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TOMATOES TOMATOES tomatoes tomatoes

TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

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Page 1: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

TOMATOESTOMATOES

tomatoestomatoes

Page 2: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

TomatoesTomatoes

herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials

LycopersiconLycopersicon esculentum esculentum oror Solanum Solanum lycopersicumlycopersicum

part of the Solanaceous (nightshade) familypart of the Solanaceous (nightshade) family same family as potatoes and eggplantssame family as potatoes and eggplants

Page 3: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Tomatoes were first domesticated in MexicoTomatoes were first domesticated in Mexico

Tomatoes and tomato products are a large part of the Tomatoes and tomato products are a large part of the vegetables consumed by Americansvegetables consumed by Americans

US is the second largest producer of tomatoesUS is the second largest producer of tomatoes

Page 4: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Tomatoes are a good source of:Tomatoes are a good source of:

• vitamin Cvitamin C

• vitamin A (as beta-carotene)vitamin A (as beta-carotene)

• protein (in seeds)protein (in seeds)

Page 5: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Phytochemicals in tomatoesPhytochemicals in tomatoes

p.p. coumaric acid coumaric acid lycopenelycopene chlorogenic acid chlorogenic acid beta-carotene beta-carotene flavonoids flavonoids quercetinquercetin

Page 6: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

LycopeneLycopene

C40H56

Page 7: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

LycopeneLycopene

The most abundant pigment in ripe tomatoesThe most abundant pigment in ripe tomatoes 80 – 90% of all pigments80 – 90% of all pigments Most tomatoes contain 3 to 5 mg/100g raw Most tomatoes contain 3 to 5 mg/100g raw

materialmaterial Located in chloroplast of fruit and thylakoid Located in chloroplast of fruit and thylakoid

membrane of photosynthetic pigment-protein membrane of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexescomplexes

Page 8: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

LycopeneLycopene

Exists as Exists as transtrans-isomer in nature-isomer in nature Can isomerize to mono or poly-Can isomerize to mono or poly-ciscis form from: form from:

HeatHeat LightLight Certain chemical reactionsCertain chemical reactions

Most efficient singlet oxygen and ROS Most efficient singlet oxygen and ROS scavenger of known carotenoidsscavenger of known carotenoids

Page 9: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Lycopene: Heath BenefitsLycopene: Heath Benefits

Good antioxidant activity due to extended Good antioxidant activity due to extended system of conjugated double bondssystem of conjugated double bonds

Has ability to trap peroxyl radicalsHas ability to trap peroxyl radicals May reduce threat of CVD by:May reduce threat of CVD by:

Reduction of inflammationReduction of inflammation Inhibition of cholesterol synthesisInhibition of cholesterol synthesis

Page 10: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Lycopene: Health BenefitsLycopene: Health Benefits

Antioxidant properties show anticancer effects Antioxidant properties show anticancer effects by :by : Preventing the growth of prostate cancer cellsPreventing the growth of prostate cancer cells Inhibiting anti-androgenInhibiting anti-androgen Decreases endogenous DNA strand breakages in Decreases endogenous DNA strand breakages in

lymphocytes of humanslymphocytes of humans

Page 11: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Lycopene: Health BenefitsLycopene: Health Benefits

Increased serum lycopene levels have shown Increased serum lycopene levels have shown inversely correlated relationship with many inversely correlated relationship with many types of cancer, such as:types of cancer, such as:

Page 12: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Lycopene: BioavailabilityLycopene: Bioavailability

Highly variable and affected by several Highly variable and affected by several factors:factors: Molecular linkageMolecular linkage Food matrix the lycopene is part of, and particle Food matrix the lycopene is part of, and particle

size of lycopene containing foodsize of lycopene containing food Amount of lycopene consumed in mealAmount of lycopene consumed in meal Levels of dietary fiber, fats, proteins and other Levels of dietary fiber, fats, proteins and other

carotenoids consumed at the same timecarotenoids consumed at the same time

Page 13: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Lycopene: BioavailabilityLycopene: Bioavailability

More bioavailable in cooked, finley grated or More bioavailable in cooked, finley grated or processed form of tomato productsprocessed form of tomato products Due to the release of lycopene from the tomato tissue Due to the release of lycopene from the tomato tissue

matrix and disruption of plant cell walls and lycopene-matrix and disruption of plant cell walls and lycopene-protein complexesprotein complexes

Heat in processing can convert Heat in processing can convert transtrans to to ciscis Cis-Cis-isomer less likely to aggregate and crystalize.isomer less likely to aggregate and crystalize. Cis-Cis-isomer more soluble in bile acids and other lipophilic isomer more soluble in bile acids and other lipophilic

solutions.solutions. Cis-Cis-isomer more easily transported in tissue and cell isomer more easily transported in tissue and cell

matrices.matrices.

