Transformations Around the Globe

1800-1914

Ch 28

China Resists Outside Influence

Sec 1

Chinese Resistance to the West

• Out of cultural pride, the Chinese looked down on all foreigners

• In 1793, the Qing emperor agreed to receive an ambassador from England

• The Englishman brought all kinds of gifts like clocks, musical instruments and even a hot-air balloon but the emperor was not interested

• The Chinese had everything they needed

Chinese Self-sufficiency

• China was able to reject the west because they were largely self-sufficient

• China’s agricultural economy was healthy enough to feed their large population– Quick growing strains of rice grew throughout

the southern part of the country– Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts introduced

by the Spanish and Portuguese increased productivity of the land

Other Resources

• Other resources included an extensive mining and manufacturing industry

• Salt, tin, silver and iron mines produced great quantities of ore

• The Chinese also produced beautiful silks, cotton, and fine porcelain

Opium

• Because of their self-sufficiency, the Chinese had little interest in trading with the West

• European merchants who had been looking for a product to sell the Chinese began selling opium, a highly addictive drug made from the poppy plant

Where is most of the opium in the world grown today?

Opium

• Chinese doctors had been using opium to relieve pain for hundreds of years

• In the late 1700s English merchants began smuggling the drug in for nonmedical use

• By 1835, there were as many as 12 million Chinese people addicted to opium

The Opium War

• The Qing emperor pleaded with Queen Victoria to stop the opium trade but Britain refused

• The Opium War- conflict between Britain and China lasting from 1839-1842 over Britain’s opium trade in China

Effects of Opium War

• Humiliating defeat for the Chinese

• Treaty if Nanjing

• Britain gained the island of Hong Kong

• Extraterritorial Rights- foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at 5 Chinese ports

Internal Problems

• Population- by 1850, China had 430 million people

• Food production- not keeping up with population growth

• Opium addiction grew as problems increased

• People began to challenge the Qing Dynasty

The Taiping Rebellion

• Taiping Rebellion- mid 19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty

• The rebellion was led by Hong Xiuquan

• Hong raised an army of nearly 1 million and took control of large parts of southeastern China before the rebellion failed

• 20-40 million people were killed

Sphere of Influence

• As China weakened many foreign nations took advantage and attacked

• After each conflict treaties gave more economic control to each nation

• Sphere of Influence- area in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment

Map

Open Door Policy

• The US was afraid that other countries would soon divide China into formal colonies and they would be left out

• Open Door Policy- policy proposed by the US in 1899 under which all nations would have an equal chance to trade

Rise of Chinese Nationalism

• Humiliated by their losses, many Chinese pressed for strong reforms

• Qing officials saw this as a threat to their power and reversed any reforms

Boxer Rebellion

• Boxer Rebellion- a 1900 revolt in China, nationalist movement aimed at ending foreign influence in the country

• Poor peasants and workers resented the special privileges given to foreigners

• Secret group called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists or Boxers

Boxer Rebellion

• In the Spring of 1900 the Boxers descended on Beijing shouting “Death to foreign devils”

• The surrounded the European section of the city for several months but were eventually defeated by an multinational force

Effects of the Boxer Rebellion

• The rebellion failed but a strong sense of nationalism grew amongst the people in China

• The government finally realized they needed to reform

Modernization in Japan

Sec 2

What was the Japanese feudal system?

Background

• In the early 17th century Japan shut itself off completely from other nations

• Under the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns, society was very tightly ordered

• Shogun parceled out land to daimyos

• Peasants worked for and lived under the protection of the daimyo and his samurais

Demand for Foreign Trade

• Like China, Japan repeatedly refused to trade with the West

• In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry took 4 ships into Tokyo Harbor

• Perry brought a letter from President Fillmore, politely asking for trade with Japan

• Perry said he would be back in a year with a larger fleet for the reply

Perry’s Ships

Treaty of Kanagawa

• Treaty of Kanagawa- opened two Japanese ports to the US in 1854

• Important because it opened the door for other countries as well

Meiji Restoration

• Meiji Restoration- period of modernization and industrialization in Japan

• The Meiji Emperor realized that the best way to counter western influence was to modernize

• The Japanese then chose what they thought to be the best that Western civilization had to offer and adapted it to their own country

Germany

• From Germany, the Japanese took their strong centralized government and strong army

• Used the German constitution as a model for their own

Britain

• From Britain the Japanese imitated the skill of their navy

United States

• From the United States the Japanese imitated the public education system

• Teachings included foreign experts

• Students also went abroad to study

Industrialization

• Japanese economy quickly became as modern as any in the West

• Built thousands of miles of railroads

• Coal production

• Large state supported companies built thousands of factories

What is the geography of Japan like?

