Towards Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure on the Coast

and in the Sea

Dr. Jun ZangDirector, Research Unit for Water, Environment and

Infrastructure Resilience (WEIR)Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering

University of Bath

Source:http://www.mapsofworld.com/united-kingdom/cities-map.html

Are our coast safe?

Our recent study by an U/G dissertation student (Karim Al-Haddadin) on assessing the performance of the British coastline and exploring its future challenges has demonstrated that

British coasts are currently in a much safer state compared with six decades ago when the Great Flood of 1953 struck the British coastline.

Main damages caused by the 1953 floods and 5thDecember 2013 storm

The Great Flood of 1953 5th December 2013 Storm

Number of Deaths 426 (England and Scotland) Zero flood related deaths

Residential Properties 24,000 2,800Flooded

Area of Agricultural Land 65,000 2,700Inundated (hectares)

People Evacuated 32,000 after flooding 18,000 before flooding

References: MET office (2014, 2015), http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/in-depth/1953-east-coast-floodEssex County Council (2013)https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514327/LIT_7901.pdfRay & Richard, (2014) http://www.fireresilience.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ESTOCT14-Flood-Response.pdfHaigh, (2015) http://www.nerc.ac.uk/latest/publications/planetearth/win15-century/

But, Dawlish Warren during 2013/2014 winter storm

Source: BBC news

Coastal erosion at Happisburgh, Norfolk

Source: Shutterstock

Marine renewable energy has potential to make a major contribution to our future energy generation

Marine renewables energy (MRE) is a global opportunity for the UK to maintain as world leader in MRE, and help to secure greener energy for future generation.

Existing expertise/facilities/capabilities in the South West of UK include

• World class research universities

• Research testing facilities

• Test and demonstration site (Wave Hub)

• Supply chain

The Partnership for Research in Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMaRE) is a network of world-class research institutions who undertake research and development to address challenges facing the marine renewable energy industry at the regional, national and international level.

PRIMaRE: Partnership for Research in Marine Renewable Energy

• PRIMaRE will provide a forum for exchanging latest research and development in Marine Renewable Energy

• It will facilitate and encourage collaborations in regional, national and international level.

• PRIMaRE will run annual research conference and knowledge exchange workshops – this year’s PRIMaRE conference will be held on the 5th – 6th July, University of Bath

• PRIMaRE will be the academic research cluster aligned with the SWMEP and give strong representation of academic research within this forum

• PRIMaRE will continue to support the Wave Hub R&D activities and aim to leverage and maximise the utilisation of the assets and resources in the South West

About PRIMaRE

PRIMaRE partner main activities

Hydrodynamics/optimisationMEC PTO optimisationEnvironmental impact

CFDMaterialsStructural Dynamics &Electrical Energy Management

Hydrodynamics/optimisationEnvironment and ResourcesSubsea cable (electrical)

Biodiversity impactsEcosystem modellingLife cycle analysis & Biofouling

Biodiversity impactsBirds behaviourFish behaviour

Fluid- & HyrodynamicsEnvironment and ResourcesMaritime safety

Subsea Systems & ComponentsEnvironment and ResourcesCondition monitoring & reliability

Facilities/Capabilities within PRIMaRE partners

In response to the challenges due to climate change, and water and energy shortage, Research Unit for Water, Environment and Infrastructure resilience (WEIR) was established in 2014 at the University of Bath.

Some of our recent research for coastal protection and marine renewable energy development will be briefly reported here.

We have developed innovative field measuring techniques, and various advanced numerical tools in our research. These include potential flow solver DIFFRACT (jointly with Oxford University), hybrid numerical model Particle-In-Cell method (PICIN, in collaboration with HR Wallingford), Boussinesq cut-cell model, and adaptive cut-cell quadtree grid based shallow water equation model etc. We are also one of the first groups in leading the application of CFD tool OpenFOAM to coastal and ocean engineering problems.

