TOTALITARIANISMTOTALITARIANISM “ “DEMOCRATIC DICTATORSHIP”DEMOCRATIC DICTATORSHIP” “ “A MAN OF THE PEOPLE” A MAN OF THE PEOPLE” ONE PARTY STATEONE PARTY STATE

TECHNOLOGY USED FOR TECHNOLOGY USED FOR CONTROL CONTROL WEAPONS OF REPRESSION, WEAPONS OF REPRESSION, COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

CONTROL OF EDUCATION AND CONTROL OF EDUCATION AND MEDIAMEDIA

TOTALITARIANISMTOTALITARIANISM

NO OPPOSITION – “ENEMIES OF NO OPPOSITION – “ENEMIES OF THE STATE”THE STATE”

IDENTITY POLITICS – VICTIM IDENTITY POLITICS – VICTIM CONSCIOUSNESS CONSCIOUSNESS

POPULAR, MASS POPULAR, MASS ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

20TH CENTURY EXAMPLES:COMMUNISM

FASCISM

The InternationaleThe InternationaleStand up. All victims of Stand up. All victims of

oppressionoppressionFor the tyrants fear your might.For the tyrants fear your might.Don ‘t cling so hard to your Don ‘t cling so hard to your

possessionspossessionsFor you have nothing, if you have For you have nothing, if you have

no rights.no rights.Let racist ignorance be endedLet racist ignorance be endedFor respect makes the empires For respect makes the empires

fall.fall.Freedom is merely privilege Freedom is merely privilege

extendedextendedUnless enjoyed by one and all.Unless enjoyed by one and all.

ChorusChorusSo come brothers and sistersSo come brothers and sistersFor the struggle carries on.For the struggle carries on.The InternationaleThe InternationaleUnites the world in song.Unites the world in song.So comrades come rallySo comrades come rallyFor this is the time and place.For this is the time and place.The international idealThe international idealUnites the human race.Unites the human race.

Let no one build walls to divide usLet no one build walls to divide usWalls of hatred nor walls of stone.Walls of hatred nor walls of stone.Come greet the dawn and stand Come greet the dawn and stand

beside usbeside usWe’ll live together or we’ll die alone.We’ll live together or we’ll die alone.In our world poisoned by exploitationIn our world poisoned by exploitationThose who have taken, now they Those who have taken, now they

must give.must give.And end the vanity of nationsAnd end the vanity of nationsWe’ve but one Earth on which to live.We’ve but one Earth on which to live.And so begins the final dramaAnd so begins the final dramaIn the streets and in the fields.In the streets and in the fields.We stand unbowed before their We stand unbowed before their

armorarmorWe defy their guns and shields.We defy their guns and shields.When we fight, provoked by their When we fight, provoked by their

aggressionaggressionLet us be inspired by life and love.Let us be inspired by life and love.For though they offer us concessions.For though they offer us concessions.Change will not come from above.Change will not come from above.

Billy BraggBilly Bragg

COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM STATE MORE IMPORTANT THAN STATE MORE IMPORTANT THAN

THE INDIVIDUALTHE INDIVIDUAL INSPIRED BY MARX, DEFINED BY INSPIRED BY MARX, DEFINED BY

LENINLENIN HISTORICALLY INEVITABLEHISTORICALLY INEVITABLE ““DICTATORSHIP OF THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE

PROLETARIAT”PROLETARIAT” The appeal of communism: RGH, p. The appeal of communism: RGH, p.

279279 ““I was ripe to be converted. . .the new I was ripe to be converted. . .the new

star of Bethlehem had risen in the star of Bethlehem had risen in the East.”East.”

COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM ROLE/POWER OF THE STATE:

TO CRUSH THE CAPITALISTS TO EDUCATE THE WORKERS TO COMMAND THE ECONOMY TO “WITHER AWAY” A “CLASSLESS SOCIETY”- “FROM

EACH, ACCORDING TO HIS ABILITY, TO EACH, ACCORDING TO HIS NEEDS.””

