Training Module Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes and ... · Red Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber A. Theory : 1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 2. Introduction to pest organisms

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vegIMPACT Report 14

September 2015

Training Module Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber based on the concept of Integrated

Pest Management Module 2: Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber

Composed by : Tonny K. Moekasan

Laksminiwati Prabaningrum Witono Adiyoga

Herman de Putter

Editors :

Nikardi Gunadi dan Asih K. Karjadi

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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2

vegIMPACT is a program financed by The Netherlands’ Government promoting improved vegetable

production and marketing for small farmers in Indonesia, contributing to the food security status

and private sector development in Indonesia. The program builds on the results of previous joint

Indonesian-Dutch horticultural development cooperation projects and aligns with recent

developments in the horticultural private sector and retail in Indonesia. The program activities

(2012 – 2016) include the Development of Product Market Combinations, Strengthening the Potato

Sector, Development of permanent Vegetable Production Systems, Knowledge Transfer and

Occupational Health.

Wageningen University and Research centre (Wageningen UR, The Netherlands):

- Applied Plant Research (APR), AGV Research Unit Lelystad - Centre for Development Innovation (CDI), Wageningen - Plant Research International (PRI), Wageningen - Agricultural Economics Institute (LEI), Den Haag

Contact person:

Huib Hengsdijk, [email protected]

Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI, Indonesia)

Contact person:

Witono Adigoya, [email protected]

Fresh Dynamics (Indonesia)

Contact person:

Marcel Stallen, [email protected]

www.vegIMPACT.com

© 2014 Wageningen UR, The Netherlands

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form of by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Wageningen UR, The

Netherlands

Wageningen UR, The Netherlands, takes no responsibility for any injury or damage sustained by using data from this publication

mailto:[email protected]



http://www.vegimpact.com/

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Training Module Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber based on the concept of Integrated

Pest Management

Module 2: Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber

Composed by : Tonny K. Moekasan

Laksminiwati Prabaningrum Witono Adiyoga

Herman de Putter

Editors :


© 2014 Wageningen UR, The Netherlands

The user may copy, distribute and transmit the work and create derivative works. Third-party material

that has been used in the work and to which intellectual property rights apply may not be used without

prior permission of the third party concerned. The user must specify the name as stated by the author or

licence holder of the work, but not in such a way as to give the impression that the work of the user or the

way in which the work has been used are being endorsed. The user may not use this work for commercial

purposes.

Wageningen UR, The Netherlands, takes no responsibility for any injury or damage sustained by using

data from this publication.

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Module 2: Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber

i-iv, 85 pages, 21 cm x 29.7 cm, first printed 2014.

The publication of this manual was financed by PT East West Seed Indonesia, Knowledge Transfer Work

Package, Veg-Impact Project, Wageningen University and Research Center, The Netherlands

Composed by :

Tonny K. Moekasan

Laksminiwati Prabaningrum

Witono Adiyoga

Herman de Putter

Editors :


Editorial director:

Fauzi Haedar

Address of Publisher:

BALAI PENELITIAN TANAMAN SAYURAN

Jl. Tangkuban Parahu No. 517, Lembang – Bandung Barat 40391

Telephone : 022-2786245; Fax. : 022-2786416

e-mail: [email protected]

website: www.balitsa.litbang.deptan.go.id


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Foreword

Farmer field school is a form of informal education with the classroom and laboratory consisting of

cultivated fields of farmers and of other training participants. The goals of implementing a farmer field

school are to increase knowledge and skills of farmers or training participants about good crop growing

techniques and to become capable of dealing independently with problems that they experience in

their fields. In connection with the foregoing, this Training Module on the Cultivation of Chillies,

Tomatoes, and Cucumber, based on the concepts of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), was produced

as a guide and reference material for the implementation of training. This Training Module consists of 3

parts: Module 1 (Integrated Pest Management for the Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes, and

Cucumber), Module 2 (Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber) and Module 3 (The use of

pesticides in the Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber).

Apart from being a training guide, this Module is expected to be used as well as an additional learning

source for Agricultural Vocational Schools on the cultivation of vegetables, a supply of knowledge for

their (ex-)students on sustainable cultivation techniques of crops, following the principles of Integrated

Pest Management.

We are well aware that this Module is not perfect yet. For that reason, we warmly welcome all your

suggestions as well as critical notes. Our thanks goes out to the researchers of Balai Penelitian Tanaman

Sayuran and of the VegImpact Project as well as to all other parties or persons who have been involved

in the publication of this Module.

Lembang, February 2014

Head of the Research Division

Vegetable plants,

Dr. Liferdi, SP, MSi.

NIP. 19701007 199803 1 001

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Table of contents

Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................... 7

TRAINING PROGRAMME .............................................................................................................................. 8

CULTIVATION OF RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES AND CUCUMBER .................................................................. 10

Information sheet No. 05 ....................................................................................................................... 12

LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................................ 14

Presentation materials information slides No. 05 .................................................................................. 15


CULTIVATION OF HEALTHY RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND CUCUMBER PLANTS ........................................ 17

LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................................ 25

Presentation materials Information slides No. 06.................................................................................. 26


FERTILIZERS AND THEIR USE IN THE CULTIVATION OF RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES AND CUCUMBER .... 31

FERTILIZER .......................................................................................................................................... 31

Presentation materials Information slides No. 07.................................................................................. 40

Exercise No. 05 ....................................................................................................................................... 46

Field Form No.05.1. ................................................................................................................................ 48

Field Form No.05.2. ................................................................................................................................ 49

Exercise No. 06 ....................................................................................................................................... 50

Group Dynamics No.02 ........................................................................................................................... 52

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PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES

How can farmers reduce the production costs for vegetable crops?

- By increased crop production, both in quantity as in quality of yields.

- By a reduction in crop production costs.

This through :

- The use of new improved varieties.

- Proper protection of crops against pest attacks.

