Towards cooperative and adaptive ship bridge design - FP7 Project CASCADe

Digital Ship Hamburg 28-02-2013

Dr. Cilli Sobiech

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CASCADe Project Partner

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Collaborative Project in 7th Framework Programme: Transport SST.2012.4.1-1. Human element factors in shipping safety CASCADe Model-based Cooperative and Adaptive Ship-based Context Aware Design Duration: 01.01.2013 – 31.12.2015 Advisory group: • Maritime Cluster Northern Germany • Nautilus International • NSB Niederelbe Schifffahrtsgesellschaft • Australian Maritime College

Rationale

“The ability of ship's personnel to co-ordinate activities and communicate effectively with each other is vital during emergency situations. During routine sea passages or port approaches the bridge team personnel must also work as an effective team.”

Development of bridge workstations, displays and controls on the one hand and procedures on the other hand is characterized by being non-harmonious:

equipment from different manufacturers is combined within ad-hoc bespoke environments,

existing standards and guidelines are unspecific and ambiguous,

disconnect between guidelines for system design and the guidelines for procedure design,

bridge design should involve cognitive capacities of humans and nature of the tasks at hand

Near misses, groundings and collisions are still commonplace

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Socio-Technical System: Ship Bridge

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CASCADe Objective

Improve safety of maritime transport through:

• bridge system that considers human errors by increasing cooperation between crew and machines on the bridge

• human-centred design methodology supporting analysis of crew performance at early development stages

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Advance the state of the art in maritime ship bridge design…

on four complementary research dimensions:

• Human-centered bridge systems

• Bridge design methodology

• Design of bridges as cooperative systems

• Human factors on bridges

• Formal modelling of bridges

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Study and design of ship bridges incl. human factors - challenges

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Usability? Ergonomics?

How good is it?

Safety?

Poor communication Alarms suppressed/ignored/misinterpreted

Fatigue

Lack of personnel

Distraction Poor bridge design

Inadequate means of navigation

Inadequate use of navigational aids

Alcohol/Substances

Uncertainty about responsibilities Communication barriers

External pressures Illness

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Challenges:

• Ships and bridges get bigger and bigger … distance to access displays longer and longer.

• Watch keeping is a task with high visual work load.

Assumptions:

• Multimodal interfaces help to get information to the user even with high visual load.

• Visual Displays, which can be used without focusing may help to improve situation recognition.

Human factors: situation awareness

Human factors: audio-visual workload

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Challenges:

• Watch keeping is a task with high visual workload.

• While watch keeping attention has to be paid to numerous additional instruments.

• Visual overload lead to “Human-out-of-the-loop” situations.

• Reduction of information/better visualization is required: – What information can be display how?

– Adaptive Displays?

• Standardization of information required.

• All information channels have to use same symbols.

Human factors: alert management

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• Number of false alerts is high. Therefore some alert messages are suppressed.

• Improved and standardized alert management is required.

• Support of all actors in safety critical situations.

Source: MAIB, 2008

Human factors: cognitive aspects

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Hypothesis: Recognition-Primed Decision Making

Experienced Seafarers decide and act in distinctive, unknown situations in two steps

1. Pattern Matching: Fast, mechanical, intuitive action

Case based reasoning: Actual situation is compared with known situations.

2. Mental Simulation:

Slow, aware process of a mental simulation. Reflection: may an action be successful?

Is an option good enough it will be executed. The decision process is highly dynamic, iterative and time

constraint.

Human factors: cognitive aspects

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• Human Machine Interaction and cooperative decision making

– Coordination Vessel - Vessel - Shore Services

– Decision support

– Optimizing

• Scientific challenges

– Distributed Cognition

– Safe System Design

• Safety Critical System Engineering

– Design Methodology

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Figure : Key innovation provided by CASCADe

Bridge as a cooperative system

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Agents

Traffic

Environment

Task

Resources

H1

M1

H2 M… Mk

M2

Hn

H…

T1

T11 T12

T121 T122

T2

T21 T22

T221

.

. T222 T123

.

. Holistic perspective to investigate overall safety and resilience already during design time: potential conflicts

(incl. human errors),

inconsistencies and redundancies (e.g.

of information presented on screens)

Simulation Platforms

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Physical Simulation Platform Virtual Simulation Platform

hardware, software and humans based on the full-scale bridge simulator

purely based on models of the human and machine agents, tasks, resources

behaviourally

equivalent

The Virtual Simulation Platform will allow:

to evaluate bridge designs at early design stages using cognitive models,

in many more scenarios than the Physical Simulation Platform,

investigation of extreme scenarios that would be difficult to evaluate on the physical platform.

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Cognitive Models as Virtual Seafarer

Pe

rce

pt

hearing

Cognitive Layer

Associative Layer

Autonomous Layer

Memory

Long-term

memory

vision

Mo

tor gaze

hands

gaze feet voice

eye

Short-term

memory

remembering forgetting

recognizing visual announciations

(due to visual focus and Selective Attention in peripheral view)

procedure execution (e.g.handle uplink)

reactive behaviour (e.g.

steering & braking)

time for movements (eyes, hands)

decision making in unfamiliar situations

Adaptive Bridge System (ABS)

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Adapt the whole cooperative system to the (1) current situation, (2) relevant procedures and (3) the needs of the individual seafarer

Automatic or manual adaptation: e.g. information content, presentation, distribution

Attention: adaptation brings benefits (e.g. increased situation awareness) but may add extra cost (e.g. cognitive disruption).

Provide the most important information, in the most effective way at the most useful time, based on context awareness.

Evaluation: safety in maritime transport

We will evaluate safety on the bridge by means of a compound metric consisting of: • accuracy of seafarers’ actions i.e. levels of absolute human error

• timeliness of seafarers’ actions

• comparison of seafarers’ knowledge about the current context compared to a more objective prioritisation of context information

• confidence levels of seafarers i.e. do they think they did the right thing?

• fatigue level of the seafarer

• number of simulated near misses or near collisions

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Expected results

Develop, demonstrate and evaluate a new methodology enabling the design of a highly Adaptive Bridge System from a cooperative system perspective.

1. Functional and actual design of an Adaptive Bridge System (including adaptive Pilot systems)

2. Demonstrated and evaluated Adaptive Bridge System prototype

3. Demonstrated and evaluated human-centered design methodology

4. Fully implemented Cognitive Seafarer Models

5. Fully implemented Virtual Simulation Platform for bridge design evaluation

The methodology will integrate techniques and tools for harmonization of system development, procedure development and human factors fostering a holistic and affordable human-centred approach to ship bridge design.

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