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Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Toward a framework for Smart Cities:
A Comparison of Seoul,
San Francisco & Amsterdam
Page 1
Jung-Hoon Lee
Associate Professor
Graduate School of Information,
Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
Marguerite Gong Hancock
Associate Director
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
I. INTRODUCTION
Smart Green City Projects:
143 smart city projects are currently ongoing or completed in North America [35] South America
[11], Europe [47], Asia [40] & the Middle East & Africa [10].
Sources: Authors’ analysis from IBM, CISCO, ABI Research, Gartner (2012) Image Sources from INEG, Maplink (2012)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
I. INTRODUCTION
Page 3
Research Objectives
The research study purposes a conceptual framework setting out a holistic view of a smart city
developments. This framework classifies different initiatives & implementation practices.
RO1: To develop a conceptual framework applicable to Smart City practices around the globe
RO2: To analyze leading cases from the U.S., Europe and Asia through the framework & to identify
common characteristics in cities’ smart planning and development, while also noting differences
between them
RO3: To develop a maturity model for a Smart City based on different practices; this model will also
serve as an index identifying gaps and areas where improvement is needed
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
II. RESEARCH APPROACH
Page 4
Smart City Architecture Research Approach
Value Added Smart or Smart City Services
using ICT
(Service Oriented Thinking)
Interactions with Smart City
Infrastructures: Network, Data Center &
Urban spaces
Smart City Governance: Leadership,
Strategy, Processes, Collaborative
Partnerships & Performance Measurement
Case Data Collection of Current Smart City
Initiatives & Activities
Unit of Analysis: each city’s services, apps,
network infra., org. etc.
Source: Lee et al. (2010)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 5
Case Study Framework
II. RESEARCH APPROACH
: Six different domains are studied from 18 perspectives
-Smart City Leadership
-Smart City Strategy
-Performance Measurement
-Smart City Development/ Manage-
ment Processes
-Dedicated Organization
-Smart City Principles
Smart City Governance
Case Study
Framework
-Participatory Service Design
-Open Data Platform
Urban Openness
-Multiple Device Platform/Smart
Urban Spaces
-Data Consolidation Plan (IDC)
-Network Infrastructure (Capacity,
Traffic)
-Network Types (Wired/Wireless/
Sensor Network )
Smart City Infra. Integration
-Service Diversity
-Service Integration
Service Innovation
-Urban Intelligence Technology
-Smart Green Services
-Sensing/Mining/Big Data
Intelligence&Sustainability
-Private-Public Partnership
-Internal/External Collaboration
Collaborative Partnerships
Work In Progress
- Industrial Innovativeness
(Smart City Industry + Existing
Industry)
Urban Innovativeness
Page 5
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 6
II. RESEARCH APPROACH
The study selected three different cities from Asia, the U.S. & Europe
Photo sources: free copyright images from wikipedia
*The global urban competitiveness report 2011
** Innovation CitiesTM Program, 2011
*** OECD Broadband Portal , 2011
**** 2012 Global Cities Index & Emerging Market Outlook Study, A.T. Kearney & The chicago council on global affairs
Seoul Metropolitan City (SMC) City & Count of San Francisco (SF) Amsterdam
History Capital city of Korea since 1394
Founded 1776 & incorporated in 1850
Founded 1275, Capital city of the Netherlands
Total Area 605.4 km2 600.6 km2 219.4 km2
Population 10,528,774 City & County-808,977 (2008)
Urban: 3,273,190 Metro: 4,335,391
City Area-790,654 in 2012
Urban-1,209,419 Metro: 2,289,762
Households 4,192,752 780,971 400,000 (approx.)