- Balanced use of fertilizers according to crop needs

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TRAINING PROGRAMME

Day Training subject

Day 1 Module 1 : Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for the Cultivation of

Red Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber

A. Theory :

1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

2. Introduction to pest organisms of red chilli, tomatoes, and

cucumber plants.

3. Control of pests on red chilli, tomato, and cucumber crops.

4. Agroecosystems

B. Exercises :

1. Agroecosystem analysis for red chilli, tomatoes and cucumber

crops.

2. Designing a strategy for pest control on red chilli, tomato, and

cucumber crops

C. Group dynamics

1. A learning process, “what is that?”

Day 2 Module 2 : Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber

A. Theory :

1. Selecting varieties and seeds of red chillies, tomatoes and

cucumber.

2. Cultivation of healthy red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants.

3. Fertilizers and the use of fertilizers for the cultivation of red

chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.

B. Exercises

1. Fertilizer requirements for the cultivation of red chillies,

tomatoes, and cucumber.

2. Raising seedlings of red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.

C. Group dynamics

1. Rumour clinic

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Day Training subject

Day 3 Module 3: Use of pesticides in the Cultivation of Red Chillies,

Tomatoes, and Cucumber

Theory :

1. Pesticides

2. Spraying pesticides on red chilli, tomato and cucumber crops.

3. Managing pest resistance in red chilli, tomato and cucumber

crops.

B. Exercises

1. Calibration of pesticide sprayers.

2. Spraying of pesticides in red chilli, tomato, and cucumber

crops.

3. Designing a strategy for pesticide use in the cultivation of red

chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.

C. Group dynamics

1. Simulation of a pest becoming resistant

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CULTIVATION OF RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES

AND CUCUMBER

Module 2

Time 08.00 - 12.00 Introduction to the theory

12.00 - 13.00 Break

13.00 - 15.00 Exercises

15.00 - 16.00 Group dynamics

Materials Theory :

1. Selecting varieties and seeds of red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.

2. Cultivation of healthy red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants.

3. Fertilizers and the use of fertilizers for the cultivation of red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.

Exercises :

1. Fertilizer requirements for the cultivation of red

chillies, tomatoes, and cucumber.

2. Raising seedlings of red chillies, tomatoes and

cucumber.

Group dynamics :

1. Rumour clinic

Tools and materials 1. LCD projector

2. Laptop computer

3. Slides for all training topics (power point).

4. Materials for exercises.

Objectives After participating in this training the participants are

expected to :

1. Be capable of selecting varieties of red chillies,

tomatoes and cucumber according to market

demands and the local ecosystem.

2. Be capable of selecting good quality seeds and of

producing healthy seedlings of red chillies, tomatoes

and cucumber.

3. Be capable of cultivating a healthy red chilli, tomato

and cucumber crop based on the IPM concept.

4. Understand the different types of fertilizer, their

function and manner of application.

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5. Be capable to plan and implement fertilization of

the crop according to its needs.

6. Be capable to select cheap types of fertilizer.

Methods Theory :

1. Before implementing the training, study and

understand the information sheets for each subject.

2. Present the subject using the available overhead

slides.

3. After each presentation discuss the subject with the

participants.

Exercises :

1. Before starting an exercise, study and understand

the guidelines for each subject.

2. Before starting an exercise, make all necessary tools

and materials for that subject available.

3. Before the exercise starts, present the objectives of

the exercise to the participants for not more than 10

minutes.

4. Divide the participants in small groups (5 people).

5. Provide each group with the tools and materials

needed for that exercise.

Group dynamics :

1. Before implementing the training, study and

understand the guidelines on group dynamics for

each subject.

2. Implement the tasks for group dynamics step by

step.

3. Explain the reason for the task at the end.

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Information sheet No. 05

SELECTION OF VARIETY AND SEEDS OF RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND

CUCUMBER PLANTS

Vegetables play an important role in our lives. From an economic and social point of view, vegetables

are a potential source of income for farmers and vegetables are an important nutritional source

(vitamines, minerals, calories, fibre, etc.). They are a source of cash earnings, and it is a field of

employment for the community. The demand for vegetables is, therefore, growing over time, this as far

as the volume is concerned, as well as the quality and the different types of vegetables. As a result, seed

producers make superior seeds of different species and varieties of vegetables available. This makes it

more easy for farmers and agriculturalists to chose the type of vegetable and variety to cultivate.

When selecting the variety of a vegetable there are a few factors to consider, including :

In line with market demands (taste, colour, appearance, size, etc.)

High productivity

Resistance against attacks of plant pests and diseases

Suitable for growing under local conditions of the ecosystem

Seed selection is also important for farmers and agriculturalists because proper and healthy seed

material forms the basis for optimal growth, development and production of a crop. Factors to consider

in seed selection of vegetables are :

Certification

Moisture content

Seed purity

Seed impurities

Seeds of other plants

Germination rate or seed viability

Seed health

Proper seed conditions for red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants, according to the Horticultural

Department, are as follows :

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Tabel 1. Standards for passing certification of seeds for red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants

Commodity Parameter Seed classification

FS BS ES Hybrid

Chilli 1. Maximum moisture content (%) 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

2. Seed purity (%) 99.0 99.0 98.0 99.0

3. Maximum level impurities (%) 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0

4. Maximum level other seeds (%) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2

5. Seed viability (%)

- Large red chilli 80.0 80.0 75.0 85.0

- Curled red chilli 80.0 80.0 75.0 85.0

- Small chillies 80.0 75.0 75.0 70.0

6. Seed health: maximum level of seeds infected with anthracnose (%)

0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2

Tomato 1. Maximum moisture content (%) 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

2. Seed purity (%) 98.0 98.0 98.0 99.0



5. Seed viability (%) 80.0 80.0 80.0 85.0

Cucumber 1. Maximum moisture content (%) 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.0

2. Seed purity (%) 99.0 99.0 98.0 99.0



5. Seed viability (%) 80.0 80.0 75.0 80.0

6. Seed health: maximum level of seeds infected with anthracnose (%)

0.0 0.2 0.5 0.5

Legend : FS = Foundation seed BS = Breeder seed ES = Extension seed

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LITERATURE

Dirjen Hortikultura. 2007. Sertifikasi benih tanaman sayuran.