Page 14: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Lycopene: BioavailabilityLycopene: Bioavailability

Lycopene absorption hindered when ingested Lycopene absorption hindered when ingested with dietary fiber or high-methoxyl petin.with dietary fiber or high-methoxyl petin. Due to the promotion of a highly-viscous Due to the promotion of a highly-viscous

condition in the dietary tract.condition in the dietary tract.

Page 15: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Chlorogenic Acid Chlorogenic Acid

Acts as an antioxidant in plants and protects Acts as an antioxidant in plants and protects against degenerative, age-related diseases in against degenerative, age-related diseases in animals when supplied in their diet. animals when supplied in their diet.

Is the major soluble phenolic in Solanaceous Is the major soluble phenolic in Solanaceous species such as potato, tomato and eggplant.species such as potato, tomato and eggplant.

Also accumulates to substantial levels in Also accumulates to substantial levels in apples, pears, plums and coffee. apples, pears, plums and coffee.

Page 16: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Chlorogenic Acid Chlorogenic Acid

Can limit low-density lipid (LDL) oxidation, Can limit low-density lipid (LDL) oxidation, the major determinant of the initial events in the major determinant of the initial events in atherosclerosisatherosclerosis

Removes particularly toxic reactive species by Removes particularly toxic reactive species by scavenging alkylperoxyl radicals and may scavenging alkylperoxyl radicals and may prevent carcinogenesis by reducing the DNA prevent carcinogenesis by reducing the DNA damage they cause damage they cause

Page 17: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Chlorogenic AcidChlorogenic Acid

High bioavailabilityHigh bioavailability Antioxidant potential of CGA is probably Antioxidant potential of CGA is probably

more accessible than that of many flavonoids more accessible than that of many flavonoids Can be absorbed directly by the small intestine Can be absorbed directly by the small intestine

but most CGA is absorbed in the large but most CGA is absorbed in the large intestine by esterases of the gut microflora to intestine by esterases of the gut microflora to release caffeic acid release caffeic acid

Page 18: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Research in TomatoesResearch in Tomatoes

Gene silencing proved HQT to be the principal Gene silencing proved HQT to be the principal route for accumulation of CGA in solanaceous route for accumulation of CGA in solanaceous species. species.

Over expression of HQT in tomato caused Over expression of HQT in tomato caused plants to accumulate higher levels of CGA plants to accumulate higher levels of CGA

Showed improved antioxidant capacity and Showed improved antioxidant capacity and resistance to infection by a bacterial pathogen. resistance to infection by a bacterial pathogen.

Page 19: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Beta-caroteneBeta-carotene Orange colored member of the carotenoid family.Orange colored member of the carotenoid family. Fat soluble compound found in many fruits and Fat soluble compound found in many fruits and

vegetables.vegetables. Second most abundant carotenoid in tomatoes after Second most abundant carotenoid in tomatoes after

lycopene.lycopene. Dimer of vitamin-ADimer of vitamin-A

Page 20: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Beta-carotene: Health benefitsBeta-carotene: Health benefits

Conversion into retinol by the body.Conversion into retinol by the body. Studies relating beta-carotene with reduction in Studies relating beta-carotene with reduction in

macular degeneration, anti-aging, cataract, macular degeneration, anti-aging, cataract, asthama, heart and AIDS have been done in past.asthama, heart and AIDS have been done in past.

Natural antioxidant Natural antioxidant free radical quenching, free radical quenching, singlet oxygen scavenging and singlet oxygen scavenging and lipid antioxidant capacitylipid antioxidant capacity

Potential anticancer agent (?)Potential anticancer agent (?)

Page 21: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Beta-carotene: Health benefitsBeta-carotene: Health benefits Supplemental beta-carotene have been shown to Supplemental beta-carotene have been shown to

increase lung cancer incidents among smokers. increase lung cancer incidents among smokers. (Omenn et al, 1996 and, alpha-tocopherol beta-carotene study, 1994)(Omenn et al, 1996 and, alpha-tocopherol beta-carotene study, 1994)

Synthetic and all-Trans beta-carotene have been Synthetic and all-Trans beta-carotene have been predicted to cause increased risk of cancer. predicted to cause increased risk of cancer. (Ben-(Ben-Amotz et al, 1998)Amotz et al, 1998)

A natural diet rich in carotenoids may actually A natural diet rich in carotenoids may actually reduce the risk of lung or other cancer. reduce the risk of lung or other cancer. (Holick et al, (Holick et al, 2002)2002)

