Tourism Introduction Paper I

8/6/2019 Tourism Introduction Paper I

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TOURISM BUSINESS

& TRAVEL

TERMIONOLOGY

MODULE 1


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Structure:

UNIT IV & V


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INTRODUCTION & CONCEPT OF

TRAVEL & TOURISM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Definitions (Tourist, Tourism, Traveler)

Travelterms

Travel Agency/TourOperatorTerms

Hotel Terminology

General Terms


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WHICH OF

THE

FOLLOWING IS

NOT A

LEISURE

ACTIVITY


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TOURISM: CONCEPT & DEFINITION

Leisureis defined asfree time,ortime at ones disposal

Itthus,can beunderstood toembraceanyactivityapartfrom

workand obligatory duties.

Activeengagementin playorrecreation

Passive pastimessuchas watching television,oreven

sleeping.

Tourismis justoneformofactivityundertaken during a periodofleisure.


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Tourist & Tourism

Tourism,asoneelementofleisure,involvesthemovementofa personorpersonsawayfromtheirnormal placeofresidence

Formost peopletourism hasa

connotationofleisuretraveland tendsto besynonymous withholidays(vacations)

Touristisone whoengagesintourism.Thetouristseeksvarious psychicand

physicalexperiencesand satisfactions.

Thenatureofthese willlargelydeterminethe destinationschosenandtheactivitiesenjoyed

STERIOTYPICAL TOURIST


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UNDERSTANDING TOURISM

Traveler:Any persononatrip betweentwoormorecountriesorbetweentwoormorelocalities withinhis/hercountryofusualresidence.

Visitor:Alltypesoftravelersengaged intourismare described as

visitors. Therefore,theterm visitorrepresentsthe basicconceptforthe wholesystemoftourismstatistics.

Tourist: A visitorwhosevisitisforatleastonenightand whosemainpurpose of visit may beclassified underoneofthefollowingthree groups: (a)leisureand holidays; (b) businessand professional;(c)othertourism purposes

Excursionist:A travelerwhospendslessthantwenty fourhoursata destination.

Transit travelerIn broad terms,atravelerpassing throughalocation, whichisnothis/herultimate destination.


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Fourdifferent perspectivesoftourismcan be

identified:

1. Tourist:EXPERIENCE

2. The businesses providing tourist goodsand

services: PROFIT-DEMAND/SUPPLY

3. The governmentofthehostcommunityor

area. FOREIGN EXCHANGE & POLITICAL RELATIONS

4. Thehostcommunity:EMPLOYMENT & CULTURE


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Thus,tourismmay be defined asthe processes,activities,

and outcomesarising fromtherelationshipsand the

interactionsamong tourists,tourismsuppliers,host

governments,hostcommunities,and surrounding

environmentsthatareinvolved intheattracting andhosting ofvisitors.


HOST

POLULATION

HOST

GOVERNMENTS

TOURISM SUPPLIERS

TOURISTS


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Tourism Definition:

Theyheld that tourism be defined as thesum of the phenomena and relationshipsarising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to

permanent residence and are not connectedto any earning activity.

Professors Hunzikerand KrapfofBerne University, 1942.


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Tourist & Tourism

Inthe United States,the National Resources ReviewCommissionin 1973 established thata domestictouristisone whotravelsatleast 50 miles (one way),and this wasconfirmed bythe US Census Bureau, which defined tourism

elevenyearslateras, around trip ofatleast 100 miles.

The Canadian government definesitasa journeyofatleast25 milesfromthe boundariesofthetouristshomecommunity

English Tourism Council proposed ameasureofnotlessthan20 milesand 3 hours journeytimeawayfromhometoconstitutealeisuretrip


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Holiday.. Travel

1...a dayon whichno workis done becauseof

nationalorreligiouslaw

2.a period whenanemployee doesnot work,

butrests, goesawayand enjoyshimselforherselfto take a holidayorto go on holiday

We always go on holidayortake ourholidays in June.

When is the manager takinghis holidays?

Myhead waiter is off on holiday tomorrow.

He will be away on holiday for two weeks.


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Tourism Definition: Issues

According tothe World Tourism Organization (WTO),Tourismcomprisestheactivitiesofpersonstraveling toand staying in placesoutsidetheirusual environment for

notmorethanoneconsecutiveyearforleisure, business,and otherpurposes.

This definitionhelpsto distinguishtourismfrommigration,butitmakestheassumptionthat bothtravel and stayare

necessaryfortourism,thus precluding daytours.

It would alsoappeartoexclude businesstravel, whichisconnected withearnings.