Sunarjono. H. 2002. Bertanam 36 jenis sayur. Penerbit Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.

Widajati, E, E. Murtiati, E.R. Palupi, T. Kartika, N.R. Suhartanto, dan A. Qadir. 2012. Dasar ilmu dan

teknologi benih. IPB Press.

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Presentation materials information

slides No. 05

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CULTIVATION OF HEALTHY RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND CUCUMBER PLANTS

One of the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is growing healthy plants. Getting plants

that grow healthy and with an optimal production, starts from planning the crop and lasts until after the

harvest.

Planning the crop

Some factors that need attention in planning the crop are : (1) the choice of type of crop to grow,

(2) planning the plant pattern, (3) planning the system of planting, and (4) arrange the plant distance.

1. The choice of type of crop to grow

Generally spoken, a plant can grow in all types of ecosystems. However, there are certain

conditions for plants to grow, to develop and produce optimally. Growth conditions for cilli, tomato and

cucumber plants are as follows :

a. Growth conditions for red chilli plants

Red chilli plants are widely adaptable. These plants can be grown at low altitudes and up to a

level of 1,400 meter above sea level in the highlands, although at higher altitude growth is much

slower. The best air temperature for growth of red chilli plants is 25-27 oC during the day and 18-20 oC at night. Night temperatures lower than 16 oC and day temperatures above 32 oC can cause fruit

setting to fail. Conditions of high temperature and low air humidity cause a higher transpiration,

what can result in a water shortage in plants. With as a result that flowers and young fruits are

shed. Flowering of red chilli plants is not much influenced by day length.

High amounts of rainfall or a wet climate are not favourable for growing red chillies. Under

such conditions, plants will easily get diseases especially caused by fungi that will make flowers to

fall and fruits to rot. An appropriate rainfall figure for growth of red chilli plants is about 600 -1,200

mm per year.

Although red chilli can be planted in almost all soil types and in different climates, this crop is

more comonly found in Mediterranean and Alluvial soil types with climate type D3/E3 (0-5 months

wet and 4-6 months dry). Red chilli plants can grow on different types of soil, as long as it is well

drained and aerated, and enough moisture is available during growth and development of the crop.

The ideal soil for planting red chillies is a loose, crumbly soil, with enough organic material (at least

1.5%), nutrients and moisture, while free of weeds.

Soil moisture at field capacity (moist but not soggy) and with a temperature of 24-30 oC is very

favourable to the growth of red chilli plants. Low soil temperatures hinder the uptake of nutrients

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by roots.

Red chillies grow well when the soil pH is between 5.5 – 6.8. Soil pH of above 7.0 causes

symptoms of chlorosis in red chilli plants, namely stunted plants and leaves turning yellow because

of an iron (Fe) deficiency. At a pH < 5.5, red chilli plants grow also stunted because of deficits in Ca,

Mg and P or because of Al and Mn poisoning.

b. Growth conditions for tomato plants

Tomato plants grow well at high altitudes as well as in the lowlands, depending on the variety.

The air temperature influences the colour of the tomato fruit. At air temperatures of > 32°C the

colour of tomatoes will have a tendency towards yellow, while with fluctuating air temperature the

fruits tend not to be of one colour. An ideal temperature to get a uniform fruit colour is when it

varies between 24°C - 28°C. Under conditions of high temperature and high humidity, growth,

production and quality of tomatoes is negatively influenced. The best air humidity for tomato plants

is 80%.

Tomato plants require sunlight for at least 10-12 hours per day, and about 750-1250 mm

rainfall per year. High rainfall figures can hinder pollination. Tomato plants require loose soil with a

pH of 5 - 6, with some sand and a high humus content. Enough moisture should be available during

growth and development of tomato plants.

c. Growth conditions for cucumber plants

Cucumber plants are capable of adapting to a wide variety of environments and do not

require special care. In regions with a tropical climate, cucumber is planted from sealevel up to ±

1,000 masl.

During growth, cucumber plants require dry conditions, enough sunlight (open space), and a

temperature in the range of 21.1–26.7 oC. Some introduced hybrids of cucumber are grown a lot in

the highlands at 1,000-1,200 masl, while the local varieties generally grow better in the lowlands. In

some of the production centres of cucumber, this crop is often grown in rotation with rice in sawahs

during the dry season. Cucumber plants require a fertile soil, loose with a high level of humus, with

no stagnant water and a pH between 6 and 7.

2. Planning the plant pattern

Observed from the point of plant pest and disease control, the objective of arranging the plant

pattern is to break the life cycle of a pest or disease vector in a certain area or field. Therefore, in

arranging the plant pattern, crop rotation with plants that are not member of the same plant family

should be practised, so that plant pests and disease vectors cannot find hostplants all the time, with as

a result that their life cycle will be broken. For example :

Rice – red chillies – red onions – yard-long bean

Rice – red onions – cucumber – bittergourd

Rice – tomato – red onions – eggplant

3. Planning the planting system

In order to reduce attacks of pests and infestation by plant diseases, plant systems that can be applied

are mixed-cropping, intercropping, planting of trap crops or border crops, or planting in netting-houses.

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4. Arranging the plant distance

Plant density or plant distance for red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber influences the plant

population and the efficiency of using sunlight, as well as the competition for water, nutrients and space

between plants. With a close spacing, the plants will receive less sunlight, while the competition

between plants for water and nutrients uptake and for sunlight is more intense. This will result in a

lower yield of fruits compared to wider plant spacings.

Recommended plant distance for red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber are as follows :

Plant distance for red chillies : 50 cm x 60 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm

Plant distance for tomatoes : 40 cm x 80 cm or 50 cm x 60 cm

Plant distance for cucumber: 30 cm x 70 cm or 40 cm x 70 cm

Soil/field preparation

An ideal soil consists of three components: solid mass, water and air, all taking about a third of

the soil volume. Such conditions guarantee aeration, waterholding capacity, drainage as well as a

proper activity of the soil biology. The physical state of the soil can be improved through soil

preparation and through adding organic material.

