Trade Routes in the Classical Trade Routes in the Classical Era: 600 Era: 600 BCEBCE - 600 - 600 CECE

Silk RoadsSilk RoadsIndian Ocean RoutesIndian Ocean Routes

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

Methods of TransportationMethods of Transportation

Arab-Indian Dhow(Indian Ocean)

Dromedary-Arab Camel(North Africa and Middle East)

Bactrian Camel(Central and East Asia)

Steppe CaravansDesert Caravans

Roman gold coins found

In India Indianhow ship SpicesTeakwood statues

Eastern part of the ancient world accessible Eastern part of the ancient world accessible

to travelers in the first century C.Eto travelers in the first century C.E. .

Trans-Saharan and East African Trans-Saharan and East African Trade Regions (pre-Islam)Trade Regions (pre-Islam)

Berbers

Bedouin

SW M

onso

on W

inds

NE M

onso

on W

inds

Arab merchants

Nomadic Pastoralists

Goods include salt, iron tools, and goldFrom West Africa.

“Swahili” isa reference toa later Bantu-Arabichybrid language

The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations.

China

India

Rome

Parthia

Chang’an

Antioch

Chinese Technologies Introduced to the West via Silk RoadChinese Technologies Introduced to the West via Silk Road

• The cultural exchange between China and the West offered mutual benefits and achieved common progress – Arabs and Persians The cultural exchange between China and the West offered mutual benefits and achieved common progress – Arabs and Persians acted as “middle men”acted as “middle men”

• Merchant travelers and the stability of the Roman (Merchant travelers and the stability of the Roman (Pax RomanaPax Romana) & Han empires greatly contributed to this movement. ) & Han empires greatly contributed to this movement. • The The Chinese Four Great Inventions

Paper making, printing, gunpowder and compass Paper making, printing, gunpowder and compass ……as well as the skills of as well as the skills of SilkwormSilkworm breeding and silk spinning were breeding and silk spinning were laterlater transmitted to the West. transmitted to the West.

Exotic Indian Spices intrigued the Romans love for foodExotic Indian Spices intrigued the Romans love for food

• Pepper, Nutmeg, and cinnamon all had great cultural and economic impact along the Silk Road and Indian Ocean routes.Pepper, Nutmeg, and cinnamon all had great cultural and economic impact along the Silk Road and Indian Ocean routes.

This greatly sped up the commercial and cultural development This greatly sped up the commercial and cultural development of the “known” world!of the “known” world!

Silk & Porcelain from China

Coinage, wheat, oil, from Rome

Spices & Cotton from India

??

Consider your understanding of the major Consider your understanding of the major developments in world history by 100 c.e. developments in world history by 100 c.e.

Predict:Predict:

What other impacts What other impacts would trade routes would trade routes have besides those have besides those

relating to relating to commercial commercial expansion?expansion?

Diffusion of Art-Sculpture in the Greco-Roman Diffusion of Art-Sculpture in the Greco-Roman TraditionTradition

Sabina, wife of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (136 CE) Parthian (Persia) Noblewoman

FROM TO

Gandharan Buddha1st or 2nd Century CEThe ancient kingdom of Gandhara stretched across parts of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.

For a time, Gandhara also was a jewel of Buddhist civilization. Scholars of Gandhara traveled east to India and China and were influential in the development of early Mahayana Buddhism.

Representation of the Buddha in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, 1st century AD. Blend from spread of Hellenistic style of sculpture by Alexander’s empire to Bactria.

The travels of the Chinese The travels of the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian 337? - 422?Buddhist monk Faxian 337? - 422?

c.e.c.e.He left from the capital, Chang’an in 399 c.e.

Then along Silk Roads to India and Southeast Asia before returning home.

Standing BuddhaNorthern Wei dynasty - China(386 – 534 CE)

Of impressive size, this elegant BuddhaWear the three traditional garments of an Indian monk: An underskirt, an intermediate garment and a voluminous shawl.

Evident signs of the diffusion of BuddhismFrom India to China via Silk Roads and Indian Ocean travels.

Christ the Savior (Pantokrator), a 6th-century icon from Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai (Egypt).

Big Wild Goose Pagoda:Big Wild Goose Pagoda: regarded by many as a symbol regarded by many as a symbol of the city Xi’an (Chang’an), the pagoda was built in of the city Xi’an (Chang’an), the pagoda was built in 652 C.E. in the Tang Dynasty to house the Buddhist 652 C.E. in the Tang Dynasty to house the Buddhist sutras brought back from India by the famous monk sutras brought back from India by the famous monk

Xuan-zang.Xuan-zang.

Spread of Chan (Mahayana) Buddhism

A Buddha in Borobudur,

(Java) Indonesia – 9th century CE

Temple to the Hindu God Shiva in Central Vietnam -4th century CE

Diffusion of Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia through Indian Ocean Trade

Nestorian Christian priests in a procession Nestorian Christian priests in a procession on Palm Sunday, in a 7th- or 8th-century on Palm Sunday, in a 7th- or 8th-century wall painting from a Nestorian church in wall painting from a Nestorian church in ChinaChina

Question:Question:What impacts of Human-What impacts of Human-

environmental interaction can environmental interaction can still be predicted?still be predicted?

Hint:Hint: The key to answering this, is The key to answering this, is

the ability to the ability to analyzeanalyze the the question. question.

(We mainly emphasized economic and cultural (We mainly emphasized economic and cultural effects of these trade routes).effects of these trade routes).

Biological Impact Along Biological Impact Along Eurasian and Indian Ocean Eurasian and Indian Ocean

Trade RoutesTrade Routes• Plague from ChinaPlague from China• Rice from East AsiaRice from East Asia• Sugar from Southeast AsiaSugar from Southeast Asia• Cotton from MediterraneanCotton from Mediterranean• Bananas from Southeast AsiaBananas from Southeast Asia