ANTI-FASCISTANTI-FASCIST ANTI-CAPITALISTANTI-CAPITALIST

RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONSRUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS TWO REVOLUTIONSTWO REVOLUTIONS

IN 1917IN 1917 MARCH -MODERATE NOVEMBER-RADICAL

LED BY LENIN WHO LED BY LENIN WHO SEIZES POWERSEIZES POWER

BOLSHEVIK PARTYBOLSHEVIK PARTY STRONG STRONG

ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION DIVIDED OPPOSITIONDIVIDED OPPOSITION ““PEACE, LAND, PEACE, LAND,

BREAD”BREAD” CIVIL WAR, 1919-1922CIVIL WAR, 1919-1922 LENIN DIES, 1924LENIN DIES, 1924

STALIN 1925-1953STALIN 1925-1953 ““SOCIALISM IN ONE SOCIALISM IN ONE

COUNTRY”COUNTRY” FIVE-YEAR PLANS OF RAPID FIVE-YEAR PLANS OF RAPID

INDUSTRIALISMINDUSTRIALISM COLLECTIVIZATION OF COLLECTIVIZATION OF

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE ““CULT OF THE CULT OF THE

PERSONALITY”PERSONALITY” GULAGS – PURGES OF ALL GULAGS – PURGES OF ALL

OPPOSITIONOPPOSITION SECRET POLICESECRET POLICE

FASCISMFASCISM

MUSSOLINI OF ITALY (RGH, p. 281)MUSSOLINI OF ITALY (RGH, p. 281) ““This will be the century of authority. . .the This will be the century of authority. . .the

century of the state”century of the state” Definition of Fascism:Definition of Fascism:

An intensely nationalistic, (racialist), An intensely nationalistic, (racialist), militarist and imperialist dictatorship militarist and imperialist dictatorship based on charismatic leadership based on based on charismatic leadership based on absolute obedience, coercion, repression absolute obedience, coercion, repression of all opposition, and a strict of all opposition, and a strict subordination of the individual to the subordination of the individual to the state. state.

Explaining HitlerExplaining Hitler Victim – Jew, abusedVictim – Jew, abused Loser – failed artist, Loser – failed artist,

WWIWWI Insane, MadmanInsane, Madman DiseasedDiseased PsychopathPsychopath ““the Hitler within”the Hitler within” Master of irrational Master of irrational

psychological forcespsychological forces

The sexual The sexual deviantdeviant

Evil incarnateEvil incarnate Political CriminalPolitical Criminal Counterfeiter Counterfeiter

(Phony)(Phony) OpportunistOpportunist Eliminationist Eliminationist

Anti-SemiteAnti-Semite Political geniusPolitical genius

How does Hitler come to How does Hitler come to power?power?

NAZI VOTE IN ELECTIONS

May 1928 3%Sept. 1930 18%

July 1932 37% Nov. 1932 33%

(lost 2 million voters)

Mar. 1933 43%(no effective opposition)

So, the Nazis never won amajority in any national election

The Catholic Center party and theSocial Democrats kept their voters throughout.

40% of those who joined the party between 1925 and 1933eventually left.

“He came in on catpaws.”

Hitler and the JewsHitler and the JewsThen I came to Vienna. . .Then I came to Vienna. . .Once, as I was strolling through the Inner City, I Once, as I was strolling through the Inner City, I suddenly encountered an apparition in a black caftan suddenly encountered an apparition in a black caftan and black hair locks. Is this a Jew? Was my first and black hair locks. Is this a Jew? Was my first thought.thought.For, to be sure, they had not loked like that in Linz. I For, to be sure, they had not loked like that in Linz. I observed the man furtively and cautiously, but the observed the man furtively and cautiously, but the longer I stared at this foreign face, scrutinizing feature longer I stared at this foreign face, scrutinizing feature for feature, the more my first questions assumed a new for feature, the more my first questions assumed a new form: form: Is this a German?Is this a German?As always, in such cases, I now began to try to relieve my As always, in such cases, I now began to try to relieve my doubts by books. For a few hellers I bought the first doubts by books. For a few hellers I bought the first anti-Semitic pamplets of my life. . .anti-Semitic pamplets of my life. . .I could no longer very well doubt that the objects of my I could no longer very well doubt that the objects of my study were not Germans of a special religion, but a study were not Germans of a special religion, but a people in themselves.”people in themselves.”