Soil preparation can be done using a hoe or a tractor. The objectives for soil preparation are to

make the topsoil loose, and to get rid of weeds, of leftovers from an earlier crop, of poison, as well as of

plant pests and disease vectors in the soil. Therefore, soil preparation needs to be done in steps and

with enough time in between steps, generally about 5-7 days. The reason for this is that sunlight can dry

the soil well so that poisonous gases can disappear from the soil while plant pests and disease vectors

die.

Soil preparation using hoe (left) and tractor (right)

Seedbeds

Red chillies, tomatoes, and cucumber are plants that are multiplied by seeds. Sowing of seeds is

done directly or first in a seedbed. Direct sowing holds the risk of seedling mortality and therefore a

lower rate of success compared to using seedbeds. For hybrid varieties, with a relatively high seed price,

it is strongly suggested to sow seeds in a seedbed.

Some advantages of using a seedbed are : (1) saving seeds, (2) the seedlings grow relatively

uniform, and (3) it results in the use of healthy and strong seedlings since they undergo an early

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selection.

Seedbed for red chillies using sowing pots (left) and seedbed for cucumber using plastic bags (right)

Planting

Red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber are best planted in the afternoon, to avoid damage by the

heat of the sun. If planted in the morning or around mid-day, the seedlings will wilt, what can cause

them to die. At low altitudes, planting of red chillies is best done mixed with red onions, in order to

protect young red chilli plants from bright sunlight.

Planting of chillies

Fertilization

In the culture of vegetable plants, the use of organic fertilizers such as animal manure or compost

is very important in combination with the use of industrial fertilizers. Organic fertilizer or compost play

not only a role in providing nutrients (especially micro-nutrients) to plants, but also in improving the soil

structure, management of soil moisture levels, reducing washing out of nutrients, and in increasing

biological activity in the soil.

Availability of enough nutrients, both macro- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrient (Zn, Fe,

Mn, Co, and Mo), in a good balance in the soil, is an important factor for getting high yields of good

quality fruits. Each of these nutrients plays a specific role in plants. Deficiencies or a surplus of nutrients

can hinder the growth of plants and reduce yields. The fertilizer dose needs to be according to the

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requirements of each type of plant. The manner of fertilization and its timing need to be precise, for

nutrients to be available to plants.

Spreading animal manure (left) and pouring a chemical fertilizer solution (right)

Crop management

Crop management consists of watering, weeding, pruning of flowers and fruits, and placing of

bamboo stakes to support plants.

a. Watering

Red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants require a lot of moisture but do not like stagnant water.

Below 21 days after planting, watering should be done daily, while from 21 days of age watering is done

each 2-3 days.

b. Weeding

Weeding implies the task to clean the field from weeds or wild plants. Weeding should be done

around the time of applying supplement fertilizer. The reason for this is that the applied fertilizer can be

used optimally by the cultivated plants. If observed from the angle of plant protection, weeding is one

way of controlling attacks by plant pests and diseases. This because weeds and wild plants are hosts for

plant pests and diseases.

C. Pruning of leaves and flowers

When red chilli plants are 2 months, water sprouts up to a height of 15 - 25 cm (depending on the

variety grown) from the soil level are removed. The objective of this pruning is to avoid sprinkling water

on plant parts where a water film could cause infection with a disease.

For tomato plants, at an age of 4 weeks after planting the first pruning is done, followed by a few

times pruning again until only 2 main stems per plant are left, with 3 - 5 branches per stem. For

cucumber plants, starting from an age of 1.5 – 2 months after planting, water sprouts are removed as

well as flowers on the first up to the third internode. From the fourth internode onwards one flower per

internode is left.

d. Placing stakes / bamboo stakes to support plants

Placing of bamboo stakes is done to support the upright growth of the plants. In red chilli and

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tomato crops, the stakes are placed from the age of 4 weeks after planting. While for cucumber this is

done 4-5 days after planting.

Placing stakes to support plants of red chilli, tomato and cucumber

Control of plant pests and diseases

Control of plant pests and organisms that cause diseases, based on the concept of Integrated Pest

Management (IPM), can be done in a preventive or in a curative manner. Preventive control of plant

pests and diseases is done before an attack by pests or by disease vectors, for instance through crop

rotation, by arranging the plant distance, by selecting a resistant variety, etc. Control in a curative way is

done after an attack by plant pests or disease vectors, in case the population of a pest or the intensity of

the disease has reached the threshold for control.

Harvest and post-harvest

The first fruits of red chilli are harvested at an age of 60-75 days after planting, with an interval of

3-7 days. If red chilli fruits are transported to far places, the fruits are harvested when they are dark

green, while when they are marketed nearby, the fruits are harvested when they are red. Red chilli

fruits for drying are harvested when they are really ripe.

Packing of red chillies, that are transported far, is done in cardboard boxes with plenty aeration

holes, with a capacity of about 25 kg. The storage space should be dry and cool, with good air

circulation.

Tomato plants are harvested from an age of 90–100 days. The harvest of tomatoes is done in about

7-10 steps, each time after 3–5 days. Fruits that should be harvested are half ripe, green redish and the

full red ones. A good container for transport of tomatoes is a box made out of wood with spaces in

between. A piece of paper is placed on the bottom of the box and each box is filled with 15 – 20 kg

fruits. The boxes are placed on each other carefully to avoid fruits being bruised, because then they will

rot fast.

Cucumbers are harvested from an age of 75-85 days when they are fully ripe, with a uniform

colour from the base to the top. A proper container for transporting cucumbers is a bamboo basket

with an capacity of 5-10 kg.

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LITERATURE

Badan Penyuluhan dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, Kementerian Pertanian. 2014.

