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Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery where people profit from the control and exploitation of others. As defined under U.S. federal law, victims of human trafficking include children involved in the sex trade, adults age 18 or over who are coerced or deceived into commercial sex acts, and anyone forced into different forms of "labor or services," such as domestic workers held in a home, or farm-workers forced to labor against their will.
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Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Policy and Issues for
CongressCongressBy: Wanda Nixon, Marie King, Edward Smith, By: Wanda Nixon, Marie King, Edward Smith,
Venecya GavinVenecya Gavin
Human trafficking is a form Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery of modern-day slavery where people profit from where people profit from the control and the control and exploitation of others. As exploitation of others. As defined under U.S. federal defined under U.S. federal law, victims of human law, victims of human trafficking include children trafficking include children involved in the sex trade, involved in the sex trade, adults age 18 or over who adults age 18 or over who are coerced or deceived are coerced or deceived into commercial sex acts, into commercial sex acts, and anyone forced into and anyone forced into different forms of "labor or different forms of "labor or services," such as services," such as domestic workers held in a domestic workers held in a home, or farm-workers home, or farm-workers forced to labor against forced to labor against their will.their will.
Trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, is a Trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, is a tragically widespread form of modern-day tragically widespread form of modern-day slavery. Pursuing and prosecuting traffickers and slavery. Pursuing and prosecuting traffickers and rescuing victims of trafficking are high priorities rescuing victims of trafficking are high priorities of the Department of Justice. The Office of Legal of the Department of Justice. The Office of Legal Policy coordinates the development of the Policy coordinates the development of the Department's anti-trafficking policies and is Department's anti-trafficking policies and is responsible for compiling the Attorney General's responsible for compiling the Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress on U.S. Government Annual Report to Congress on U.S. Government Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons and the Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons and the Assessment of U.S. Government Efforts to Assessment of U.S. Government Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons. The Assistant Combat Trafficking in Persons. The Assistant Attorney General serves as the Department's Attorney General serves as the Department's representative to the Senior Policy Operating representative to the Senior Policy Operating Group, an Executive level policy implementation Group, an Executive level policy implementation group created to address emerging interagency group created to address emerging interagency policy, grants, and planning issues.policy, grants, and planning issues.
The factors that each of The factors that each of these situations have in these situations have in common are elements of common are elements of force, fraud, or coercion force, fraud, or coercion that are used to control that are used to control people. Then, that control people. Then, that control is tied to inducing someone is tied to inducing someone into commercial sex acts, into commercial sex acts, or labor or services. or labor or services. Numerous people in the Numerous people in the field have summed up the field have summed up the concept of human concept of human trafficking as "compelled trafficking as "compelled service." Every year, service." Every year, human traffickers generate human traffickers generate billions of dollars in profits billions of dollars in profits by victimizing millions of by victimizing millions of people around the world, people around the world, and here in the United and here in the United States. Human trafficking States. Human trafficking is considered to be one of is considered to be one of the fastest growing criminal the fastest growing criminal industries in the world. industries in the world.
Interest Groups, Advocacy Interest Groups, Advocacy Groups, Professionals, and Groups, Professionals, and
Elected OfficialsElected Officials
Interest groups, advocacy Interest groups, advocacy groups, professionals and groups, professionals and elected officials who have elected officials who have participated in sharing the participated in sharing the
policy policy Catholic Relief Services Catholic Relief Services End Slavery Now End Slavery Now ADIASADIAS Safe Horizon Safe Horizon Polaris Project Polaris Project (to name a few)(to name a few)
Catholic Relief Services Catholic Relief Services Promote human development by Promote human development by
responding to major emergencies, fighting responding to major emergencies, fighting disease and poverty, and nurturing disease and poverty, and nurturing peaceful and just societies; and,peaceful and just societies; and,
As part of the universal mission of the As part of the universal mission of the Catholic Church, work with local, national Catholic Church, work with local, national and international Catholic institutions and and international Catholic institutions and structures, as well as other organizations, structures, as well as other organizations, to assist people on the basis of need, not to assist people on the basis of need, not creed, race or nationality.creed, race or nationality.
End Slavery NowEnd Slavery Now Helps give every single slave their freedom. By Helps give every single slave their freedom. By
empowering every person who is willing to help end empowering every person who is willing to help end modern slavery and human trafficking with the best modern slavery and human trafficking with the best possible tools, information and opportunities so they possible tools, information and opportunities so they can make a meaningful contribution. And, help anti-can make a meaningful contribution. And, help anti-slavery organizations increase their efficiency by slavery organizations increase their efficiency by fostering collaboration between them, showcasing fostering collaboration between them, showcasing established best practices, highlighting available established best practices, highlighting available resources, and connecting them with the volunteers resources, and connecting them with the volunteers they need.they need.