Global Urban Competitiveness* 9th in the world 6th in the world 27th in the world
Global Cities Index**** 8th in the world 17th in the world 26th in the world
Innovation Cities Survey** 28th in the world 2nd in the world 6th in the world
Fixed broadband
Penetration*** 36% (South Korea) 27.3% (United States) 38.5% (Netherlands)
Households with
broadband access***
97.5% (South Korea) 57%
68.2% (United States) 79.5% (Netherlands) 3% %of fiber connection in total broadband subscription %of fiber connection in total broadband subscription
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 7
-Participatory Service Design
-Open Data Platform
Urban Openness
Case Study
Framework
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Urban Openness
Case Study
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Urban Openness
Page 8
PARTICIPATORY SERVICE DESIGN
Most smart city services are based on simple unidirectional/GPS location based applications
479,000 households in
22,000 buildings &
4 major banks in Seoul
have signed up to energy
saving app
Civic engagement
platform connects
challenges to community
problem solvers
Open 311’ allows users
to report
non-emergencies
BuurtMeter Amsterdam provides
based on a user's current location with
the score of neighborhood participation,
pollution & safety
Logica CityApp uses storytelling,
official info. & user-generated content
to engage users with immediate
environment
Whatser allows users to save favorite
locations and share these with Whatser
friends
Allows neighbors & friends to rent
their cars to each other w/ electronic
swipe card, thus promoting sharing
economy
Crowd-judging system rates
Amsterdam schools on parents &
student input
Chunmanmansangsang Oasis
solicits and tracks new ideas for
social policies
552262 visitors
Case Study
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Urban Openness
Page 9
Open Data Platform
Open data movement encourage governmental
transparency & open innovation
SF’s open data movement is active; SMC offer
open data only in certain areas (e.g.
transportation, parks & recreation)
Geographic Data/Ethics/Admin & Finances
represent major open domains for SF
Initial Findings
Open data by categories*
* Count as data provided in open API
Case Study
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 10
Case Study
Framework
-Service Diversity
-Service Integration
Service Innovation
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Service Innovation
Case Study
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Service Innovation
Page 11
SERVICE DIVERSITY (2012)
Tour/Culture/ Sports/Leisure
15%
Transporation 35%
Job Creation/Business
3% Facility Mgnt
3%
Public Admin
12%
Environment 15%
Prevent Crime/Disaster
17%
SF
Tour/Culture
/Sports/Leisure
12%
Education
2%
Transportation
20%
Job Creation/
Business 3%
Facility
Mgnt.
14% Others
(Logistics)
3%
Public Admin.
13%
Environment
5%
Medical/
Welfare /Health
8%
Prevent
Crime/Disaster/
9%
SMC
Tour/Culture/ Sports/Leisure
26%
Education 2% Transporation
15%
Job Creation /Business
4% Facility Mgnt
2% Others
4%
Public Admin 22%
Environment 19%
Medical/Welfare /Health
4%
Prevent Crime/Disaster
2%
Amsterdam
Smart city services are currently offered across different domains (Exploration/Exploitation)
Case Study
Framework
Most applications (75~80%) offer a single service. Some service-oriented integration has been
achieved within service domains (e.g. in transportation, public admin., facility management)
SERVICE INTEGRATION
Integrated public facility
reservation sys. For
hospitals, parks & other
public facilities in SMC
Eco-mileage service
in SMC (connected
with banks, power
company)
One single entry point
covering all public services
Integrated public transport
information services for
Walkways, taxis, biking, &
ferries
Smart working center
w/ facilities for
integrated services
(e.g. tele-presence )
Integrated tour
services with public
transportation
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 12
Case Study
Framework
-Private-Public Partnership
-Internal/External Collaboration
Collaborative Partnerships
Case Study
Framework
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Collaborative Partnerships
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
A 81%
C 8%
D 11%
A 74%
C 26%
Page 13
Partnerships type & Collaboration (based on sample of services in 2012)
SMC SF Amsterdam
A: Direct Involvement of Private Sector
B: Indirect Involvement of Private Sector (Private Capital)
C: Contracted/Outsourcing Development/Management
D: Private-Public Partnership-Special Purpose Company
SMC & SF have adopted different forms of partnership. Amsterdam has set up a special purpose entity to
promote its the smart green city
Most services are financed by the
central government or city itself
Services based on master plan
mostly outsourced to private
sectors
Presumption in favour of public
access (less sustainable?)