Pemupukan pada Tanaman Mentimun. http://cybex.deptan.go.id/penyuluhan/pemupukan-

pada-tanaman-mentimun

Moekasan, T.K., L. Prabaningrum, N.Gunadi, & W. Adiyoga. 2010. Rakitan Komponen Teknologi PTT

Cabai Merah-Bawang Merah. Puslitbanghortikultura.

Setiawati, W., I. Sulastrini, & N. Gunaeni. 2001. Penerapan Teknologi PHT pada Tanaman Tomat.

Monografi Balitsa No.23, Tahun 2001. Balitsa.

Sumarni, N. & A. Muharam. 2005. Budidaya Tanaman Cabai Merah. Panduan Teknis PTT Cabai Merah

No.2. Balitsa.

http://cybex.deptan.go.id/penyuluhan/pemupukan-pada-tanaman-mentimun


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Presentation materials Information

slides No. 06

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FERTILIZERS AND THEIR USE IN THE CULTIVATION OF RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES

AND CUCUMBER

FERTILIZER

Fertilizer is a material that contains one or more nutrients required by plants. Nutrients are certain

chemical components required by plants for growth and an optimal production.

Influence of soil pH on the availability of nutrients

The acidity of a soil (pH) plays an important role in the availability of nutrients in the soil, both for

macro- and micronutrients. An increase in the solubility of Al and Fe ions, as well as an increased activity

of soil micro-organisms are affected by the soil pH. Generally, macronutrients are more available in a bit

acid up to neutral soil, while micronutrients become better available to plants when the pH is lower

(acid).

Macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are available at a pH of 6.5.

Phosphorus is unavailable at a pH > 8.0, because of forming insoluble compounds with Ca ions. On the

contrary, if the pH is lower than 5.0, phosphate will be unavailable. This because in acid soil conditions,

nutrients like Al, Fe, and Mn become very soluble. As a result, the available phosphate will be tied to the

metals mentioned and become insoluble and therefore unavailable to plants.

For a soil condition that is optimal for plant growth, and for biological activity in the soil, the pH should

be kept at 6.0 – 7.0.

Fertilizer classification

Fertilizer can be classified according to its :(1) form, (2) nutrient content (3) and chemical compound

form.

Based on its origin, fertilizers are grouped into (1) industrial fertilizer and (2) natural fertilizer. An

industrial fertilizer is produced in a factory and consist of, generally, high levels of certain nutrients.

Examples are Urea, SP 36 and KCl. Natural fertilizers are produced by nature, such as sedimentary rock.

For example, natural phosphates from phosphate rocks and calcite as well as dolomite from lime rock.

Compared to natural fertilizers, industrial fertilizers have advantages as well as disadvantages. The

stong points of industrial fertilizers are: (a) easier to establish the amount of fertilizer needed based on

the requirements of plants, (b) nutrients are applied in a form that makes them quickly available, (c) can

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be applied at a more exact time and (d) cheaper in its use and transport because of the high

concentration of nutrients. The weak points of industrial fertilizers are : (a) damage to the environment

if not used in proper doses and (b) generally contain only very little amounts of micronutrients.

Based on the nutrient content, fertilizers are grouped into (1) mono-fertilizers and (2) compound

fertilizers. Mono-fertilizers contain just one plant nutrient, for example Urea, SP 36 and KCl. Compound

fertilizers contain more than one nutrient, for example NPK.

Based on the way the chemical compound is formed, fertilizers are divided into (1) anorganic fertilizers

and (2) organic fertilizers. Anorganic fertilizers from anorganic compounds are produced by chemical

proceses, for example Urea , SP, (Kl, ZA, ZK, Phonska...space for local/national examples). Organic

fertilizers formed out of organic compounds from plants or animals, for instance compost, (Super

Kascing, Subur Ijo, ..... space for local/national examples)

Nutrients Required By Plants

The nutrients required by plants exist of: (1) essential nutrients, (2) macronutrients and (3)

micronutrients. Essential nutrients are the elements that always need to be available, and these are

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Macronutrients are nutrients that are needed in large

quantity, consisting of the primary macronutrients Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) and

the secondary macronutrients Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Sulfur/Sulphur (S). Micronutrients

are those elements that are required in small quantities, consisting of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Boron

(B), Copper (Cu), Molibdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn) dan Chlorine (Cl).

Function of nutrients in fertilizer

Primary macronutrients

1. Nitrogen (N)

Nitrogen is the main macronutrient that is required in larger quantity. The source of N is not rock

material or minerals but stems from weathering of organic material and from the air, for instance from

N-fixation by microorganisms such as Rhizobium in symbiosis with roots of leguminous plants. Other

sources of nitrogen in the soil are rain water and applications of industrial fertilizers such as Urea or ZA.

The element N is rather mobile and can change its form to become gas or other compounds, and can

get lost from the system through evaporation or washing out. Therefore, when applying in the field, N

fertilizer should be provided in steps and the best way of applying is by injection in the soil or by placing

it in holes close to plants that are covered with soil afterwards.

The element N is used to stimulate the growth of leaves, stems and roots, and it is useful in the process

of photosynthesis while it becomes a part of plant cells.

Symptoms of a N deficit is when leaves get a green-yellowish colour, there is limited growth of leaves,

while older leaves turn yellow quickly. An excess of N provided to plants can cause a deficit for element

K.

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2. Phosphorus (P)

A large part of the phosphorus originates from weathering of organic material. Phosphorus in soils is not

very mobile and large amounts are fixed by oxygen, clay minerals or organic material. Even if the

element phosphorus is enough present in the soil, plants can experience deficits for phosphorus. This

because the phosphorus that is chemically fixed to other elements forms compounds that hardly solve

in water. Therefore, phosphorus fertilizer is provided as base fertilizer and applied 7 days before

planting near the planting hole so that it can easily be taken up by plant roots.

Element P is used by the plant for a better growth of roots, to stimulate formation of seeds, to spur

flowering and formation of fruits, to transport carbohydrates in plants, and to make plant cells strong to

withstand plant pests and diseases.