End Slavery Now receives generous funding from The End Slavery Now receives generous funding from The Greenbaum Foundation to make these online resources Greenbaum Foundation to make these online resources possible for abolitionists worldwide, and for all our possible for abolitionists worldwide, and for all our nonprofit partners working hard to fight modern slavery nonprofit partners working hard to fight modern slavery and human trafficking. and human trafficking.
ADIASADIAS ADIAS Group strictly prohibits the ADIAS Group strictly prohibits the
use of forced labor and human use of forced labor and human trafficking in all company operations trafficking in all company operations and in the global supply chain.and in the global supply chain.
Says “no” to exploitative labor Says “no” to exploitative labor practices and to any associated practices and to any associated criminal conduct. criminal conduct.
Safe Horizon Safe Horizon Safe Horizon is the largest victims’ services agency in the Safe Horizon is the largest victims’ services agency in the
United States, touching the lives of more than 250,000 United States, touching the lives of more than 250,000 children, adults, and families affected by crime and abuse children, adults, and families affected by crime and abuse throughout New York City each year. Offers assistance to throughout New York City each year. Offers assistance to victims through 57 program locations, including shelter, in-victims through 57 program locations, including shelter, in-person counseling, legal services, and more.person counseling, legal services, and more.
Since 1978, Safe Horizon has provided victims of domestic Since 1978, Safe Horizon has provided victims of domestic violence, child abuse, human trafficking, rape and sexual violence, child abuse, human trafficking, rape and sexual assault, as well as homeless youth and families of homicide assault, as well as homeless youth and families of homicide victims, with a wide range of comprehensive support. Our victims, with a wide range of comprehensive support. Our programs also partner with governmental and other programs also partner with governmental and other community agencies to offer additional assistance, community agencies to offer additional assistance, including finding resources for those living outside New including finding resources for those living outside New York City.York City.
Safe Horizon also advocates for policies on a local, state, Safe Horizon also advocates for policies on a local, state, and national level on behalf of those affected by violence and national level on behalf of those affected by violence and abuse.and abuse.
Polaris Project Polaris Project One of the leading organizations in the global fight One of the leading organizations in the global fight
against human trafficking and modern-day against human trafficking and modern-day slavery. Named after the North Star "Polaris" that slavery. Named after the North Star "Polaris" that guided slaves to freedom along the Underground guided slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad, Polaris Project is transforming the way Railroad, Polaris Project is transforming the way that individuals and communities respond to human that individuals and communities respond to human trafficking, in the U.S. and globally.trafficking, in the U.S. and globally.
By successfully pushing for stronger federal and By successfully pushing for stronger federal and state laws, operating the National Human state laws, operating the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hotline, conducting Trafficking Resource Center hotline, conducting trainings, and providing vital services to victims of trainings, and providing vital services to victims of trafficking, Polaris Project creates long-term trafficking, Polaris Project creates long-term solutions that move our society closer to a world solutions that move our society closer to a world without slavery.without slavery.
Gaps Flaws or OmissionsGaps Flaws or Omissions
H. R. 7311 H. R. 7311 One Hundred Tenth Congress One Hundred Tenth Congress
of the of the United States of AmericaUnited States of America
http://www.justice.gov/olp/pdf/wilberforce-act.pdf
VictimsVictimsThe Criminal Section of the Civil Rights Division provides The Criminal Section of the Civil Rights Division provides services to victims of civil rights violations, including human services to victims of civil rights violations, including human trafficking. Victim/Witness Coordinators are available to trafficking. Victim/Witness Coordinators are available to provide assistance with accessing services such as provide assistance with accessing services such as case managementcase management HousingHousing medical caremedical care counseling counseling shelter shelter
As mandated by the Attorney General Guidelines for Victim As mandated by the Attorney General Guidelines for Victim and Witness Assistance (2005), all victims of federal crime and Witness Assistance (2005), all victims of federal crime are entitled to certain rights under the law. These rights are entitled to certain rights under the law. These rights include:include:
According to the Trafficking Victims According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), victims of Protection Act (2000), victims of human trafficking are eligible for human trafficking are eligible for certain forms of immigration relief. A certain forms of immigration relief. A Victim/Witness Coordinator can assist Victim/Witness Coordinator can assist with information on these services. with information on these services.
The right to be reasonably protected from the accused. The right to be reasonably protected from the accused. The right to reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of The right to reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of
any public court proceeding, or any parole proceeding, any public court proceeding, or any parole proceeding, involving the crime or of any release or escape of the involving the crime or of any release or escape of the accused. accused.
The right not to be excluded from any such public court The right not to be excluded from any such public court proceeding, unless the court, after receiving clear and proceeding, unless the court, after receiving clear and convincing evidence, determines that testimony by the convincing evidence, determines that testimony by the victim would be materially altered if the victim heard victim would be materially altered if the victim heard other testimony at that proceeding. other testimony at that proceeding.