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This definitionfailstoaddressthe dilemmaofthehostpopulation.

Hospitality,too,isused by different peoplein different

ways. Commonusageofthetermisreflected indictionariesas,forexample, theactorpracticeofbeinghospitable;thereceptionand entertainmentofguestsorstrangers withliberalityand goodwill

Hospitalityindustry,alsosometimesreferred toascommercialor professionalhospitality:the provisionofaccommodation,food and drinkforpeopleawayfromhomeforreward

Tourism Definition: Issues


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TRAVEL TERMS

Baggage Allowance: Amountofbaggage perpassenger,determined by weight,numberofpiecesand/or

dimensions,transported byacarrier free. Forexample,

underthe weightsystemused bymanyairlines,thisis

normally 30 kg (66 lb)forfirst-classand 20 kg (44lb)for

eacheconomy passenger.

Hand baggage dimensionsmustnotexceed 56cmx

45cmx 25cm. Baggageallowancesmay besubjectto

changeatanytime.

Laptopsand otherlargeelectricalitemshaveto bescreened separately. A laptop bag thatisnotcontained

withintheone pieceofcabin baggageisregarded asthe

oneallowableitemofcabin baggage.


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Boarding Pass: A card giventoairline passengerson

completionofcheck-in procedures priorto boarding

anaircraft,showing the passengersname,flight

number,sectionofaircraftand seatnumber.

Theanalogous passused inshipsiscalled an

embarkation card.

TRAVEL TERMS:


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Baggage check: Receiptissued byacarriertoapassengerforaccompanied checked baggage,

establishing the passengersrighttocompensation.

Business Class:A classoftransport, usually airline,service betweenfirstand economyclass,i.e.,less

expensivethantheformerand morecomfortablethanthe

latter, withvariousspecialamenities. AlsoknownasClub

Class on someairlines.

Economy Class:thecheapestcategoryofseatona

plane. Also calledtourist class

TRAVEL TERMS:


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Cancellation ismaking void something thathas been

agreed orplanned. Hencecancellation charge is charge

to be paid when a booking is cancelled; Cancellationclause (clause in a contract giving termson whichthe

contractmay becancelled)

Cancellation rate: Proportion ofall bookingscancelled.

Change Fee: Chargelevied onmaking amaterialchangeinaconcluded arrangementsuchasanalready

purchased airfareticket.

Confirmation Code: Therearetwocodesused inthe

processoftourbooking. Oneisthetracking code,the

otherisconfirmationcode. Tracking codeisused beforeconfirming the booking. Whenthe guestconfirmsallthe

tourwith payment,aconfirmationcodeis provided and

also beinformed toeachlocalofficeorhotel.


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Connecting flight/Train: Thesubsequentflightortrain

servicethat willcontinuethe passengers journeytothe

next destination. Inairtransport,amaximumtime

betweenconnecting flightsissometimeslaid downin

orderto preventtheabuseofrulesrelating tostopovers.A

passengermayneed tocheck-inagain, before joining aconnecting flight.

Connecting Time: Whereitistheminimumspecified time

to beallowed fora passenger betweenarrivalonone

flightand departureonaconnecting flight. Thetimevaries

betweenairports, domesticand internationalflights,and

according toothercircumstances


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Frequent Flier Program:Somebody whofliesoften withthesamecompany,and so getsspecialtreatmentis

called frequentflyer. Promotional programs,alsoknown

asloyalty schemes, typicallytargeted at business

travelersand operated bycarriers,hoteland carhireas

wellasothercompanies,in whichthefrequent (loyal)userofthecompanysservicesearnsfreeordiscounted travel,

hotelstaysorotherbenefits.Some programsare

operated byasinglecompany,others jointly bytwoor

morecompanies,e.g.,anairlineand ahotel.


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Direct Flight:A flight betweentwo points with

orwithoutstopsonthesameaircraft

Duplicate Booking: Twoormorereservations

ofahotelroomorpassengerseatforthesamepersonforthesamenightor journey whenonly

one will beused. Alsocalled double booking


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Electronic ticketing: Firstintroduced bylow-cost US

domesticairlinesintheearly 1990s,electronicticketing

wasextended tointernationalflights bythemid 1990s.

Commonlyoperated withcardsissued byairlines, which

enable passengersto bookaflight bytelephoneorthroughtravelagentsand obtaina boarding passfroma

machineattheairport,having paid withacreditcard.

Equipment: Machinery and furniturerequired tomakeafactoryoroffice work ComputerReservationSystem

equipment


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Estimated Flying Time: Amountoftimerrequired by

anaircrafttoreachthe destinationfromtheorigin

point.