Imperial Japan

• As Japan grew more powerful, their feeling of strength and equality with Western nations grew

• As they grew stronger they became more imperialistic

Sino-Japanese War

• In 1876, Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for trade

• In 1894, China sent troops to Korea to stop a rebellion

• Japan saw this as a threat and attacked China

Effects of the Sino-Japanese War

• The Sino-Japanese War gave Japan a foothold in Manchuria and its first colonies

• Japan emerge as a major power in East Asia

Why do you think modern China is an ally with North Korea?

Russo-Japanese War

• 2 majors powers in East Asia were Russia and Japan

• They both competed over resources in Manchuria

• When the Russians refused to stay out of Korea the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet

Port Arthur

Effects of the Russo-Japanese War

• Russian fleet was destroyed

• Japan gained more territory

• Humiliating defeat for Russia

• Russian Revolution

• Occupation of Korea

Occupation of Korea

• Japan grabbed more and more power in Korea until they finally annexed it in 1907

• Brutal rulers• Shut down Korean newspapers and schools• Replaced Korean studies with Japanese history• Took land from Koreans to give to Japanese

settlers• Forbid Koreans to go into business

Why was the Russo-Japanese war so surprising to the rest of the world?

What are the long term effects of the Meiji Restoration?

US Economic Imperialism

Sec 3

How did the Meiji Restoration lead to Japanese imperialism?

Warm Up:

Latin America after Independence

• New nations were in shambles

• Cities were destroyed

• Farms had been neglected

• Political independence meant little for most Latin Americans

Colonial Legacy

• Rich got richer, poor got poorer

• Rich landowners controlled all the land

• Many army leaders that led the independence movement continued to assert their power

• Caudillos- military dictators

Caudillos

• Faced little opposition

• No experience with democracy

Economy

• Latin American economies grew as technology developed – Refrigeration

• Foreign nations benefited far more from trade than Latin America did

• Remained largely unindustrialized

Outside Investment

• Latin American nations did not use their export money to build roads, hospitals, or schools

• Often borrowed money with high interest rates to fund their export facilities

• When they couldn’t pay foreign companies took over the industries

Monroe Doctrine

• Monroe Doctrine- document issued by James Monroe stating that Latin America is not to be considered as subjects for colonization

• Warning for Europe to stay out of the Americas

Spanish-American War

• Spanish American War- 1898 war in which the United States gained the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba from Spain

Panama Canal

• Panama was a province of Colombia

• When Colombia refused to sell the canal zone, the US supported a revolution in Panama

• The Panamanians won their independence and gave a 10 mile wide strip of the country to the US in gratitude

Panama Canal

• Panama Canal- allows sea transport between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, opened in 1914

Importance of the Canal

• Latin America became a crossroads of the world

• United States controlled the tollgate

Roosevelt Corollary

• Roosevelt Corollary- gave the United States the right to be an international police power

Turmoil and Change in Mexico

Santa Anna

• During the 1800s, Mexican politics was dominated by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Texas

• In the 1820s, Mexico encourage Americans to move into Texas

• In 1835, Stephen Austin encouraged Texans to revolt after Mexico would not grant them greater self-government

• Texas gained independence after the Alamo and Sam Houston’s victory at the Battle of San Jacinto

Benito Juarez

• After the fall of Santa Anna, social reformer, Benito Juarez came to power

• La Reforma- Juarez’s plan to redistribute land and increase education for the poor

Porfirio Diaz

• After Juarez’s death in 1872, a new caudillo, Porfirio Diaz came to power and essentially ended the reforms

Revolution

• In the early 1900s, Mexicans began to protest Diaz’s harsh rule

• Mexico’s revolution began in different parts of Mexico

• Leaders like Francisco Madero supported democratic reforms

Pancho Villa

• In northern Mexico, Panco Villa used his private army to lead Robin Hood style attacks against the rich giving their money to the poor

Emiliano Zapata

• In southern Mexico, Emiliano Zapata, raised a powerful army to return land to peasants and small farmers