Trans Sys Chap24

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Introduction to Transportation

Systems

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PART III:TRAVELER

TRANSPORTATION

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Chapter 24:

Intelligent TransportationSystems (ITS)

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Introduction

ITS combines high technology andimprovements in information systems,

communication, sensors, and advancedmathematical methods with theconventional world of surface

transportation infrastructure. In addition to technological and systems

issues, there are a variety of institutional

issues that must be carefully addressed. Substantial leadership will be required to

implement ITS as an integrator oftransportation, communications andintermodalism on a regional scale.

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The ITS-4 Technologies

The ability to sense the presence and identity ofvehicles or shipments in real-time on the

infrastructure through roadside devices orGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS); The ability to communicate (i.e., transmit) large

amounts of information cheaper and more

reliably; The ability toprocess large amounts of

information through advanced informationtechnology; and

The ability to use this information properly andin real-time in order to achieve bettertransportation network operations. We usealgorithms and mathematical methods to

develop strategies for network control andoptimization.5


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The Vision for ITS in the U.S.

A national system that operates consistentlyand efficiently across the U.S. to promote

the safe, orderly and expeditious movementof people and freight. Here, recognition ofthe need to think intermodally and about theneeds forboth personal and freight mobility

was explicit. An efficient public transportation system that

interacts smoothly with improved highwayoperations. The concept that ITS had to do

more than simply improve single occupancyvehicle level-of-service on highways iscaptured here.

A vigorous U.S. ITS industry supplying bothdomestic and international needs.

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Technology, Systems and

Institutions

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS

INSTITUTIONS

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--

Technology, Systems and

Institutions

TRANSPORTATION FUNDAMENTALS

A RAMEWORK ANALYSIS

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS INSTITUTIONS

F FOR

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Advanced Transportation

Management Systems (ATMS) ATMS will integrate management of various

roadway functions. It will predict trafficcongestion and provide alternative routinginstructions to vehicles over regional areas toimprove the efficiency of the highway networkand maintain priorities for high-occupancyvehicles.

Real-time data will be collected, utilized, anddisseminated by ATMS systems and will

further alert transit operators of alternativeroutes to improve transit operations. Dynamic traffic control systems will respond in

real-time to changing conditions across

different jurisdictions (for example, by routingdrivers around accidents).9


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Incident Management

We are interested in reducing non-recurring congestion; that is, incident- or

accident-based congestion rather thanrush hour congestion.

One can identify and locate thoseincidents and remove them quickly, andreduce congestion-based delaysubstantially.

With the technology on the network tomeasure velocities in real-timeeverywhere in the network, one can thinkabout being able to identify and locate

incidents by various velocity signatures.10


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Electronic Toll and Traffic

Management (ETTM)

The basic idea here is that one candetect and identify individualvehicles with road-side readers

These readers can debit anaccount by sensing thetransponder carried on yourwindshield; you pay your toll

electronically rather than having tostop and pay.

That, in and of itself, reducescongestion.

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Congestion Pricing Revisited

CLASS DISCUSSION

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Advanced Traveler Information

Systems (ATIS) ATIS will provide data to travelers in their

vehicles, in their homes or at their placesof work. Information will include: location of

incidents, weather problems, road

conditions, optimal routings, lanerestrictions and in-vehicle signing.

Information can be provided both todrivers and to transit users and even topeople before a trip to help them decidewhat mode they should use.

May-Day calls for help from a disabledvehicle are included here as well.

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Advanced Vehicle Control

Systems (AVCS) In the near term, intelligent cruise control,

which automatically adjusts the speed of thevehicle to that of the vehicle immediatelyahead, is an example of AVCS.

More generally, collision warning systemswould alert the driver to a possible imminentcollision, say, with a roadside obstacle.

In more advanced systems, the vehiclewould automatically brake or steer away

from a collision. These systems are autonomous to the

vehicle and can provide substantial benefitsby improving safety and reducing accident-

induced congestion.14


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Automated Highway Systems

(AHS)Hands-off, feet-off, brain-off driving.Does this make sense?What are the barriers to deployment?

