arab Region: Quality & Relevance
2211
1040 900
626 394
85 NA NA NA NA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Source: UNESCO Science Report Towards 2030
44
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Innovate, Disseminate
For Listening
my motto :
