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GEOLOGY | Volume 45 | Number 2 | www.gsapubs.org 103
Tracing crustal evolution by U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Lu-Hf isotopes in detrital monazite and zircon from modern riversXiao-Chi Liu1,2, Yuan-Bao Wu1,*, Christopher M. Fisher3,†, John M. Hanchar3, Luke Beranek3, Shan Gao1, and Hao Wang2
1State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China3Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X5, Canada
ABSTRACTDetrital zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope studies are useful for identifying the chemical
evolution of the continental crust. Zircon, however, is typically a magmatic mineral and thus often fails to document the timing of low-grade metamorphism, and its survival through mul-tiple sedimentary cycles potentially biases the crustal evolution record toward older events. In contrast, monazite typically records metamorphic events and is less likely to survive sedimentary recycling processes, thus providing information not available by zircon. Here, we demonstrate that monazite apparently faithfully records the Sm-Nd isotope composition of the bulk rock and can therefore track the record of crustal evolution and growth, similar to Hf isotopes in zircon. We examine the utility of detrital zircon and monazite for studies of crustal evolution through a comparison of age and tracer isotope information using sedi-ments from two large rivers draining the South China block (SCB). Monazite and zircon grains yield mostly Mesozoic and Paleozoic U-Pb ages and depleted mantle model age peaks at ca. 1900–1300 Ma, indicating that both minerals preserve similar, yet critical, information on the crustal evolution of the catchment area. In contrast, zircon yields abundant Neopro-terozoic and older U-Pb ages with a very large spread of model ages, preserving a history strongly skewed to older ages. Based on the lack of known rocks of this age in the catchments, ancient zircon was likely sourced from sedimentary rocks within the catchment area. This combined data set presents a more complete history of crustal evolution and growth in the SCB and demonstrates the advantages of an integrated approach that includes both detrital monazite and zircon.
INTRODUCTIONLarge rivers drain exposed continental crust
over extensive areas and thus provide a potential means to obtain a representative sample of the crust present in their catchment areas. The detrital zircon U-Pb ages and Hf-O isotope compositions of modern river sediments have already proven to be powerful tools for studying the evolution of the continental crust (e.g., Iizuka et al., 2010). However, detrital zircon studies do not necessar-ily provide a representative sample of exposed rock within the catchment area (Moecher and Samson, 2006; Hawkesworth et al., 2009), due to (1) the lack of zircon growth during some mag-matic or metamorphic events, rendering these events absent, or less prevalent, in the detrital zircon record; (2) the stability of zircon during chemical and physical weathering, which results in survival through multiple sedimentary cycles
and therefore produces a bias or overrepresenta-tion of older crustal components in sediments; (3) some rocks being substantially more “fertile” with respect to zircon, resulting in a bias toward such rocks; and (4) the common inheritance of zircon in metaluminous to peraluminous granit-oids and in high-grade aluminous metamorphic rocks due to its durability and insolubility, again potentially biasing the zircon record toward older source-rock information.
In an attempt to overcome these limitations, attention has recently been directed toward detri-tal monazite (e.g., Hietpas et al., 2010, 2011). Monazite ([Ce,La,Nd,Th]PO4) is a light rare earth element (LREE) orthophosphate mineral that typically occurs as an accessory phase in peraluminous igneous rocks and pelitic meta-morphic rocks (Williams et al., 2007). Further, monazite is amenable to U-Th-Pb dating and Sm-Nd isotope analysis (Goudie et al., 2014) such that the combination of the methods has the potential to constrain both the formation age and geochemical history of continental crust. While the potential benefit of monazite
age data has been explored, little work has been done to exploit the utility of the Sm-Nd isotope composition of monazite as a tool for tracking the timing of crustal growth events. Given their potentially decoupled behavior, an integrated approach using detrital monazite U-Th-Pb and Sm-Nd isotopes and detrital zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes from large rivers can potentially provide more information about crustal evolu-tion than either mineral used separately.
In this study, we compared the U-Pb age and tracer isotope compositions of detrital zir-con and monazite in modern sediment samples from the Yangtze and Hanjiang Rivers in central China (Fig. 1). In order to examine and compare the timing of major crustal ages, we applied two-stage “depleted mantle model ages” (TDM2 ages) based on both Nd and Hf isotopes, a methodol-ogy that has been adopted by previous research-ers (e.g., Kemp et al., 2009; Iizuka et al., 2011). We note that application of such models should be used with caution, especially when applied to detrital minerals where constraints from the original host rocks are lost (Vervoort and Kemp, 2016). Nonetheless, we adopted this commonly used approach for comparative purposes in this study. These results were compared to the known age and isotopic composition of adjacent crustal blocks in central China to test the utility of com-bined Hf-in-zircon and Nd-in-monazite studies of modern sediments as tools to extract a repre-sentative portrayal of crustal evolution.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND SAMPLES
The Yangtze River is the longest and largest river in Asia (Milliman and Syvitski, 1992). Its drainage area covers several major tectonic units, including the Qiangtang block, Songpan-Ganzi terrane, Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, and the South China block (SCB), which is composed of the Yangtze block in the northwest and the Cathaysia block in the southeast. The Hanjiang River is a tributary of the Yangtze River and flows entirely within the Yangtze block (Fig. 1). Two modern sediment samples were collected
*E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected].