CLASS DISCUSSION

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Commercial Vehicle

Operations (CVO) In CVO, the private operators of

trucks, vans and taxis are using ITStechnologies to improve theproductivity of their fleets and the

efficiency of their operations.Such concepts as weigh-in-motion(WIM), pre-clearance of trucks acrossstate boundaries, automatic vehiclelocation for fleet management, on-board safety monitoring devices, areincluded here.

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Advanced Public

Transportation Systems (APTS)

APTS can use ITS technologies togreatly enhance the accessibility toinformation for users of publictransportation.

Also, ITS can improve farecollecting, scheduling of publictransportation vehicles, intramodaland intermodal connections, andthe utilization of bus fleets.

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Advanced Rural Transportation

Systems (ARTS)

How ITS technologies can beapplied on relatively low-densityroads is a challenge that is beingundertaken by many rural states.

Safety rather than congestion isthe main motivation for ARTS.Single vehicle run-off-the-roadaccidents are a target here.

May-Day devices are of particularinterest in this environment.

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ATMS AdvancedTransportationManagement

Systems

ATIS AdvancedTraveler

InformationSystems

AVCS AdvancedVehicle Control

Systems

Characteristics

Network management, includingincident management, traffic lightcontrol, electronic toll collection,congestion prediction andcongestion-amelioratingstrategies.

Information provided to travelerspre-trip and during the trip in thevehicle. ATMS helps provide real-time network information.

A set of technologies designed toenhance driver control and vehiclesafety. This ranges up toAutomated Highway Systems(AHS), where the driver cedes all

control to the system.19


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CVO CommercialVehicle

Operations

APTS Advanced PublicTransportation

Systems

ARTS Advanced RuralTransportation

Systems

Characteristics

Technologies to enhancecommercial fleet productivity,including weigh-in-motion (WIM),pre-clearance procedures,electronic log books, interstatecoordination.

Passenger information andtechnologies to enhance systemoperations, including farecollection, intramodal andintermodal transfers, scheduling,

headway control.Mostly safety and securitytechnologies (e.g., May-Day)fortravel in sparsely-settled areas.

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Institutional Issues

Public-Private PartnershipsOrganizational ChangeTransportation EducationLegal LiabilityPolitical Strength of Traditional

Construction Industry

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Transportation and Change

Changes resulting from the Interstate in the U.S. The intercity trucking industry was formed and a

financial blow was dealt to the railroad industry, as itlost substantial market share in high-value freight.This led, in turn, to a fundamental redefinition of therelationship between the public and private sectorsin the freight industry in 1980, through substantial

deregulation. The Interstate led to an unprecedented and

unequaled mobility between and into U.S. cities andgave rise to the regional transportation concept,

with wholly new methods of planning being requiredfor region-wide analysis and design.

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Transportation and Change(continued)

The Interstate System included the development ofcircumferential belts around major cities, leading todevelopment patterns quite at variance with the

ability of public transportation to service it and, asdescribed by authors such as Joel Garreau, thedevelopment of edge cities, a fundamentally newkind of urban structure.

The Interstate led to a fueling of the post-wareconomic expansion and a period of unprecedentedprosperity in the U.S.

A stop the highway backlash in urban areasresulted from the Interstate, and a politicalpolarization between the build vs. no-build factionsbecame a fact of political life in U.S. transportation.

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Transportation and Change(continued)

Changes resulting from ITS The reinvention of logistics through supply chain

management, linking inventory management and

transportation in wholly new ways; Dramatic moves into surface transportation by

organizations not traditionally involved, such as thenational labs and aerospace companies in the U.S.;

Changes to academia, with new alliances and newacademic programs beginning to be formed, andfaculty participating in transportation education andresearch who have never been part of that processbefore; and

Building of new relationships among public-sectoragencies to enable regional and corridor-levelsystem deployment.

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Regional Deployment --

A Strategic Vision

The strategic vision for ITS, then,is as the integrator oftransportation, communications

and intermodalism on a regionalscale.

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Documents

Trans Sys Chap24