Estimated timeofarrival: The time whenanaircraft,a

coachora group oftouristsisexpected toarrive.ETA

Estimated time of departure: ETD: Thetime whenanaircraft,acoachora group oftouristsisexpected

toleave.


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Excursion: ashortvisit,oftennolongerthanone day,

returning tothe placefrom whichyouleft

Excursion fare:AIR TRAVEL aspecialcheap fare

offered on particular journeys,orthelowestairfareona

domesticroute.

Fare Rules: Fareisthe Generictermforthe price

charged byacarrierand thecostofaticketfortravel by

publictransport.

Differentcountrieshave differentcurrencies,tohavea

commonfareastandard unitoffareshave been derived

fromeachofthelocalcurrencies. Thisiscalled Neutral

UnitofConstructionorNUC. Variousrulesthatneed to be

followed forconversionofthelocalcurrencyto NUC are

the Fare Rules.


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Instant Purchase Fare: Theticket whichone purchasesoverthecounterbefore boarding aflight.IPEX: an

excursionfareticket whichis purchased overthecounter

before boarding aflight.

Non-refundable tickets: Tickets whichare purchased a

littlecheaperontheconditionthatifinanycaseofchange

ofthe plansthere will benorefunding oftheticket

cancelled.

Layover:Scheduled interruptionofa journey, usuallyovernight, whichmay beatthe passengersrequestor

necessary,e.g.,intheabsenceofconnecting services.

Also called stopover.Sametermsapplytocrews,

especiallyairlinecrewsonlong haul flights.


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Minimum Stay: Touristsminimumnumberofdaysstayatany

destination. Fore.g. Twonightsand three days.

Multi leg Trip: Traveling fromlocation 1 tolocation 2,and then

fromlocation 2 tolocation 3,thenusually backtotheoriginal

departurelocation.

Multi Airport City: A city whichhasmorethanoneairports.

Airportcongestionand many passengers going onboard force

theauthoritiestoopenup anew airportinthecity. London,

Bangkok, Hong Kong

A multi-airportsystemisthesetofairportsthatservetheairline

trafficofametropolitanarea. Themulti-airportsystemfor

London,forexample,includes -- among others itsmajor

airports: London/Heathrow, London/Gatwickand

London/Stansted

TRAVEL TERMS:


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Incentive travel/tourism: Travel byemployees,dealersoragents,often withspouses, paid byafirm

asareward forachieving salesorothertargets,for

outstanding performance,orasastimulustofuture

attainment.Specialist businessesknownasincentive companies

existtoorganizeincentive travel programmes for

clients,and manyairlinesofferdiscounted fares

knownasincentive fares forincentive groups.

Incentive Group: Thetargeted group which willavail

incentives provided.

TRAVEL TERMS:


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Proof of Identity: A governmentauthorizedissuance whichconfirmsyouridentity. Eg

Passport, PAN card

Regional Carriers:A carrier serving aregion,whichmay beanarea withinacountryora

globalregion.

Revalidation sticker:Anamendmentattached totheflightcoupon ofanairline

ticket,showing achangesuchaschangeof

flightmadetotheoriginalreservation.

TRAVEL TERMS:


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Visa: Authorization bythe government,normallyentered inthepassport,toallow analien toenterthecountry (entry visa)oraresident toleavethecountry (exit visa),orinsomecasesaresidenttravelling abroad onanalien passporttore-enter

(resident return visa). Entryvisasmay beofvarying validity,singleor

multipleentry,and classified according tothepurposeofentry,e.g.,tourist, business,transit.

Exitvisasarelesscommonand arenormallyissuedforasingleexit (and re-entryifapplicable). Entryvisasarealsoknowninsomecountries, particularlyin Centraland South America,asatourist card.


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Hub and spoke system

Hub and spoke system:A networkofairlineroutesthrougha

majorairport (hub)used asastaging pointforfeederservicesto

and fromoutlying airports (thespokes).

Thisapproachisconducivetohigherload factorsthanthe

provisionofdirectservices betweenalargenumberofairports,and

appliesalsotoothertransportmodes. Its greatlyincreasedincidenceinairtransportisoneofthemainoutcomestoemerge

fromairline deregulationinthe USA and fromtheliberalizationof

competitiononinternationalroutes.

Inthe USA forexample,ifyouliveinasmalltown,and wanttofly

to Londonyou'llfirstcatcha planetoa big city beforecatching aplaneto London

E.g Smalltown--NYC--London

Smalltown-NYC isthespokeflight

NYC isthehub withconnections worldwide


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TRAVEL TERMS:

Doubtsand clarification


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Travel Agency / Tour Operator

Terms Agency appointment : Authorizationofatravelagent

bya principalorbyaconferencetorepresentthemandselltheirservices.