†Current address: Department of Earth and Atmo-spheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada.
GEOLOGY, February 2017; v. 45; no. 2; p. 103–106 | Data Repository item 2017026 | doi:10.1130/G38720.1 | Published online 5 December 2016
© 2016 Geological Society of America. For permission to copy, contact [email protected].
104 www.gsapubs.org | Volume 45 | Number 2 | GEOLOGY
from the Yangtze River (sample 11CJ02) and the Hanjiang River (sample 11HJ04).
The Qiangtang block underlies the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau and contains ca. 590 and 470 Ma basement rocks that are uncon-formably overlain by Ordovician to Cretaceous strata. Whole-rock Nd isotope studies on meta-sedimentary rocks from this block yield depleted mantle Nd model ages of ca. 2000–1300 Ma (Zhang et al., 2007). The Songpan-Ganzi ter-rane is a triangular-shaped flysch basin that was sourced mainly from the Qinling orogen and Yangtze block (He et al., 2013). The Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt together records Paleozoic arc-continent collision, early Mesozoic con-tinent-continent collision, and late Mesozoic postcollisional extension between the North China and the South China blocks (Wu and Zheng, 2013). The SCB is composed of poorly exposed Archean to Paleoproterozoic basement rocks that are covered by thick Neoproterozoic and younger strata (Zhao and Cawood, 2012). Well-exposed Mesozoic volcanic and intrusive rocks of the region were formed by the subduc-tion of the paleo-Pacific plate beneath the SCB, whereas Cenozoic magmatism was likely a prod-uct of continental rifting (Li et al., 2012). Whole-rock Nd model ages for metasedimentary and igneous rocks from the SCB indicate a major Proterozoic episode of crustal growth, with only a very minor amount of new crust produced in the late Archean (Chen and Jahn, 1998).
RESULTSAnalytical methods and results for the detri-
tal zircon and monazite grains analyzed are
presented in the GSA Data Repository.1 Most of the detrital zircon grains exhibit fine-scale growth zoning and high (e.g., >0.1) Th/U ratios typical of magmatic zircon (Hartmann and San-tos, 2004). Most monazite crystals are unzoned or show faint growth zoning in backscattered-electron (BSE) imaging (Fig. DR1 in the Data Repository).
The detrital zircon grains from the Yangtze River yield concordant U-Pb dates between 3395 and 163 Ma, with two dominant peaks at ca. 550–400 and 1200–800 Ma and three subordi-nate peaks at ca. 2640–2340, 2120–1740, and 240–160 Ma (Table DR1; Fig. 2A). The zircon eHf(t) values exhibit a wide range from -20.2 to +11.3 (Table DR2; Fig. DR2a), corresponding to a range of two-stage depleted mantle Hf model ages (TDM2), with a major peak of 1800–1200 Ma and a relatively broad peak between 3200 and 2400 Ma (Fig. 3A). The results are similar to previous detrital zircon results from the Yangtze River (Iizuka et al., 2011; He et al., 2013). The detrital zircon grains from the Hanjiang River yield similar U-Pb ages (Fig. 2B) and Lu-Hf
1 GSA Data Repository item 2017026, DR1 (sam-pling methodology, sample descriptions, and analyti-cal methods); Table DR1 (zircon U-Pb ages); Table DR2 (Lu-Hf data); Table DR3 (monazite U-Th-Pb age and Sm-Nd isotopic data); Figure DR1 (representative cathodoluminescence images of detrital zircons and BSE images of monazites); Figure DR2 [plot of eHf(t) vs. time in Ma]; Figure DR3 [plot of eNd(t) vs. time in Ma, and whole-rock eNd(t) vs. time data for igneous rocks from the South China block], is available online at www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2017.htm, or on request from [email protected].
isotope compositions (Fig. 3B; Table DR2; Fig. DR2b) to those from the Yangtze River.