Page 22: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Beta-carotene: TomatoesBeta-carotene: Tomatoes

Beta-carotene accounts for 20-35% of total Beta-carotene accounts for 20-35% of total carotenoids in tomatoes. carotenoids in tomatoes. ((Kmiecik & Liciewska, 2000)Kmiecik & Liciewska, 2000)

Some of the factors that may effect the beta-Some of the factors that may effect the beta-carotene content in tomato arecarotene content in tomato are type of cultivars, type of cultivars, stage of maturation of tomato fruit, stage of maturation of tomato fruit, method of processing method of processing storage storage Transgenic tomatoesTransgenic tomatoes

Page 23: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Beta-carotene: Effect of cultivar typeBeta-carotene: Effect of cultivar type

In a study done on 18 different variety of In a study done on 18 different variety of tomato beta carotene content ranged tomato beta carotene content ranged from 0.28 mg/100gm (1447) to 1.00 from 0.28 mg/100gm (1447) to 1.00 mg/100gm (Poly 20) among the mg/100gm (Poly 20) among the different lines.different lines.

Reporting of higher beta-carotene in Reporting of higher beta-carotene in tomato was done by Kmiecik & tomato was done by Kmiecik & Liciewska (2000) in a study of six Liciewska (2000) in a study of six different cultivars at an average of 1.31 different cultivars at an average of 1.31 mg/100g. Significant difference among mg/100g. Significant difference among cultivars was noticed. cultivars was noticed.

Source: Frusciante et al, 2007 )

Page 24: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Beta-carotene: Stage of growth of fruitBeta-carotene: Stage of growth of fruit

Quantify the carotenoid pigments during the Quantify the carotenoid pigments during the growth of tomato fruit after flowering was done growth of tomato fruit after flowering was done by Nobuyuki & Friedman (2003) .by Nobuyuki & Friedman (2003) .

Beta-carotene (1.2±0.1 g/100g) was only detected Beta-carotene (1.2±0.1 g/100g) was only detected after the 50th day of flowering. after the 50th day of flowering.

Page 25: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Beta-carotene: Effect of processingBeta-carotene: Effect of processing

Lin & Chen (2005) worked on evaluating Lin & Chen (2005) worked on evaluating effect of three different heat treatments effect of three different heat treatments tomatoes on the final beta-carotene.tomatoes on the final beta-carotene.

Hot break screened tomato juice was Hot break screened tomato juice was subjected tosubjected to 90C for 5 min prior to canning, 90C for 5 min prior to canning, Boiled in water at 100C for 30 min after Boiled in water at 100C for 30 min after

canning and canning and HTST done at 1210C for 40 sec before canning.HTST done at 1210C for 40 sec before canning.

No significant difference was observed.No significant difference was observed.

Page 26: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Beta-carotene: Effect of processingBeta-carotene: Effect of processing

Amount of beta-carotene Amount of beta-carotene decreased continuously over decreased continuously over time when stored at 30±20C time when stored at 30±20C without preservative, the without preservative, the tomato soup with sodium tomato soup with sodium benzoate showed benzoate showed significantly reduced losses. significantly reduced losses. (Vashista et al, 2003)(Vashista et al, 2003)

Beta-carotene content in Beta-carotene content in Micra RS cultivar of tomato Micra RS cultivar of tomato reduced from 1.37 to 0.69 reduced from 1.37 to 0.69 mg/ 100g at -200C and 0.96 mg/ 100g at -200C and 0.96 at -300C, when stored for 12 at -300C, when stored for 12 months. months. (Lisiewska & Kmiecik, (Lisiewska & Kmiecik, 2000) 2000)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 15 30 45 60

Storage period, days

Be

ta-c

aro

ten

e,

mg

/10

0g

m

No Preservative

Sodium Benzoate

Percent decrease (No Preservative)

Percent decrease(Sodium Benzoate)

Source: Vashista, A. et al 2003. Figure generated using data presented

(Source: Lisiewska & Kmiecik, 2000)

Page 27: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

pp. coumaric acid. coumaric acid

Page 28: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

pp. coumaric acid. coumaric acid

parapara-coumaric acid-coumaric acid There two other isomers: There two other isomers: oo-coumaric acid and -coumaric acid and mm--

coumaric acid also, but coumaric acid also, but pp-coumaric acid is found -coumaric acid is found most often in naturemost often in nature

Wikipedia information about Coumaric acidWikipedia information about Coumaric acid

Page 29: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Where is Where is p.p. coumaric acid found? coumaric acid found?