Developed & operated by private
sectors (SF Open Data)
Efficient market-oriented
approach, but limited service
diversity in term of social-welfare
domains
More holistic approach may be
required compared to other two
cities
Most services private-sector
financed
ASC foundation formed private-
public partnerships to plan &
promote smart city projects
Also funded by EU open city
initiatives
SMC SF Amsterdam
Finding
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Collaborative Partnerships
Case Study
Framework
A 7%
C 93%
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 14
Case Study
Framework
-Urban Intelligence Technology
-Smart Green Services
-Sensing/Mining/Big Data
Intelligence&Sustainability
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Intelligence&Sustainability
Case Study
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Intelligence&Sustainability
Page 15
Intelligent Technologies in smart city services
SMC used more widely implemented intelligence technologies followed by SF & Amsterdam
U-Seoul Children Safety Zone
tracks children's location
using RFID & CCTVs &
alerts parents in case of
emergency
No-Driving Campaign
uses RFID technology to
determine whether drivers are
properly complying with no-car
driving campaign (eco-mileage)
Wireless sensors/new parking
meters price spaces according
to demand and helps drivers
find convenient space
RF sensors in various applications, augmented reality (AR) & GIS, demand responsive pricing price &
data analytics add more value to smart city services
uses RF technology based on
AMI (Automated Meter Infra)
to measure electricity & water
Free interactive GPS navi-
gation using AR for disabled
people (accessible toilets,
disabled parking, point of
interests)
Automated Water &Smart Meter
offers info. On local shows,
combined with coupons and a
location-based search function
supporting AR and GIS maps
Tour & Broadway Info
Case Study
Framework
37.5%
26.5%
13.2%
29.7%
55.9%
43.4%
32.8%
17.6%
43.4%
SMC
SF
AMSTERDAM
Advanced intelligent technologies Unidirectional service using GPS Not Intelligent
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Intelligence&Sustainability
Page 16
Sustainability Services
Smart services provide engagement and incentive systems to help people adjust their behavior
479,000 households in
22,000 buildings &
4 major banks in SMC
have signed up to energy
saving app
UrbanEcomap Interactive maps empower
citizens through illustrations
of greenhouse gas emissions
(through transportation,
energy, waste)
SF Solar/Wind Map promotes public awareness
of solar & wind energy, by
allowing users to calculate
potential savings
SF Transitmap Google map mashup
generates walk-scores for
how far you can travel by
public transit from user
locations
Greenhouse superimposes
energy labels on map of
Amsterdam for selected
addresses and postcodes
monitors energy consumption of
connected home appliances using
smart wall plug (auto turn on/off
system)
Energy management Haarlem
SF leads on sustainability services which impact directly on the environment (civic engagement);
Amsterdam is next. SMC lacks green services despite its exceptional incentive system
(eco-mileage services) for reducing driving
Case Study
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 17
-Multiple Device Platform/Smart Urban
Spaces
-Data Consolidation Plan (IDC)
-Network Infrastructure (Capacity,
Traffic)
-Network Types (Wired/Wireless/
Sensor Network )
Smart City Infra. Integration
Case Study
Framework
Case Study
Framework
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Infra. Integration
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 19
-Smart City Leadership
-Smart City Leadership
-Smart City Strategy
-Performance Measurement
-Smart City Development/ Manage-
ment Processes
-Dedicated Organization
-Smart City Principles
Smart City Governance
Case Study
Framework
Case Study
Framework
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Smart City Governance
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 20
III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Smart City Governance
Smart City Governance
Smart City Governance Initial Key Findings
Leadership &
Strategy
Dedicated Org.
