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Spanish Regime: Reconciling Tribute with Justice How to derive revenue from the conquered without violating simple idea of justice? Encomienda System System was extension of pacification Grant was not property but of jurisdiction over a definite territory and its inhabitants The encomenderos had the duty of defending the encomienda; of maintaining peace and order and supporting missionaries These considerations entitled him with collected of tributes; within the means of the subject
Citation preview
TOYNBEEAN APPROACH TO PHILIPPINE HISTORY:
Spanish Regime in the Philippines
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663Successful
Colonization- the enormous cost of the expedition- difficulties in the returning voyage
Pacification- starting point of the expedition: Mexico instead of Spain- Hernan Cortes’ secret in pacification of Mexico: Treat the natives with respect
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663Reconciling Tribute
with Justice How to derive
revenue from the conquered without violating simple idea of justice?
Encomienda System System was extension of
pacification Grant was not property but
of jurisdiction over a definite territory and its inhabitants
The encomenderos had the duty of defending the encomienda; of maintaining peace and order and supporting missionaries
These considerations entitled him with collected of tributes; within the means of the subject
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663Forming A Christian
Civilization Convincing the
natives to be Christians
Dealing with Dispersed and scattered settlement
Building Church -Centered Town Reduccion – barangays
were coaxed and coerced into organized towns around the newly-built church with resident friar
OBJECTIVE: Bring all indios into Christian communities ( Bajo de la Campana)
The new settlement was helpful in collecting proper, complete and accurate tribute.
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663Transforming A
Feudal Society into a Modern Nation How to develop
the Philippines as a modern nation?
How to unify the Philippines?
Commercial Capitalism and Common Religion Commercialism
was introduced Catholicism and
Centralized Government
Spanish Regime 1571 - 1663
o How to build infrastructure when there is shortage of Spanish manpower
o How to stimulate agricul-tural production
o POLO OR FORCED LABOR
-ships, churches, roads,other forms of infra-structure -pay “falla” (exempted)
o BANDALA-annual quotas to each Province for the sale ofproducts
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663
Effective GovernmentHow to govern the islands effectively?
Centralized Authority The governor-
general: executive, judiciary and legislative
Visita,Residencia, Archbishop and subordinate public officials served as checks and balances
King of Spain
Governor general
Alcalde mayor
corregidores
Governadorcillo
alcaldia
corregidorayuntamiento
barrio
Cabeza de barangay
pueblo
CENTRALIZEDAUTHORITY
The Governor General assumed the highest position in the land. Vested in him the powers of executor and legislator, and at times the judiciary.
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
Dutch AggressionThe Dutch
Military attacked the Philippines
Spanish DefenseUsed natives in
attacking and defending the islands
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
Economic Rehabilitation after the Dutch WarFinances were
not stable; economy declined
Local ProductionExport of
products: wheat from Laguna and Batangas and mining products from Camarines
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
National ProsperityHow to make the
colony independent from Mexican aid?
Galleon Trade Chinese goods
were sent to Europe through the Manila – Acapulco trade
Few men prospered in the galleon trade
GALLEON TRADE
• During the Spanish era Manila became the leading commercial center in the region
• Also known as Manila-Acapulco Trade
• Not all could participate in the Galleon trade
• In the 19th century when commercial liberty was adopted as a European policy the Galeon trade decline
• Lasted for 2 ½ centuries until its abolition
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
Chinese Economic Domination The Chinese were
dominating the economy
Chinese were known as SANGLEYS which means merchants
Exclusion Laws and Additional TaxationAdditional tax
besides the annual residence tax
immigration be limited
Parian: non-Christian Chinese
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
Conflict Between the Regular and Secular Clergy The Spanish regular
clergy were holding the parishes instead of Spanish seculars
Development of a Native Secular Clergy Natives were
permitted to enter priesthood
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
Moro Raids Muslims frequently
attack islands in the Visayas; killing and pirating goods from the natives
Moro Resistance Establishment of Pilar
Fort in Zamboanga Juramentado in Jolo to
resist the Spaniards in the place
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Tobacco
Monopoly The government
implemented laws and policy in order for designated lands and places to cultivated the growth of tobacco.