The detrital monazite grains from the Yang-tze River yield Th-Pb ages of 1118–97 Ma, with dominant age peaks of ca. 170–130 Ma and ca. 450–410 Ma (Fig. 2A; Table DR3), which are similar to previous detrital monazite ages from the Yangtze River (Yang et al., 2006). Their
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Figure 1. Simplified map of the Yangtze River drainage basin with the sample locations. Inset map shows major crustal provinces of China (modified after He et al., 2013).
Figure 2. Histograms of detrital zircon (Zrn) U-Pb and monazite (Mnz) Th-Pb ages for sam-ples 11CJ02 (A) and 11HJ04 (B).
GEOLOGY | Volume 45 | Number 2 | www.gsapubs.org 105
eNd(t) values vary between -25.3 to +1.2 (Table DR3; Fig. DR3a), corresponding to TDM2 ages of 3351–1079 Ma, with age peaks ca. 1800–1300 Ma (Fig. 3A). The detrital monazite grains from the Hanjiang River yield similar Th-Pb ages (Fig. 2B; Table DR3) and Sm-Nd isotope compositions to those from the Yangtze River (Fig. 3B; Table DR3; Fig. DR3b), except two grains that yielded Cenozoic ages of 18.8 and 12.7 Ma (Table DR3).
COMPARISION OF DETRITAL ZIRCON AND MONAZITE AGES
Detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra from large rivers presumably record the major geologic events over time in the drainage area. The Hanji-ang River, which flows within the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt and the Yangtze block, contains detrital zircon grains that document five major magmatic events ca. 2900–2480, 2100–1850, 1200–750, 560–410, and 250–180 Ma. Archean to Paleoproterozoic rocks have very limited exposure in the Yangtze block, except for the Kongling terrane which is not within the stud-ied catchment area. It follows that Archean to Paleoproterozoic detrital zircons were most likely recycled through the Qinling-Dabie oro-gen rocks, which yield similar ages (e.g., Zhou et al., 2008). The more abundant late Mesopro-terozoic to early Neoproterozoic detrital zircon grains are likely derived from igneous rocks in the Yangtze block (Cawood et al., 2013). Early Paleozoic and Mesozoic magmatic rocks ca. 500–400 and 250–130 Ma have been reported from the Qinling-Dabie orogen (Wu and Zheng,
2013) and represent a potential source of the ca. 560–410 and 250–180 Ma detrital zircon grains. Detrital zircons from the Yangtze River yield age peaks similar to those of the Hanjiang River (Fig. 2A), despite the former containing a significantly larger catchment area including the Qiangtang and Cathaysia blocks (Fig. 1).
Detrital monazite grains yield Paleozoic (ca. 450 Ma) and Mesozoic (ca. 150 Ma) age peaks with virtually no record of Neoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic crustal events. The sparse evidence of Proterozoic accretionary tectonism implies low monazite yield from the main occur-rences of Proterozoic igneous and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks in the SCB (Cawood et al., 2013). The lack of evidence for such events can also be accounted for by the fact that monazite is less chemically and physically resistant than zir-con during sedimentary transport and therefore less likely to survive multiple sedimentary recy-cling events, which increases the probability that monazite would act as a first-cycle provenance proxy providing complementary information to the zircon record (Ross et al., 1991; Hietpas et al., 2010, 2011). Most noteworthy is that 70% of the monazite ages record Mesozoic events, whereas only 30% record Paleozoic or older ages. In contrast, ~80% of the detrital zircon grains yield Paleozoic or older ages, with only 20% recording the Mesozoic tectonism that is the hallmark of the SCB (e.g., Li et al., 2012). Detrital zircon ages record only the Late Jurassic phase of magmatism in the northwestern part of the SCB, whereas subsequent Cretaceous and younger metamorphic events throughout east-ern Asia (Ratschbacher et al., 2000) are absent, recorded in thin rims that cannot to be dated, or perhaps overwhelmed by older, multicycle grains (Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003; Hietpas et al., 2010).
We therefore suggest that detrital monazite ages from modern sediments may be more repre-sentative of sediments derived from metamorphic source rocks that have a relatively low abundance of zircon present recording the metamorphism (Hietpas et al., 2010). This explains the paucity of Mesozoic and Cenozoic zircon dates relative to monazite. The zircon dates primarily reflect older igneous rocks, some of which are not recognized today, and thus have either eroded away, or are now buried (Collins et al., 2011). Their presence in Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks and modern sediments in central China reflects the durability of zircon and its likelihood of surviving multiple sedimentary cycles.
COMPARISION OF MODEL AGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CRUSTAL EVOLUTION
Detrital zircon grains from the Yangtze River sediments mainly yield Hf model ages of 2000–1200 Ma, with subordinate apparent crustal growth events at ca. 3200–2400 Ma (Fig.