& Processes
Performance
Mgnt. &
Principles
Both Amsterdam (Climate neutral ) & SMC
(Smart) have shown strong Smart City
leadership & Strategy
SMC has recently launched a comprehensive plan
Dedicated smart green city org. either operates
within the municipal IT division or as a special
purpose foundation to attract the private sectors
SMC has formalized processes for development
& management with different project initiatives
SFC recently established a dedicated org. and
co-ordinates with decentralized agencies
Amsterdam (focusing on CO2 reduction, energy
efficiency) & SMC (focusing broader service op
eration & behavioral change) have implemented
principles
SMC defined smart city governance principles
to promote effective internal/external
collaboration
Both Amsterdam & SMC have strong organizational support & governance to promote Smart City
Case Study
Framework
Smart City Governance Maturity Level Note: CIO (Chief Innovation Officer or similar position); R&R (Roles & Responsibilities); PMS(Performance Management Sys.)
Scale Factor 1 3 5 7
Smart City
Leadership
No leadership engagement & no
interest in Smart City Initiatives
Smart City leadership involved
on a case-by-case basis in decentralized way
Centralized Smart City
leadership exists under CIO (within IT dept)
Strong centralized Smart City
leadership exists & CIO’s R&R are clear
Smart City
Strategy
Formulation
Services develop in
decentralized way in absence of Smart City strategy
Integrated/centralized smart
city strategy exists based on a bottom-up approach
Top-down smart city
strategy is aligned with city's specific strategic
initiatives
Formalized top-down smart city
strategy revised on a regular basis according to a comprehensive
strategic perspective (AS-IS/TO-BE)
Dedicated
Organization
Functions exist in IS division
or elsewhere within the city hall, but no dedicated team for
Smart City has formed
Independent dedicated
small team of working (coordinating) closely
with others city teams
Dedicated smart city team
has diverse roles yet not established within organization
Dedicated team has diverse roles
& skills & is well established within organization
Smart City
Development/
Management
Processes
No standard processes; each
agency takes decentralized approach in developing &
managing smart city projects
Smart city processes
follow conventional IT development/management
processes, which are centralized
Formalized smart city
processes exist but not in detail (i.e. are at an early
stage) & not yet recognized by related agencies
Formalized processes
for different types of smart city projects are clearly defined
and well established within the organization
Performance
Measurement
No performance indicators
for smart city development
Indicators use IS performance
indicators or partly exist in other form
Smart City PMS is uniquely
developed, but only used internally by Smart City team
Smart City PMS updates
regularly and widely used and publicly announced
Smart City
Principles
based on municipal
ordinance
Absence of principles for
Smart City planning /development / management, inc.
R&R
Smart City principles limited to
certain divisions
Smart City Principles as utilized
by Smart City team based on municipal ordinance; principles
not used by other divisions
Smart City Principles based on
municipal ordinance widely used by Smart City team & other
divisions
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 21
IV. DISCUSSION
Urban Openness
Question of more participatory services vs. location based services
vs. smart city services for specific urban space integration
(i.e. climate street, digital media street)
Open data quality & open data platform strategy can attract local
start ups & entrepreneurs supporting smart city growth
Service Innovation
Service exploration vs. exploitation with focus on what services we
need to select and where to concentrate for service development
(i.e. ‘T’ for service diversity?)
Service integration across different service domains will create
more value which create higher complexity (Process reengineering
thinking?)
Collaborative Partnerships
Organic-market oriented (emergence/bottom up) vs. government top-
down (control) approach in diversifying smart city services
Direct service implementation vs. test-bed/living lab. approach
depends upon technology maturity level (approved tech. vs. new tech.