Forcibly asked the natives to work in the fields
Rehabilitation of a Shattered EconomyThe Philippines had
been subsidized by Mexican treasury for decades
Independence of Mexico
TOBACCO MONOPOLY
• Governor General Jose Basco – founder• To improve the economy of the
Philippines• Strict cultivation of tobacco was
enforced in certain areas such as: Cagayan Valley, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos and Marinduque
• Lasted from 1781 to 1881
Material and Social Advancement
• Rise of Banks– Obras Pias – earliest banks in the
Philippines which gave loan to merchants
– Rodriguez Bank – the first Filipino bank established in Manila by Francisco Rodriguez
– Banco Español- Filipino – first government bank in the Philippines founded by Antonio de Urbiztondo
PHILLIPINE REVOLTS
CAUSES :A) PERSONALLed by datus, maharlikas and babaylan or catalonansLost prestige and power in their communitiesWant to revert to their own culture (babaylans and catalonans wanted to return to native religions)Lakandula, Soliman, Tamblot, Bankaw and Dagohoy
continuation
B) RELIGIOUS MOTIVES/REASONSLed by those who built their own style of syncretic religionsNon-acceptance of Spanish popes, bishops and priestsEmergence of cults Hermano Pule, Francisco Rivera and Tapar
continuation
C) RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED INSTITUTIONSTaxationForced laborGalleon tradeIndulto de comercioMonopolies (like the tabacco and basi revolts)Magalat, Sumuroy, Palaris and Diego Silang
continuation
D)PEASANT UNRESTFraudelent land surveys which led to land grabbing Excessive cost of land rental feesMaginoos and principalias of Silang, Cavite
Why Philippine Revolts failed
A) INSULAR MAKE-UP OF THE PHILIPPINES-no sense of national unity because of communication gap; many ethn0-linguistic groups with their dialects but no lingua francaB) IDEA OF NATIONALISM CAME ONLY DURING THE 19TH CENTURYC) DIVIDE ET IMPERA-Spaniards used natives to fight other natives-co-optation and collaboration of some datus and maharlikas with the Spaniards
continuation
D) SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND STRATEGY OF THE SPANIARDS-Mexican horses-better firing projectile weapons (culverins, cannons, muskets, or guns)-network of spiesE) INTERFERENCE OF FRIARS
continuation
F) ABSENCE OF GOOD LEADERS WHO KNEW MILITARY STRATEGYG) “PAPELETAS DE PERMISO” AND “CARTAS DE RADIO”-official travel permits and safe-conduct passes
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Free Trade
Opening of different ports in the Philippines through the suggestion of Sinibaldo de Mas
Collapsed of Galleon TradeSource of income
and livelihoodProgress after
economic stagnation
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Censorship
Noli Me Tangere and other propaganda publication were banned by the government
Spread of Liberal IdeasCarlos Maria de la
TorreLiberalism from
Europe
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Execution of
Gomburza Experience in Mexico Father Burgos
believed in the secualrization
Equality of the Regular and Secular ClergySecularization of
the parishes
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
A) SPREAD OF LIBERALISM-when Spain opened the Philippines to world trade, liberal ideas filtered in-liberal political filtered in from Europe (ideas of Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Locke and Jefferson)-transformation of the Philippine economy into a raw material market for Europe increased their contact with the intellectual tradition of the west
continuation
B) Rise of the Clase Media (middle class) or Principales-middle class composed of Asian and Eurasian mestizos emerged from the economic boom derived from expanded agriculture and commerce-Spanish opening of the Philippine ports (1834) to free trade, commericialization of agriculture and economic expansion greatly benefited the “principalia” who were able to send their children to schools here and abroad, exposing them to more libertarian ideals.
continuation
C) Sentiments against the principales-masses were dissatisfied with the principales as intermediaries of the Spanish governmentD) Racial Prejudice-Spaniards regarded Filipino natives as belonging to an “inferior race”; called them “indios”-Spanish pre-conceived notion that natives could not rise beyond their “limited intelligence”
continuation
E) Cultural changes-Educational Reforms of 1863 dramatically improved the standards of education in the primary level-Filipinos were able to pursue higher education-young men from prosperous families were able to take up law, medicine and pharmacy-were able to see the repressive colonial policies of Spain -new breed of Filipinos, the “Ilustrados”
continuation
F) Secularization controversy-can be traced back from the year 1567-in 1768, parishes were given to unprepared native seculars (Filipino priests who do not belong to a religious order)-by 1859, parishes were desecularized and were given back to regular priests (Spanish priests belonging to religious orders-Filipino priests opposed Spanish friar abuses and agitated for reforms
continuation
G) Cavite Mutiny of 1872-Sgt. La Madrid led this mutiny due to the suspension of the privileges formerly enjoyed by arsenal workers and engineer corps of the Cavite Naval Shipyard-this mutiny was used by the Spaniards to implicate the liberal critics of the government including Filipino priests who fought for Secularization -the execution of GOM-BUR-ZA eventually hastened the growth of Filipino nationalism
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Non-continuity and
non-implementation of reforms Strict in implementing
laws Intensified attack to
the movement Friars wrote
pamphlets against the propagandist
Propaganda MovementIlustrados
(enlightened young men) called for reform in the government and assimilation of the Philippines to Spain
What was Spain like during the early 1880’s? How important was the environment to the young men of the Philippines who came to the Peninsula?
Spain: 1880 -1890
Filipinos in Spain
• The young Filipinos were acquainted with a world different from the Philippines: freedom of speech against the church, church doctrine and the state; proclamation of liberties and progress.• The environment would become a STIMULUS for CALLING OF CHANGES in the / for the Philippines.• The grave defects of Spanish government in Spain led to the disillussionment of the Filipinos.• Rizal noted in his travels the progress of the places he visited; and recognized their native qualities superior to Spaniards; he believed that Filipinos can handle the affairs of the Philippines
Early Activities of Filipinos in Spain
Filipino nationalists prior to 1880: PEDRO PATERNO and GREGORIO
SANCIANCO
Circulo-Hispano FilipinoTha banquet served as the
foundation of CIRCULO-HISPANO FILIPINO
Rizal wanted to give more substance to it; and to use it as vehicle to unite Filipinos.
Revista del Circulo-Hispano Filipino
Sancianco gave a banquet for Fernando de Leon y Castillo, overseas minister of liberal government in Sagasta. Sancianco publish a book on the abolishment of the Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines. Although helped the conomy of the Philippines, the abuses and negative consequences of the monopoly.