A fullfledged agency would normallyhold anumberofappointmentsofindividualcompanies,as wellasappointmentssuchas bythe International AirTransport

Association (IATA);thelatterenablestheagencytoholdinternationalairticketstocksof IATA membersand avalidationstamp,and receiveacommissiononsales.


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Terms

Agency representative: Theretailtravelagent who

representsthe Principal. Itis provided withan

identificationcodecalled the Agencycode bya principal

when granted accreditation.

Agency agreement: A contract betweenanagent (such

astravelagent)and principal (suchashotel,transportor

touroperator)setting outthetermsand conditionsforthe

transactionofbusiness bytheagent withand on behalfof

the principal.


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T l A / T O t


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Terms

Domestic Escorted Tour:(DET)Americantermforaninclusivetourwithacourierwithin

onesowncountry.

Domestic independent tour(DIT):American

termforanunescorted trip itinerary within

onesowncountry prepared byatravelagent

foranindependenttraveller.

T l A / T O t


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Terms

Fam Trip: Trip commonlyarranged bytourist boardsand similarorganizationsfor journalists,touroperatorsand travelagentsin

generating areastovisit destinationsand to becomeacquainted

withtheirattractions,facilitiesand services. Thesetrips, popularly

knownasfam trips, may be viewedas partofsales promotionand

asoneofthefacilitationtechniquesused bytourismorganizationstoassistthetourismindustry.

Theyalsohavea publicrelationsrolein providing opportunitiesfor

influencing communicationand distributionchannelsfortraveland

tourist productsand throughthemultimately potentialcustomers.

Theyarealsoreferred toaseducational trips or educationals, and

as agencytours

T l A / T O t


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Terms

Foreign Independent Travel:(FIT)Americantermforanunescorted trip itineraryabroad prepared byatravelagentforthe

independenttraveller.

Group Inclusive Tour: (GIT)Aninclusivetourformembersofan

organized group qualifying fora group-based airfareoffered by

scheduled airlines;themembersmusttraveltogetheronthesame

outward and returnflights.

Ground Arrangements: Localservices provided fortouristsatdestinations,suchashoteltransfers,carhire (rental)and

sightseeing, bya personororganizationvariouslyknownas

ground operator, groundhandling agent, incomingtouroperator

and destination management company. In USA, also called land

arrangements.

T l A / T O t


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Terms

Ground Operator: A personororganization providing

localservicesfortouristsat destinations,suchashotel

transfers,carhire (rental)and sightseeing,alsoknownas

inbound touroperator,ground operator, groundhandling

agent and destination management company

Inclusive Tour: (IT) A packageoftransport,

accommodationand possiblyothertravelservicessuch

assightseeing,sold asaholiday (vacation)foran

inclusive price, whichisusuallysignificantlylowerthan

could beobtained bythecustomer booking theindividual

elementsseparately.


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Override Commission: Additionalcommission paid bya

principal (suchasanairlineortouroperator)toatravel

agentincertaincircumstances,e.g.,asa bonusor

incentive.

Thetermisalsoused to describethecommission

allowed bya principaltoaGeneral Sales Agent (GSA)

inrespectofbookingsoriginated byanordinarytravel

agent,the GSA acting asamiddleman betweenthe

principaland the travelagent.


Terms

T l A / T O t


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Convention Tours: A largemeeting orassemblycommonlyso described inthe USA, whenreferring toan

associationmeeting held onanannual basis, whilst

conference or congress is moreoftenused elsewhere.

Pre/Post Conventiontoursarearranged forthe delegatesattending thesemeetings beforeoraftertheconvention.

Special Interest Tour: A generictermforholidays

(vacations)forpeople with particularinterests,suchas

arts,education,varioushobbies,sportsand outdooractivities.

Thesearesomeofthefastest growing segmentsof

tourism, withmanyspecialist providers. (activity

vacations).


Terms

T l A / T O t


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Throwaway:Aniteminaninclusivetour,whichisrarelyused bythecustomer,

included mainlytoqualifyforatour-basing

fare. Thus,e.g.,a personvisiting friendsorrelativesand staying withthemmayfind it

lessexpensiveto buyaninclusivetourand

discard theaccommodationelementthanpaying anyotherfare.


Terms

T l A / T O t


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Tour Conductor:A personemployed byatourorganizerandescorting a group tour, whomayalsoactasa guide. In North

America,thistourguideismorecommonly described astour

conductor, director, leader, ormanager.