Indications of a phosphorus deficit are when plants stunt, the internodes on the stem are short, leaves

turn purplish, leaf edges bend downwards starting from older leaves, and low production of seed/fruits.

An excess of P provided to plants can cause a deficit for element K.

3. Potassium (K)

The potassium ion is in the group of elements that are quite mobile and can therefore be lost from the

soil easily by washing out since K is not held well at the surface of coloids in the soil. Therefore, when

applied in the field, K fertilizer should be provided in steps and the best way of applying is by injection in

the soil or by placing it in holes close to plants that are covered with soil afterwards.

K is used by plants to strengthen cell walls so that plants can withstand attacks by pests and disease

vectors, and to stimulate root growth in order to increase their effectivity in nutrient uptake.

A deficit for element K causes stems and leaves to be weak, it hinders growth of plants, leaves are small

and turn green-purplish with brown edges and fall off. An excess of K provided to plants can cause a

deficit for elements Ca and Mg.

Secondary macro-nutrients

1. Calcium (Ca)

Calcium is the major contributor to the strength of the plant cell wall. It also plays a role in hardening

the woody parts of plants, in stimulating the growth of fine roots, in making cell walls of fruits thicker,

and in stimulating the growth of seeds. This nutrient can be acquired from animal manure, as well as

from applications of lime, from dolomite (CaCO3MgCO3), from calcite (CaCO3), as well as from

calciumchloride (CaCl2). Deficiencies for calcium in plants show as fysiological diseases. Normally,

symptoms shown resemble blossom end rot. The symptoms are easily known through common signs

that show from the leaves up to the fruits. An excess of Ca causes deficiencies in Fe.

2. Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium is an element that is mobile in plants, and therefore shortages of magnesium are visible in

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old leaves that colour yellow because the production of chlorophyll is disturbed. In corn plants, shortage

of Mg is visible on leaves that show yellow lines that protrude somehow while young leaves produce

mucus when the deficiency further develops.

Magnesium is the major contributor to the production of chlorophyll. Mg deficiency causes yellow-

whitish spots on old leaves. An excess of Mg causes deficiencies in Ca.

3. Sulfur/Sulphur (S)

Sulfur is needed by plants for the production of chlorophyll, proteins and vitamines. Apart from animal

manure, this nutrient is also acquired from industrial fertilizers such as ZA. In case of a sulfur deficiency,

leaves show signs of chlorosis (turning yellow). Signs of S poisoning are seldomly observed.

Micro-nutrients

Iron (Fe)

Iron (Fe) plays a role in the production of chlorophyll, proteins and enzymes. This nutrient is obtained

from animal manure and chemical fertilizers. Deficiencies of this element in plants show as reduced

growth, shedding of leaves, and plant tops that die off. An indication of a near deficiency of the element

Fe is normally that young leaves and leaf stalks turn yellow.

Manganese (Mn)

The function of manganese is as a catalyst for some enzymes that play a role in remodelling

carbohydrates and in nitrogen metabolism. Manganese is supplied by foliar fertilizer with Mn. A

manganese (Mn) deficiency in plants can not be known easily without taking a leaf or a soil sample to

the laboratory.

Boron (B)

Boron plays a role in the formation of proteins, production of fruits, and development of roots. This

nutrient is obtained from animal manure, borax or borate, boric acid (H3BO3), and micronutrient

fertilizers. Indications of deficiency of the element boron in plants are normally shown as branches that

grow parallel side by side, shorter internodes, a hollow (rotten) stem of the plant, yellow black lines that

appear circling on fruits, and dwarf fruiting.

Copper (Cu)

Copper (Cu) is an element that is required in the production of vitamine A and indirectly plays a role in

the production of chlorophyll. Normally, this nutrient is supplied using foliar fertilizer with copper as an

ingredient. Shortage of the element copper (Cu) makes that plants do not grow well (stunting) and the

formation of flowers or fruits is often not successful.

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Molybdenum (Mo)

Molybdenum plays a role in the uptake, in the fixation, and in the assimilation of N, and indirectly in the

production of amino acids and plant proteins. This element can be obtained through liming. A

molybdenum (Mo) deficiency in plants can not be known easily without taking a sample to the

laboratory.

Zinc (Zn)

Zinc plays a role as catalyst in the production of protein, it regulates the formation of indoleasetik acid

(the acid that plays a role in the regulation of plant growth), and is actively involved in the

transformation of carbohydrates. This element can be supplied through foliar fertilizer with zinc as a

component. Zn deficiencies are not of importance to plants.

Chlorine (Cl)

Chlorine is required for photosynthesis processes, especially connected to osmosis in plant cells.

Deficiency of chlorine seldomly occurs since this element is naturally available in soils. An indication of

chlorine deficiency is when yellow spots appear on the leaf surface, followed by the leaf wilting and

colouring yellow.

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Nutrient content of fertilizers

Nutrient content of fertilizers available on the market is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Nutrient content of some types of fertilizer

No. Local name Commercial name Nutrient content

1. Kujang Urea fertilizer Kujang 46% N

2. ZA Fertilizer ZA Petro

Kimia

21% N; 24% S

3. DAP Saprodap 16% N; 20% P2O5; 8% S

4. NPK Mutiara NPK Mutiara 16% N; 16% P2O5; 16% K2O; 1.5%

MgO, 5% CaO

5. Phonska NPK Phonska Petro

Kimia

15% N; 15% P2O5; 15% K2O; 10% S

6. KCl Fertilizer KCl

Mahkota

60,56% K2O

7. Kamas Paten Kali 30% K2O; 10% MgO; 17% S

8. Hidrokompleks Yara Mila Meroke

Tetap Jaya

15% N; 9% P2O5; 20% K2O; 2% MgO;

3.8% S; 0.015% B; 0.02% Mn; 0.02% ZN

9. SP-36 Fertilizer SP 36 Petro

Kimia

36% P2O5; 5% S

10. TSP Fertilizer TSP Petro

Kimia

46% P2O5

11. ZK Fertilizer ZK Petro

Kimia

50% K2O; 17% S

12. Sendawa Chali Chili 16% Sodium Nitrate (KNO3)

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FERTILIZATION

Fertilization is the activity of applying fertilizers to the soil, to plant substrates or to plants in order to

address the requirements of plants for nutrients so that plants are able to grow well and produce

optimally.

