Transactions. 421B: Database Systems - Transactions 2 Transaction Processing q Most of the information systems in businesses are transaction based (databases

Transactions

2421B: Database Systems - Transactions

Transaction Processing

Most of the information systems in businesses are transaction based (databases or TP-Monitors).

The market for transaction processing is many tens of billions of dollars per year

Past: transaction processing was used mostly in large companies

Now: WWW, small TP-Monitors, CORBA, Internet provider, J2EE have a need for transactions

Transactions are now no more just a database technology, they started to be a core distributed information systems technology.


Business transactions Business transaction: involves exchange between two or more entities (selling, buying, renting, booking ….).

In computers: business transactions become electronic transactions (same ideas)

Buyer Seller

StateStateState

Book-keeping


Money Transfer 1. Transfer(id1,id2,value)

SELECT balance into :balance FROM accounts WHERE accountid = :id1

balance += value

UPDATE accountsSET balance = :balanceWHERE accountid = :id1

SELECT balance into :balanceFROM accounts WHERE accountid = :id2

balance -= value

UPDATE accountsSET balance = :balanceWHERE accountid = :id2

1. read(A)2. A := A + 503. write(A)4. read(B)5. B := B - 506. write(B)


Electronic transaction A txn encapsulate operations that belong logically together Operations within the DBS increase account of seller, decrease account of buyer

Operations outside the DBS: the good is given to the buyer

Electronic txn: programming and DB part Consider transaction as a sphere of control in which to encapsulate certain behavior of particular pieces of code

A transaction is basically a set of service invocations, usually from a program (or a interactive user interface)


Some issues An electronic transaction is not simply a sequence of DB operations but a complex idea: Specify of what operations build a transaction

Transactions must be correct even if many of them are running concurrently (at the same time over the same data).

Transactions must be atomic. Partially executed transactions are almost always incorrect

Legally, most business transactions require a written record. So do electronic transactions

The system must handle a high volume (high throughput), must provide fast response time, and must be available all the time (mission critical).


Automated Teller Machine Tables:

AccountBalance(Acct#, balance) HotCard-List(Accct#): stolen/canceled/suspended cards AccountVelocity(Acct#,sumWithdrawals): stores the

latest transaction and accumulated amount PostingLog(Acct#,ATMid,Amount): a record of each

operation Operations for withdrawal:

GetInput(Acct#,ATMid,type,PIN,Txn-id,Amount) Write request to PostingLog Check PIN Check Acct# with HotCard-List table Check Acct# with AccountVelocity table Update AccountVelocity table Update balance in AccountBalance Write withdrawal record to PostingLog Commit transaction and dispense money.


Stock Exchange

Tables Users: list of traders and market watchers Stocks BuyOrders/SellOrders: orders entered during the day

Trades: all trades executed during the day Price: buy and sell total volume, and number of orders for each stock and price

Log: all users’ requests and system replies notificationMsg: all messages sent to the users


Stock Exchange

Operation execute trade: Read information about stock from stock table Get timestamp Read scheduled trading periods for the stock Check validity of operation (time, value, price)

If valid, find a matching trade operation, update trades, notif, orders, prices, stocks, …

Write the system’s response to the log Commit transaction Broadcast the new situation

Volumes bank/stock: 250000 transactions per day


Application vs. DBS A user’s program may carry out many operations on the data retrieved from the database, but the DBMS is only concerned about what data is read/written from/to the database.

A transaction is the DBMS’s abstract view of a user program: a sequence of read operations r(X) and write operations w(X) on objects (X) (tuple, relation,…) of the DB Read: bring object into main memory from disk, send value to application (same as copy value into program variable)

Write: bring object into main memory from disk and modify it. Write it back to disk (might be done sometime later)

Need for concurrency: There might be considerable time between the submission of two consecutive SQL statements within one transaction

While the DBS is reading a tuple from the disk, the CPU can be used to parse and compile the SQL statements of other transactions.


ACID Properties

The success of transactions was due to well-defined properties that are provided by transactional systems: ATOMICITY: A transaction is atomic if it is executed in its entirety or not at all

CONSISTENCY: a transaction must preserve the consistency of the data

ISOLATION: in case that transactions are executed concurrently: The effect must be the same as if each transaction were the only one in the system.

DURABILITY: The changes made by a transaction must be permanent (= they must not be lost in case of failures)


Atomicity ALL or NOTHING principle

In Money transfer: if transaction fails after step 3 partial results should be undone

A transaction T might commit after completing all its actions. If the user is informed about the commit he/she can be sure that all changes performed by T are installed in the DB.

A transaction might abort (or be aborted by the DBMS) after executing some actions. In this case the DBMS undoes all modifications so far. After the abort the DB state is as if the transaction had never started. After notification of abort the user knows that none of the transaction’s modifications is reflected in the database.

Local recovery: eliminating partial results


Atomicity

consistentdatabase

inconsistentdatabase

Txn

RecoveryManager Database

log

abort


Consistency Each transaction must leave the database in a

consistent state if the DB is consistent when the transaction begins. In Money transfer: sum of balances of two accounts the

same before and after transaction execution This is the responsibility of the application!

In practice, transactions make mistakes (introduce negative salaries, empty social security numbers, different names for the same person …). These mistakes violate database consistency.

Limited forms of data consistency can be enforced by the system through integrity constraints: Null constraints, foreign keys, check constraints…

Integrity constraints acts as filters determining whether a transaction is acceptable or not.

consistentdatabase

consistentdatabase

Txn


Isolation Isolation: Users submit transactions, and can think of each transaction as executing by itself.

The DBMS, however, allows many transactions being executed concurrently over the same data. By allowing several transactions to execute concurrently we can keep the CPU busy and process more transactions per time unit.

Isolation is enforced by a concurrency control protocol, which aims at guaranteeing serializability. Net effect of transactions executing concurrently is identical to executing all transactions one after the other in some serial order

In Money transfer: disallow that concurrent transaction reads balance of both accounts after step 3 and before step 6


Isolation

consistentdatabase inconsistent

database

Txn 1

Txn 2

ConcurrencyControl

Txn 1

Txn 2consistentdatabase

consistentdatabase…


Durability Durability: There must be a guarantee that the changes introduced by a transaction will last,i.e., survive failures• In Money transfer: once user has confirmation the change must persist in database despite possible crash

• In case of failures, Server Crash:

restart server and perform global recovery:bringing the database back into an consistent stateAt the time of the crash, some transactions might have been in the middle of execution: their modifications performed so far must be undone (abort of these transactions)

At the time of the crash, not all changes of committed transactions might have been reflected in the database: redo these modifications.

In order to be able to perform recovery: logging of additional information during normal processing

Disk Crash: use replication: database backups, mirrored disks.


Global Recovery

consistentdb

consistentdb

Txn Txn

Systemcrash

RecoveryManager Database

log

incon-sistent db


Architecture

TransactionManager

Scheduler(concurrency control)

Recovery Manager

Buffer Manager

Buffer

StableDB

Txn(r,w,c,a)

Log


Architecture

Each of the modules is a complex component Highly optimized; many engineering optimizations

Components highly interconnected Modularity only partially given Complex calling strategies One module relies heavily on the semantics of other modules

Documents

Transactions. 421B: Database Systems - Transactions 2 Transaction Processing q Most of the information systems in businesses are transaction based (databases