The right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding The right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding in the district court involving release, plea, [or] in the district court involving release, plea, [or] sentencing, or any parole proceeding. sentencing, or any parole proceeding.
The reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the The reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the Government in the case. Government in the case.
The right to full and timely restitution as provided in law. The right to full and timely restitution as provided in law. The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay. The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay. The right to be treated with fairness and with respect for The right to be treated with fairness and with respect for
the victim’s dignity and privacy.the victim’s dignity and privacy.
Fact Sheet: Distinctions Between Human Smuggling Fact Sheet: Distinctions Between Human Smuggling and Human Traffickingand Human Trafficking
TRAFFICKINGTRAFFICKING SMUGGLINGSMUGGLING Must Contain an Element of Force, Must Contain an Element of Force, Fraud, or Coercion (actual, perceived Fraud, or Coercion (actual, perceived or implied), unless under 18 years of or implied), unless under 18 years of age involved in commercial sex acts. age involved in commercial sex acts.
The person being smuggled is The person being smuggled is generally cooperating. generally cooperating.
Forced Labor and/or Exploitation. Forced Labor and/or Exploitation. There is no actual or implied coercion. There is no actual or implied coercion. Persons trafficked are victims. Persons trafficked are victims. Persons smuggled are complicit in the Persons smuggled are complicit in the
smuggling crime; they are not smuggling crime; they are not necessarily victims of the crime of necessarily victims of the crime of smugglingsmuggling
Enslaved, subjected to limited Enslaved, subjected to limited movement or isolation, or had movement or isolation, or had documents confiscated. documents confiscated.
Persons are free to leave, change Persons are free to leave, change jobs, etc. jobs, etc.
Need not involve the actual Need not involve the actual movement of the victim. movement of the victim.
Facilitates the illegal entry of Facilitates the illegal entry of person(s) from one country into person(s) from one country into another. another.
No requirement to cross an No requirement to cross an international border. international border.
Smuggling always crosses an Smuggling always crosses an international border. international border.
Person must be involved in Person must be involved in labor/services or commercial sex acts, labor/services or commercial sex acts, i.e., must be "working". i.e., must be "working".
Person must only be in country or Person must only be in country or attempting entry illegally. attempting entry illegally.
Demographics for the Data Analysis Demographics for the Data Analysis Report: Report:
For the United States: 2011For the United States: 2011 900 Investigations formore than 1350Suspects
722 Human caseshuman trafficking
337 FBI cases pendingon Adults & foreignminors
42 Cases Chargedwhich half is forcedlabor and sextrafficking by force
Social and Cultural Factors Social and Cultural Factors That Influence Policy That Influence Policy
Globalization of the world economy has Globalization of the world economy has increased movement of people across the increased movement of people across the borders legally and illegally.borders legally and illegally.
It is estimated that between 600,00 and It is estimated that between 600,00 and 800,00 people are trafficked across borders 800,00 people are trafficked across borders each year.each year.
56% being for labor exploitation and 98% for 56% being for labor exploitation and 98% for sexual exploitation. sexual exploitation.
Social FactorsSocial Factors The high demand The high demand
world wide for women world wide for women and children to work as and children to work as in sweat shops, or as in sweat shops, or as sex workers, or sex workers, or domestic servants and domestic servants and men as cheap labor men as cheap labor encourages traffickersencourages traffickers
And the tax free profits And the tax free profits of up to 7 billion of up to 7 billion dollars, and the low dollars, and the low risk for prosecution risk for prosecution also foster this crime.also foster this crime.
Social Factors Social Factors Even if trafficked victims are identified, Even if trafficked victims are identified,
perpetrators can move them to new locations and perpetrators can move them to new locations and more or less get away with it because the victims more or less get away with it because the victims are often reluctant to talk due to fear, shame, and are often reluctant to talk due to fear, shame, and the stigma associated with their experiences.the stigma associated with their experiences.
The traffickers often use fear as a way to keep the The traffickers often use fear as a way to keep the victims in line. Telling the victims that they can be victims in line. Telling the victims that they can be charged for illegal migration or prostitution charged for illegal migration or prostitution (entering the United States illegally is a crime, and (entering the United States illegally is a crime, and law enforcement could view the trafficked person law enforcement could view the trafficked person as a criminal co-conspirator) and the trafficker as a criminal co-conspirator) and the trafficker makes sure the victim is aware of that law.makes sure the victim is aware of that law.
Cultural Factors Cultural Factors Trafficking occurs in the majority of poor countries. Countries Trafficking occurs in the majority of poor countries. Countries
where there is social uprisings, government corruption, and where there is social uprisings, government corruption, and lack of opportunities.lack of opportunities.