Method of fertilizer application

Fertilizer application can be done in two different ways, through the rootsystem and sprayed on leaves

(foliar feeding).

Fertilization through roots

Broadcasting. Fertilizers are applied by broadcasting evenly on top of the soil near plants or at

the time of the final soil preparation. This is done for plants with a high plant density such as

red onions and rice.

Placed in between rows of plants. Fertilizer is spread in between plant and covered with soil.

In holes close to plants. By making holes using a dibble close to plants with a distance of ± 10

cm, and placing fertilizer in the holes followed by closing the holes with soil.

Pouring. Fertilizer is dissolved in water in a certain concentration, and this liquid is poured on

the soil close to plant stems.

For red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants the best way to apply fertilizer is by making holes using a

dibble close to plants with a distance of ± 10 cm, and placing fertilizer in the holes followed by closing

the holes with soil.

Foliar fertilization

Generally, foliar feeding is used to apply micronutrients to plants. Fertilizer is dissolved in water in an

advised dose or concentration and than sprayed on leaves using a sprayer.

Foliar fertilization is actually less effective. This because leaves have the function of photosynthesis in

plants and to absorb O2 and CO2. The function of leaves is not like roots that are designed to absorp

salts (fertilizer) and water. Therefore, foliar fertilizer applications hold the risk of poisoning and of

burning the leaves.

Some reasons for considering the use of foliar fertilizers are :

If soil conditions restrict the availability of nutrients.

In case nutrient loss from the soil or field often happens.

During the growth phase, if the environmental condition restricts the supply of nutrients to

important parts of the plant, according to the demand by plants.

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During the dry season, foliar fertilizers could be useful because the flow of nutrients is

hampered because of low soil moisture levels.

In case of deficits of the elements Ca, Si, Mn and B, applications of foliar fertilizers could be

done intensively.

In case of deficits of the elements Fe, Zn, Cu and Mb, applications of foliar fertilizers could be

done at times.

For elements that are quite mobile, such as N, P, K, S, and Mg, one application of foliar

fertilizer, combined with chemical fertilizers, is normally enough to solve a deficiency of such

element.

Running of drops of liquid fertilizer from leaf to leaf should be prevented in order for the nutrients from

the foliar fertilizer to stay on the leaves and not drip down to the soil. In case of rain after an application

of foliar fertilizer, the nutrients possibly are washed off the leaves. On the other hand, in case of low

humidity, more salts can be formed on the leaves. That way the uptake of nutrients is hindered and the

leaves can get burned.

Time of fertilization

Timing of a fertilizer application depends on the type of fertilizer applied. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer and

potassium (K) are types of fertilizer with a long solubility of about 10-14 days. Therefore it is best that

vegetable plants that are below 3 months of age, are given both types of fertilizer as base fertilizer,

what means that they are applied 7 days before planting. That way, 14 days after planting the plants are

already able to use both elements.

Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are fertilizers that easily get lost because of environmental effects such as the

temperature, or are washes out by water. Therefore, applications of the element N should be according

to the growth fase of the crop.

39


FERTILIZATION OF RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND CUCUMBER CROPS

Fertilization of red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Type, dose, and timing of fertilizers in red chilli, tomato and cucumber

crops

Commodity

Base-fertilizer (7 days before planting) Fertilizer

supplement *

Animal

manure

(ton/ha)

N (kg/ha) P205

(kg/ha)

K2O

(kg/ha) N (kg/ha)

Red chilli 20-30 110 110 180 110

Tomato 20-30 60 115 120 60

Cucumber 5-10 100 72 120 60

Fertilizer supplement :

Red chilli : applied 3, 6, and 9 weeks after planting, each time a third of the total dose Tomato : applied 4 weeks after planting Cucumber : applied 3 weeks after planting

LITERATURE

Badan Penyuluhan dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, Kementerian Pertanian. 2014.

Pemupukan pada Tanaman Mentimun. http://cybex.deptan.go.id/penyuluhan/pemupukan-pada-

tanaman-mentimun

Dhemajad92. 2014. Sifat Kimia tanah. http://dhemajad92.wordpress.com/kimia/sifat-kimia-tanah

FAO. 1984. Fertilizer and plant nutrition guide. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Biletin 9.

Gerbang Pertanian. 2014. http://www.gerbangpertanian.com/2010/04/metode-pemupukan-pada-

tanaman.html

Jaya, F. 2014. Unsur hara makro. http://faedahjaya.com/distributor-pupuk/unsur-hara-makro

Munawar, A. 2011. Kesuburan tanaman dan nutrisi tanaman. IPB Press.



http://dhemajad92.wordpress.com/kimia/sifat-kimia-tanah

http://www.gerbangpertanian.com/2010/04/metode-pemupukan-pada-tanaman.html

http://www.gerbangpertanian.com/2010/04/metode-pemupukan-pada-tanaman.html

http://faedahjaya.com/distributor-pupuk/unsur-hara-makro

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Presentation materials Information

slides No. 07

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Exercise No. 05

ARRANGING FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND CUCUMBER CROPS

1. Background

Fertilization is the activity of applying fertilizers to the soil, to plant substrates or to plants in order to

address the requirements of plants for nutrients so that plants are able to grow well and produce

optimally.

Each type of plant requires different nutrients. Therefore, the fertilizer requirements for different crops

needs planning and to be arrranged in a good manner.

2. Objectives

To know the nutrient requirements for each crop that will be cultivated.

To be capable to calculate the fertilizer requirements for each crop based on its nutrient requirements.

To be capable of calculating the financial requirements for fertilizers based on the nutrient requirement

of each crop that will be cultivated.