TomatoesTomatoes

PeanutsPeanuts

Carrots Carrots

GarlicGarlic

Wikipedia information about Wikipedia information about Coumaric acidCoumaric acid

Page 30: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Health benefits ofHealth benefits of

p.p. coumaric acid coumaric acid

Page 31: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

p.p. coumaric acid inhibits the coumaric acid inhibits the development of stomach cancerdevelopment of stomach cancer

by using its by using its antioxidantantioxidant properties to interfere properties to interfere

with the development of cancer-causing with the development of cancer-causing nitrosamines in the stomachnitrosamines in the stomach

Where are nitroamines found?: pWhere are nitroamines found?: pickled food and cured meatsickled food and cured meats

J Biochem Mol ToxicolJ Biochem Mol Toxicol

Page 32: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

p.p. coumaric acid decreased oxidative coumaric acid decreased oxidative damage to DNAdamage to DNA

Also decreased COX-2 overexpression of Also decreased COX-2 overexpression of colon mucosal cells in ratscolon mucosal cells in rats

Prevented inflammation of the colon mucosal Prevented inflammation of the colon mucosal cellscells

Scandanavian Journal of GastroenterologyScandanavian Journal of Gastroenterology

Page 33: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

p.p. coumaric acid “acts as an coumaric acid “acts as an antioxidant in the colonic mucosa antioxidant in the colonic mucosa

in vivoin vivo.”.”

p.p. coumaric acid significantly induced GST- coumaric acid significantly induced GST-M2 (a phase II enzyme) expression in the M2 (a phase II enzyme) expression in the coloncolon

implies antioxidant activityimplies antioxidant activity “ “significantly decreases the basal level of the significantly decreases the basal level of the

oxidative damage of DNA.”oxidative damage of DNA.”

British Journal of NutritionBritish Journal of Nutrition

Page 34: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

pp. coumaric acid may be able to . coumaric acid may be able to inhibit gluconeogenesisinhibit gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the homeostatic process in which Gluconeogenesis is the homeostatic process in which the liver utilizes amino acids (from tissues) to create the liver utilizes amino acids (from tissues) to create glucose for use as energy.glucose for use as energy.

May have implications for blood glucose control in May have implications for blood glucose control in diabetic patients. diabetic patients. Patients with insulin-resistant diabetes undergo Patients with insulin-resistant diabetes undergo

gluconeogenesis even though their blood glucose levels are gluconeogenesis even though their blood glucose levels are high because the glucose can not get into tissues and the high because the glucose can not get into tissues and the body thinks it is starving.body thinks it is starving.

J Biochem Mol ToxicolJ Biochem Mol Toxicol

Page 35: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

P.P. coumaric acid has also been coumaric acid has also been shown to inhibit platelet aggregationshown to inhibit platelet aggregation

in humans by interfering with the arachodonic in humans by interfering with the arachodonic acid clotting cascadeacid clotting cascade makes blood less viscous and easier to pass makes blood less viscous and easier to pass

through vessels.through vessels. has tremendous promise in prevention of vascular has tremendous promise in prevention of vascular

diseasedisease

Thrombosis Center, University of FlorenceThrombosis Center, University of Florence

Page 36: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Cancers prevented by Cancers prevented by phytochemicals in tomatoesphytochemicals in tomatoes

ProstateProstate BreastBreast OralOral StomachStomach ColonColon RectalRectal PancreaticPancreatic BladderBladder Lung Lung

Page 37: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Additional health benefits of Additional health benefits of tomatoestomatoes

chlorogenic acid chlorogenic acid shown to decrease LDL oxidation shown to decrease LDL oxidation

Decreases the likelihood of atherosclerosisDecreases the likelihood of atherosclerosis

p.p. coumaric acid coumaric acid shown to inhibit gluconeogenisis shown to inhibit gluconeogenisis

has implications for glucose control in diabeticshas implications for glucose control in diabetics interferes with the arachodonic acid clotting interferes with the arachodonic acid clotting

cascade cascade may decrease the likelihood of vascular diseasemay decrease the likelihood of vascular disease

Page 38: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

Health benefits (cont’d)Health benefits (cont’d)

Beta-carotene Beta-carotene shown to decrease the likelihood of macular shown to decrease the likelihood of macular

degeneration degeneration Lycopene Lycopene

May be linked with prevention of cardiovascular May be linked with prevention of cardiovascular disease by decreasing the cholesterol synthesis disease by decreasing the cholesterol synthesis pathway.pathway.