WEIR Research Unit at University of Bath

Monitoring wave and shoreline changesLed by Dr. Chris Blenkinsopp at WEIR Research Unit

Wave transformation over a submerged bar

The test case is based on experiments by Beji and Battjes (1993)

and Luth (1994), CFD tool OpenFOAM is used for the numerical modelling.

Free surface time histories

Wave transformation over a submerged bar

Wave spectra

Wave transformation over a submerged bar

Breaking wave impact on vertical wall(Close collaborations between universities of Plymouth, MMU, City and Bath)

Violent wave impact on Offshore wind turbine foundationBased on our experiments at DHI, Denmark funded by EU Hydralab program

T(s) Freq (Hz) Wace crest A(m) Ka kA Kh

1.63 0.61 0.12 0.25 0.2 0.86

All free surface elevations at 19 points, horizontal wave loading on the foundation, wave kinematics and pressures on the front face of the foundation are measured.

CFD tool OpenFOAM is used for numerical simulation

Long waveLinear

2× freq

3× freq

4× freq5× freq

Harmonic decomposition of force for most violent wave case

Note the size of 2nd, 3rd and 4th

force harmonics F2 = 0.6 F1

F3 = 0.4 F1

F4 = 0.36 F1

F5 = 0.15 F15× freq F5 = 0.15 F1

Long wave

Linear

2× freq

3× freq

4× freq

F2 = 0.6 F1

F3 = 0.4 F1

F4 = 0.36 F1

Scattered wave field

Experiment at Imperial College

Numerical modelling at University of Bath

Focused wave interaction with a floating body(PICIN model is used for the numerical modelling)

Qiang Chen, Jun Zang, Aggelos S. Dimakopoulos, David M. Kelly, Chris J.K. Williams, (2016) A Cartesian cut cell based two-way strong fluid–solid coupling algorithm for 2D floating bodies, Journal of Fluids and Structures, Volume 62, Pages 252-271.

1 2 3

wave

Wave energy converter M4(Close collaborations between Universities of Manchester, Oxford and Bath)

Physical Model in Experiments

water depth: 1.0m

Validation & optimisation of the performance of WEC M4(Potential flow solver DIFFRACT is used for the optimisation)

Float 1 & 2Float 3

Hinge + PTO

H≈0.03m

θ r (d

eg)

0

1

2

3

4

T (s)0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

ExperimentalNumerical

H=0.03m

CWR

REG

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

T (s)0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Bd=2.0NmsBd=4.0NmsBd=6.0NmsBd=8.0NmsOptimised

Effects of Wave Directions to M4 in Array

Five devices (spacing=2.0m)

q mod

−0.08−0.06−0.04−0.02

00.020.040.060.080.1

T (s)0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

β=0 degβ=5 degβ=10 deg

Be prepared

Climate change is happening

We are facing more challenging and harsh environment.

To make our coast safer, more sustainable with better environmental, and harness more greener marine renewable energy from the sea, we all need to work together to get ourselves better prepared for the challenges and the increased risk caused by climate change.

Thank you!

Jun Zang: J.Zang@bath.ac.uk

WEIR Research Unit, University of Bath

mailto:J.Zang@bath.ac.uk

Towards Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure on the Coast �and in the SeaSlide Number 2Are our coast safe?Main damages caused by the 1953 floods and 5th December 2013 stormBut, Dawlish Warren during 2013/2014 winter stormSlide Number 6Marine renewable energy has potential to make a major contribution to our future energy generationSlide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11WEIR Research Unit at University of BathMonitoring wave and shoreline changes��Led by Dr. Chris Blenkinsopp at WEIR Research Unit��� Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Violent wave impact on Offshore wind turbine foundationSlide Number 19Slide Number 20Scattered wave fieldSlide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Be prepared Thank you!��� Jun Zang: J.Zang@bath.ac.uk�� WEIR Research Unit, University of Bath��

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