3. Meeting time: 60 minutes

4. Tools and materials

Tools and materials needed for arranging the fertilizer requirements for red chilli, tomato and cucumber

plants are as follows :

Calculation form for fertilizer

Calculator

Large size paper

Marker pen

Pencil or ballpoint

5. Implementation steps

Explain in about 10 minutes the objectives for calculating the fertilizer requirements for each type of

crop, based on nutrient requirements of plants.

Divide the training participants in small groups of 5 people.

Hand out the calculation forms to the leader of each group.

Note all types of fertilizer that normally are used by them on the calculation form.

Calculate the content of N, P2O5, and K2O for each type of fertilizer mentioned.

Calculate the expenses for each type of fertilizer that normally is used and how much the costs are for

one planting season.

Note all recommended types of fertilizer on the calculation form.

Calculate the content of N, P2O5, and K2O for each of these recommended types of fertilizer.

Calculate the expenses for each of these recommended types of fertilizer and how much the costs are

for one planting season.

Have both results from these fertilizer calculations presented by each group in front of the other

participants.

47


6. Issues for discussion

What do the training participants think about the results of these fertilizer calculations?

Are the amounts of fertilizer normally applied by them enough according to the nutrient requirements

of the crops?

Is their normal timing of the fertilizer applications according to the needs of the crops?

Are their methods of applying fertilizer already according to the norms for correct fertilization?

Compare the expenses for fertilizers normally used by them with the expenses for the recommended

fertilization.

48


Field Form No.05.1.

LIST OF FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS

VERSION FOR TRAINING PARTICIPANTS

Group : Field size : m2

Commodity : Information :

No. Plant age

(days)

Type of

fertilizer

Nutrient component (kg) Cost (Rp)

Manner of

fertilization N P2O5 K2O

49


Field Form No.05.2.

LIST OF RECOMMENDED FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS

Group : Field size : m2

Commodity : Information :

No. Plant age

(days)

Type of

fertilizer

Nutrient component (kg) Cost (Rp)

Manner of

fertilization N P2O5 K2O

50


Exercise No. 06

SEEDBEDS FOR RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES AND CUCUMBER

1. Background

Red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants are vegetable plants that are multiplied by seeds.

Sowing of seeds is done directly or first in a seedbed. Direct sowing holds the risk of high seedling

mortality, and therefore a lower rate of success compared to using seedbeds. For hybrid varieties, with

a relatively high seed price, it is strongly suggested to sow seeds in a seedbed.

Some advantages of using a seedbed are : (1) saving seeds, (2) the seedlings grow relatively uniform,

and (3) it results in the use of healthy and strong seedlings since they undergo an early selection.

2. Objectives

To understand the advantages of making a seedbed.

To learn the correct way of making a seedbed.

To select healthy plant seeds.

3. Tools and materials

Seeds of red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber

Compost

Loose soil

Tool for making sterile substrate for seedlings

Burned rice chaff

Plastic bags

Hot water or the pesticide Propamocarb Hydrochloride

Plastic bowl

Netting material

Bamboo

Big knife and a saw

4. Implementation time : 60 – 120 minutes


Explain in about 10 minutes the reasons for this meeting.

Invite all training participants to the seedbeds.

Make a concave cover of netting material in advance (see the drawing).

Make the substrate for the seedbed together with the training participants; this substrate consists of a

mixture of loose soil and animal manure (1 : 1). This substrate for the seedbed is than steamed for 4

hours with hot steam.

Prepare the seedling containers that will be used: plastic bags (volume 13 cm3) and plastic trays with

128 cells (volume 13 cm3).

The plastic bags and trays are fully filled with substrate.

Before sowing, the red chilli, tomato and cucumber seeds are soaked first in lukewarm water (50 °C) for

51


30 minutes or in fungicidal liquid Propamocarb Hydrochloride (1 ml/l) for about 5 minutes, than

drained and directly sown.

Seeds of red chilli, tomato and cucumber are planted (1 seed per cell or hole) at a depth of 0.5 cm. After

the seeds are sown, a thin layer of burned rice chaff is placed on top of the surface of the substrate,

followed by watering and covering with plastic or with banana leaves for 2-3 days (until sprouts

germinate)

Tools for steaming the planting substrate (left)

And the seedbeds for red chillies with concave covers (right)

Red chilli seeds sown in plastic bags (left) and in plastic crates (right)

6. Issues for discussion

What are the reactions of the training participants about the activities that were just implemented?

What are the main difficulties they experienced in preparing a seedbed?

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Group Dynamics No.02

RUMOUR CLINIC

1. Background

In delivering information often problems occur as far as its interpretation is concerned. This because

information is cut off or does not reach completely.

2. Objectives

Assist the participants in presenting and drawing the process of deviation of communication. Assist the

participants in getting aware of the importance of avoiding such interpretations in order to

communicate in a good way.

3. Meeting time : As much as necessary


The facilitator prepares a text that he/she wants to pass to the people, and writes this down on a piece

of paper. This message should not be longer than 5 sentences and should deal with something linked to

the participants. The sequence of the presentation should not be well arranged, and use some figures,

difficult words, etc.

Divide the participants in 3 groups; keep a distance of about 4-5 meter between the groups.

Each group is asked to count so that each member has its own number.

All participants with number one are asked to follow the facilitator to a place a bit away from the other

participants.

The facilitator reads the message two times to the participants with number one. The participants are

not allowed to ask the facilitator any question.

After this, each participant with number one is asked to whisper the message to the participant with

number two in their group. Than participant number two whispers that message to participant number

3, and so on. During this process of transfer, no questions should be asked.

After all final participants in each group received the message, that participant should write the

message received down and proceed to the front of the meeting to read the message out loud.

After that, the facilitator reads out the original message to the participants.

Invite the participants to discuss what just happened. Does the final message ressembles the original

one? Why? What caused the message to divert from the original one?

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Documents

Training Module Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes and ... · Red Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber A. Theory : 1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 2. Introduction to pest organisms