Lowers risk of prostate, breast, and many other types Lowers risk of prostate, breast, and many other types of cancersof cancers

Efficient singlet oxygen and ROS scavengerEfficient singlet oxygen and ROS scavenger

Page 39: TOMATOES tomatoes. Tomatoes herbaceous perennials herbaceous perennials Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum or Solanum

ReferencesReferences [1] Burri, B. J. Beta-carotene and human health: a review of current research. Nutrition research. 17-3, 547-580.[1] Burri, B. J. Beta-carotene and human health: a review of current research. Nutrition research. 17-3, 547-580. [2] Frusciante, L., Carli, P., Ercolano, M.R., Pernice, R., Matteo, A.D., Fogliano, V. and Pellegrini, N. 2007. [2] Frusciante, L., Carli, P., Ercolano, M.R., Pernice, R., Matteo, A.D., Fogliano, V. and Pellegrini, N. 2007.

Antioxidant nutritional quality of tomato. Molecular nutrition food research. 51, 609-617.Antioxidant nutritional quality of tomato. Molecular nutrition food research. 51, 609-617. [3] The alpha-tocopherol, beta carotene cance prevention study group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the [3] The alpha-tocopherol, beta carotene cance prevention study group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the

incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. New England J of medicine. 1994. 330, 1029-35.incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. New England J of medicine. 1994. 330, 1029-35. [4] Omenn, G.S., Goodman, G.E., Thornquist, M.D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M.R., Glass, A., Keogh, J.P., Meyskens, F.L., [4] Omenn, G.S., Goodman, G.E., Thornquist, M.D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M.R., Glass, A., Keogh, J.P., Meyskens, F.L.,

Valanis, B., Williams, J.H., Barnhart, S. and Hammar, S. 1996. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin Valanis, B., Williams, J.H., Barnhart, S. and Hammar, S. 1996. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. The New England J of medine. 334, 1150-1155.A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. The New England J of medine. 334, 1150-1155.

[5] Ben-Amotz, A., Yatziv, S., Sela, M., Greenberg, A., Rachmilevich, B., Shwarzman, M and Weshler, Z. 1998. [5] Ben-Amotz, A., Yatziv, S., Sela, M., Greenberg, A., Rachmilevich, B., Shwarzman, M and Weshler, Z. 1998. Effect of natural beta carotene supplementation in children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Effect of natural beta carotene supplementation in children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Radiation environment biophysics. 37, 187-193.Radiation environment biophysics. 37, 187-193.

[6] Holick, C.N., Michaud, D.M., Solomon, R.S., Mayne, S.T., Pietinen, P., Taylor, P.R., Virtamo, J and Albanes, D. [6] Holick, C.N., Michaud, D.M., Solomon, R.S., Mayne, S.T., Pietinen, P., Taylor, P.R., Virtamo, J and Albanes, D. 2002. Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and rish of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-2002. Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and rish of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene chohort study. American J of epidemiology. 156, 536-547.carotene chohort study. American J of epidemiology. 156, 536-547.

[7] Kmiecik, W. and Liciewska, Z. 2000. Morphology and composition of tomato cultivars. Nahrung. 44, 349-353.[7] Kmiecik, W. and Liciewska, Z. 2000. Morphology and composition of tomato cultivars. Nahrung. 44, 349-353. [8] Nobuyuki, K. and Friedman, M. 2003. Tomatine, chlorophyll, beta-carotene and lycopene content in tomatoes [8] Nobuyuki, K. and Friedman, M. 2003. Tomatine, chlorophyll, beta-carotene and lycopene content in tomatoes

during growth and maturation. J of the science of food and agriculture. 83, 195-200.during growth and maturation. J of the science of food and agriculture. 83, 195-200. [9] Lin, C.H. and Chen, B.H. 2005. Stability of carotenoids in tomato juice during processing. European food research [9] Lin, C.H. and Chen, B.H. 2005. Stability of carotenoids in tomato juice during processing. European food research

technology. 221, 274-280.technology. 221, 274-280. [10] Vashista, A., Kwatra, A. and Sehgal, S. 2003. Effect of storage time and preservatives on vitamin and pigment [10] Vashista, A., Kwatra, A. and Sehgal, S. 2003. Effect of storage time and preservatives on vitamin and pigment

contents of canned tomato soup. Plant foods for human nutrition. 58. 1-6.contents of canned tomato soup. Plant foods for human nutrition. 58. 1-6. [11] Lisiewska, Z. and Kmiecik, W. 2000. Effect of storage period and temperature on the chemical composition and [11] Lisiewska, Z. and Kmiecik, W. 2000. Effect of storage period and temperature on the chemical composition and

organoleptic quality of frozen tomato cubes. Food Chemistry. 70, 167-173.organoleptic quality of frozen tomato cubes. Food Chemistry. 70, 167-173.

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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Any Questions?Any Questions?