for capability building)
Intelligence&Sustainability
Adding intelligence technologies (sensors & data analytics) create
more value for new service innovation & economic opportunity for
start-ups (e.g. SF Park)
Sustainability services for smart green need citizens to engage it &
change their behaviors through robust incentive system which helps
sustaining eco-system for smart green services
Smart City Infra. Integration
Network effects & service user adoptions:
Multiple devices access vs. Smart phone access (Infra. Investment)
Network capacity & usage status will play important role in
promoting smart cities where higher data bandwidth (sensor data &
media data ) will be required in order to meet future citizen’s
demands
Smart City Governance
Smart city leadership & governance model matters
Centralized/holistic based smart city strategy vs. decentralized
strategy
Smart city development need a dedicated organization & robust
processes, governance principles & performance measurements to
leverage services within the city
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Page 22
V. CONCLUSION
Innovating advanced civic engagement/participatory services -Developing cloud-based, crowd-sourced applications (citizen’s input & feedback)
-Improving single-point entry access & enabling more cost-effective self-service
Empowering user driven innovation through open data platform strategy -Facilitating new service development and providing ability to leverage city data
-Increase government transparency & crowd-sourcing movement
-Diversifying & exploring different service domains (utilities, transportation, healthcare etc..)
Converging/integrating smart city infrastructure -Converging ICT with smart urban spaces (streets, buildings, parks, public utilities, homes…)
-Developing more intelligent technologies to support diverse services & smart green services (e.g. smart grid)
-Developing interoperability of smart city services (service composition thinking) & infrastructure integration
(multiple-devices platform, networks & integrated data centre)
Defining smart city governance - Defining smart city visions & road-mapping a comprehensive smart city strategy for continued leadership (clear role
& responsibility)
- Integrating planning/development/management processes & principles for smart city initiatives
- Creating smart city eco-system for innovation & entrepreneurship through different types of private-public partnership
(e.g. special purpose company)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee Graduate School of Information, Yonsei University, South Korea
If you have any questions , please feel free to contact us.
Jung-Hoon Lee
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Information,
Yonsei University E-Mail:[email protected] /[email protected]
http://sprie.gsb.stanford.edu/people/Jung-hoon_Lee/
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Appendix I.
Smart City Definitions
There are several types of definitions in both academic and practical literatures
“Smart City is referred as the safe, secure environmentally green, and efficient urban center of the
future with advanced infrastructures such as sensors, electronics and networks to stimulate
sustainable economic growth & a high quality of life” (Hall, 2000)
“A city to be smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and
modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of
life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance”
(Caragliu, 2009)
“A city well performing in a forward-looking way in economy, people, governance, mobility,
environment & living, built on the smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive
independent and aware citizens” (Giffinger & Gudrum, 2010)
Scholar’s view
City’s view
“Smart City as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information and city
elements using new technologies in order to create sustainable greener city, competitive and
innovative commerce and an increase life quality with a straightforward administration and
maintenance system of city” (Barcelona City Hall, 2011)
“Amsterdam Smart City uses innovative technology and the willingness to change behavior related to
energy consumption in order to tackle climate goals. Amsterdam Smart City is an universal approach
for design and development of a sustainable, economically viable program that will reduce the city’s
carbon footprint” (Amsterdam Smart City, 2009)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Appendix I.
Smart City Definitions
There are several types of definitions in both academic and practical literatures
“The use of Smart Computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and
services of a city —which include city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real
estate, transportation, and utilities — more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient.”
(Forrester, 2011)
“A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow between its many different
subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed and translated into citizen and commercial services.
The city will act on this information flow to make its wider ecosystem more resource-efficient and
sustainable. The information exchange is based on a smart governance operating framework
designed for cities sustainable.” (Gartner, 2011)
Practitioner
‘s view
“Smart city” [refers to] a local entity — a district, city, region or small country — which takes a
holistic approach to employ[ing] information technologies with real-time analysis that encourages
sustainable economic development.” (IDC, 2011)
Quality of Life Sustainable-Green Life Innovative Working Life
Ideological Dimension (What is Smart City Visions?)
Normative Dimension (Where/Which areas?)
Technological/ Instrumental Dimension
(How smart city be delivered?)
Services Infrastructure Human/Social Capital
Definition
Taxonomy
Objectives
Elements