Tour Operator & TourWholesaler: A personororganization

buying individualtravelservices (suchastransportationandaccommodation)fromtheirproviders (suchascarriersand hotels)

and combining themintoa packageoftravel

Thetourissold withamark-up tothe public directly,orthrough

intermediaries. Althoughsometimes described asawholesaler

(tour wholesalerin USA),atouroperatoris,infact,amanufactureroftravel products, whoseactivitiesmay becompared tothoseof

others principallyassembling productcomponents,suchasmotor

carmanufacturersor,indeed, book publishers.


Terms


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Travel Agency / Tour Operator Terms

Revision

TourOperator Tour

FIT & GIT

Agencyagreement Convention Tours


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Hotel Terminology

A lacarte: la: French phrasemeaning inthestyleof. A lacarteissomething madeofseveral dishesordered separatelyfroma

menu. A lacartemenu

Airporttransfer:atransportservicetotakepassengersfromanairporttoahotel,conferencecentreorotherpoint,orfromthere backtotheairport


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American Plan:ahotelchargethatincludes

allmealsas wellastheroomcharge.

Checkintime:theactofarriving atthehotel

and registering iscalled checkin. Thetimeat

which passengersshould checkinis Checkin

Time.

Checkouttime: Thetime by whichthe guesthastoleavetheroomofhotel.

Hotel Terminology


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Commercialrates: Specialratesforthe business/frequenttravelers.

Complimentary:Something offered withoutcharge,e.g.,

complimentaryregistration, complimentaryroom. Alsoknownascomp.

Concierge: Frenchterm,incommonuse particularlyinEurope,foramemberofuniformed staffinhotels,variously

responsibleforguestsluggage,the parking oftheircars,provisionofinformationand otherguestservices. Alsoknownashead (hall) porterand in Americaasbell captain.

Hotel Terminology


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Condominium Hotel: Building in whichtheinteriorspaceofaccommodationunitsisowned individuallyand theland andbuilding incommon bytheownersoftheindividualunits.Oftenlocated inresorts and unitsareused asasecondhome. Colloquiallyabbreviated ascondo.

It is a building used as both a condominium and a hotel.

Condohotelsaretypicallyhigh-rise buildings developed andoperated asluxuryhotels,usuallyinmajorcitiesand resortsinthe USand around the world. Thesehotelshave

condominiumunits whichallow someonetoownafull-servicevacationhome. Whentheyarentusing thishome,theycanleveragethemarketing and management done bythehotelchaintorentand managethecondounitasit would anyotherhotelroom

Hotel Terminology: Condominium Hotel


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Covers: Incatering,utensilsarelaid foreachpersonatatable,hencethenumberofcoversinarestaurant denotesitscapacityorthenumberofcustomersserved.

Deluxe:de luxe, "ofluxury" in French. TheterminEnglishhastakenon "exquisiteinqualityanddesign",and isoftenused tolabelspecialeditionproducts. E.g. Deluxe Hotels

Double Occupancy Rate: Perpersonhoteltariff forashared room,commonlyused fororganized tours.

Hotel Terminology


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Economy/ Budget Hotel: Termused to describeinexpensivefacilitiesand services,e.g.,budgethotels,budget fares, budget travel.

ETA / ETD: Estimated TimeofArrival/ Estimated Timeofdeparture

European Plan:(EP) Hotel tariffwhichincludesroomonlyand nomeals.

Family Plan: Plans provided encouraging moreoccupancyofthehotelrooms. Eg. Ifyou wishto booktworooms,theroomforyourchildren will be discounted of50%.

Hotel Terminology


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HalfBoard:hotel tariff, whichincludesroom, breakfastand onemainmeal perday,usually dinner.

Modified American Plan (MAP) demi pension orhalf-boardhoteltariffwhichincludesroom, breakfastand onemainmeal perday,usually dinner.

Occupancy:

Single/Double/Twin

Franchise - noun alicencetotradeusing a brand nameand

paying moneyforit Shehas boug

ht a

hot dog franc

hise. verb toselllicensesforpeopletotradeusing a brand nameand

paying moneyforit

Franchisee : somebody whotradesunderafranchise

Hotel Terminology


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Franchise, FreeSale, HalfBoard, Hotel

Voucher, Modified American Plan,, Over-

booking, Property, Referrals, Retention

Charges,, Tips;GeneralTerms Closeddates, Commission, High/Low/Shoulder

season,


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Hotel Terminology


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Hotel Terminology


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Hotel Terminology


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Hotel Terminology


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Hotel Terminology

Documents

Tourism Introduction Paper I