3A). Detrital zircon from the Hanjiang River yield similar Hf model age patterns (Fig. 3B). The combination of the two samples reveals a range from 2000 to 1200 Ma, with two subor-dinate peaks of 2700–2400, and 3200–2900 Ma (Fig. 4A). Zircon Hf model age spectra are very similar to those of Iizuka et al. (2010) and He et al. (2013), which covered the whole Yangtze River system. These data indicate that major crustal growth events in the SCB occurred in the Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic, with some during the Archean.
Detrital monazite Nd model ages of both samples are very similar and yield model ages between 3300 and 1000 Ma; however, the vast majority range from 1900 to 1300 Ma and define a single sharp peak ca. 1800–1700 Ma (Fig. 4C), despite the large spread in U-Pb age groups and TDM2 ages. This implies that monazite was likely derived from metamorphic rocks of bimodal age but with an isotopically similar source. The Nd model ages are strikingly similar to, though bet-ter defined than, those of whole-rock samples from the SCB (Fig. 4C; Chen and Jahn, 1998). Those whole-rock Nd isotope analyses were determined mostly from metasedimentary rocks, which reflect mixing of materials with differ-ent model ages, which in turn may account for the broader peak of the TDM2 ages in the whole rock–based study. Sm-Nd isotope compositions of the present study were obtained from single monazite grains and therefore preclude the mix-ing of isotopic signatures in bulk-rock samples.
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Figure 3. Zircon Hf and monazite Nd isotope model age (TDM2 [DM—depleted mantle]) his-tograms and cumulative growth curves for samples 11CJ02 (A) and 11HJ04 (B).
Figure 4. Histograms of depleted mantle model (TDM2) age distributions and cumula-tive growth curves of the detrital zircons, with inset showing zircons younger than 850 Ma (A and B), and monazites (C).
106 www.gsapubs.org | Volume 45 | Number 2 | GEOLOGY
The Nd model age results, like those of Hf model ages in detrital zircons younger than 850 Ma (Fig. 4B), also suggest that the most significant crustal ages in the SCB are Paleo-proterozoic to Mesoproterozoic (Fig. 4C), with minor ones during Archean and Paleoprotero-zoic. Similar crustal growth patterns have been documented around the world, including stud-ies targeting drainages such as the Mississippi-Missouri, Amazon, and Congo Rivers (Iizuka et al., 2010). These Paleoproterozoic to Meso-proterozoic crustal ages are coeval with the assembly and breakup of the supercontinent Columbia and may suggest that juvenile mag-matic input was enhanced during extensional rifting and supercontinent dispersal, whereas crustal melting dominated during contraction periods (Hawkesworth et al., 2009; Kemp et al., 2009). It is important to note that the zircon Hf model ages document two additional episodes of crustal growth in the SCB at ca. 2700–2400 and 3200–2900 Ma, which are absent in the detrital monazite Nd isotope record. Given the lack of exposed Archean crust in the catchment areas, we propose that the record of this early history in Yangtze sediments is consistent with recycling of detrital zircons from exposed sedimentary units that skew the history of crustal growth to older ages (Fig. 4B).
The detrital monazite and zircon grains yield overlapping depleted mantle model age peaks ca. 1900–1300 Ma, which indicate that both minerals preserve similar information about the crustal evolution of the catchment area. Zircon also has a very large spread of additional U-Pb and depleted mantle model ages that are strongly skewed to even older ages, which, based on the lack of exposures of such rocks in the catch-ment areas, suggest it was likely sourced from ancient sedimentary rocks. These data further suggest that monazite grown during metamor-phism reincorporates the Sm-Nd isotope compo-sitions of the source rocks in which they crystal-lized, likely a result of the relative immobility of the rare earth elements during metamorphic processes (Iizuka et al., 2011). In general, these results suggest that studies of crustal growth based on sediment obtained from modern rivers should include both detrital monazite and detri-tal zircon in order to develop a more complete picture of the geologic record.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was supported by funds from 2015CB856106, the National Natural Science Foundation of China 41573047, 41625008, and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant to Hanchar. Fisher thanks G. Pearson for sup-port during the preparation of the manuscript. We thank C. Hawkesworth, P.A. Cawood, W.J. Collins, S.D. Samson, C.J. Lewis, two anonymous reviewers, and Editor J. Brendan Murphy for helpful reviews, and Calvin F. Miller for many fruitful discussions about
the occurrence of monazite and zircon in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
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Manuscript received 9 October 2015 Revised manuscript received 23 October 2016 Manuscript accepted 25 October 2016
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