Some cultures emphasize the importance of family over Some cultures emphasize the importance of family over individual needs. Some children may feel they have to individual needs. Some children may feel they have to sacrifice themselves for their family when traffickers promise sacrifice themselves for their family when traffickers promise money. Traffickers also know that they can threaten to hurt money. Traffickers also know that they can threaten to hurt victims' families to keep them from escaping.victims' families to keep them from escaping.
In many cultures, boys are more highly valued than girls they In many cultures, boys are more highly valued than girls they are the families social security, therefore , girls are considered are the families social security, therefore , girls are considered more dispensable and given over to traffickers more freely.more dispensable and given over to traffickers more freely.
The demand of American society alone is a cultural factor, the The demand of American society alone is a cultural factor, the U.S puts demands on different cultures for different foods and U.S puts demands on different cultures for different foods and goods and in order to accommodate and make a profit the goods and in order to accommodate and make a profit the farmer or the person supplying the goods, looks to the farmer or the person supplying the goods, looks to the traffickers for cheap labor.traffickers for cheap labor.
The Development of the The Development of the Human Trafficking PoliciesHuman Trafficking Policies
The Development of the The Development of the Human Trafficking PoliciesHuman Trafficking Policies
Gained attention in the US and worldwide in Gained attention in the US and worldwide in the 1990sthe 1990s
Reason for some trafficking is because Reason for some trafficking is because societies favor sons more than the daughtersocieties favor sons more than the daughter
They view the daughter as an economic They view the daughter as an economic burdenburden
Desperate families reportedly have sold Desperate families reportedly have sold their daughters for immediate payoffs.their daughters for immediate payoffs.
The selling of a daughter is to avoid paying The selling of a daughter is to avoid paying the dowry to marry off their daughters.the dowry to marry off their daughters.
Reason’s Human Trafficking Reason’s Human Trafficking ContinuesContinues
Lack of opportunity the women are presented Lack of opportunity the women are presented with in these poorer countrieswith in these poorer countries
Lack of opportunity has made females vulnerable Lack of opportunity has made females vulnerable to entrapment by traffickersto entrapment by traffickers
Law enforcement in post-communist societies Law enforcement in post-communist societies have weakened allowing criminal organizations to have weakened allowing criminal organizations to growgrow
Because of poor economic statuses women take Because of poor economic statuses women take chances on job offerings in other countrieschances on job offerings in other countries
These foreign job offers range from being a These foreign job offers range from being a model, dancing, domestic workers and etc.model, dancing, domestic workers and etc.
FactsFacts Human Trafficking entraps 2 million victims Human Trafficking entraps 2 million victims
and generates 7 billion in criminal profitsand generates 7 billion in criminal profits 3rd among criminal activities behind drugs 3rd among criminal activities behind drugs
and arm sales for criminal organizationsand arm sales for criminal organizations 50,000 people are trafficked yearly in the U.S50,000 people are trafficked yearly in the U.S 30,000 sexual slaves die each year worldwide 30,000 sexual slaves die each year worldwide
due to torture, neglect and sexual diseasesdue to torture, neglect and sexual diseases 15,000 Latin Americans are trafficked into the 15,000 Latin Americans are trafficked into the
U.S each year with promises of work U.S each year with promises of work
Works cited Works cited http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview http://www.justice.gov/archive/olp/human_trafficking.htm http://crs.org/slavery-human-trafficking/?http://crs.org/slavery-human-trafficking/?
gclid=CPPvkd2a07MCFQGFnQodxCcAbggclid=CPPvkd2a07MCFQGFnQodxCcAbg http://www.endslaverynow.com/?goto=legislation§ion=governmenthttp://www.endslaverynow.com/?goto=legislation§ion=government http://www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/assets/governance/http://www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/assets/governance/
2011_Oct_Policy_on_forced_labour_and_human_trafficking.pdf2011_Oct_Policy_on_forced_labour_and_human_trafficking.pdf http://www.safehorizon.org/index/what-we-do-2/anti-trafficking-program-http://www.safehorizon.org/index/what-we-do-2/anti-trafficking-program-
13.html?gclid=CMu3vfqa07MCFQeDnQodmXYA3Q13.html?gclid=CMu3vfqa07MCFQeDnQodmXYA3Q http://www.justice.gov/olp/pdf/ag_guidelines.pdfhttp://www.justice.gov/olp/pdf/ag_guidelines.pdf http://www.justice.gov/olp/pdf/wilberforce-act.pdfhttp://www.justice.gov/olp/pdf/wilberforce-act.pdf http://www.state.gov/m/ds/hstcenter/90434.htm--- http://www.state.gov/m/ds/hstcenter/90434.htm--- http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/192598.pdfhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/192598.pdf
www.bookpump.com/dps/pdf-b/1122837b.pdfwww.bookpump.com/dps/pdf-b/1122837b.pdf www.netce.com/coursecontent.php?courseid=771www.netce.com/coursecontent.php?courseid=771