From From Mein KampfMein Kampf

The Seven Elements of the The Seven Elements of the Hitler MythHitler Myth

the embodiment the embodiment of law and orderof law and order

represents the represents the national interestnational interest

the architect of the architect of the German the German “miracle”“miracle”

a moderate a moderate against against extremists extremists

commitment commitment against the against the “enemies of the “enemies of the people”people”

the statesman, the statesman, the man of peacethe man of peace

the military the military geniusgenius

How Does Hitler Come to How Does Hitler Come to Power?Power?

Depression Depression Technicalities Technicalities

““He came in on catpaws”He came in on catpaws” Weimar Republic weakWeimar Republic weak Personal Traits-Personal Traits-

charisma, “a messiah”charisma, “a messiah” ““November Crime”-November Crime”-

Ger. loss in WWIGer. loss in WWI VersaillesVersailles Vision of a new Vision of a new

GermanyGermany

Communists – Communists – Reichstag fireReichstag fire

The “Big Lie”-The “Big Lie”-PropagandaPropaganda

““if only the Fuhrer if only the Fuhrer knew about that”knew about that”

Foreign Recognition Foreign Recognition and Appeasementand Appeasement““The George The George

Washington of Washington of Germany” Germany”

Lloyd George of Br.Lloyd George of Br.

Genius

Dictionary Definition – “exceptional intellectual and creative power, or one who possesses such power.”

Which of the following constitutes genius?

1.holding absolute power.2.having the power of life or death over millions.3. purging the country of those considered inferior, either physically, mentally, racially, or politically.4.betraying those that supported you on your way to the top.5.blaming your problems on others.6.being a charismatic speaker.7.understanding the psyche of the people.8.losing World War II.9.leaving a legacy of shame for the German people.10. pursing a single-minded ideology of hatred and violence.

I DIDN’T SPEAK UP

“IN GERMANY, THE NAZIS FIRST CAME FOR THE COMMUNISTS, AND I DIDN’T SPEAK UP BECAUSE I WASN’T A COMMUNIST. THEN THEY CAME FOR THE JEWS, BUT I DIDN’T SPEAK UP BECAUSE I WASN’T A JEW. THEN THEY CAME FOR THE TRADE UNIONISTS, AND I DIDN’T SPEAK UP BECAUSE I WASN’T A TRADE UNIONIST. THEN THEY CAME FOR THE CATHOLICS, BUT I DIDN‘T SPEAK UP BECAUSE I WAS A PROTESTANT. THEN THEY CAME FOR ME, AND BY THAT TIME, THERE WAS NO ONE LEFT TO SPEAK FOR ME.”

REV. MARTIN NIEMOELLER, GERMAN LUTHERAN PASTOR, ARRESTED BY THE GESTAPO AND SENT

TO DACHAU IN 1938, FREED IN 1945

The Interwar Period The Interwar Period 1919-19391919-1939

Post-WWI Problems:Post-WWI Problems: League of Nations—collective securityLeague of Nations—collective security Reparations and war debtsReparations and war debts Spread of dictatorshipSpread of dictatorship

The Illusion of SecurityThe Illusion of Security DisarmamentDisarmament Peace agreements (Locarno; Kellogg-Peace agreements (Locarno; Kellogg-

Briand)Briand)

The Depression—the world goes crazy

Global Interdependence

United States

Germany

France

Britain

Japan

Loans, InvestmentReparations

War Debts

Trade

International AggressionInternational Aggression

Japan—war in China, 1931-37+Japan—war in China, 1931-37+

Italy—Ethiopia, 1935-37Italy—Ethiopia, 1935-37

Spanish Civil War, 1936-39: Rome-Spanish Civil War, 1936-39: Rome-Berlin AxisBerlin Axis

Germany under HitlerGermany under Hitler

Two policies: nationalism, revise Two policies: nationalism, revise VersaillesVersailles

RearmamentRearmament

Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936

Hossbach minutes, 1937: lebensraum, Hossbach minutes, 1937: lebensraum, warwar

Anschluss with Austria, 1938Anschluss with Austria, 1938

Appeasement policy—Appeasement policy—definitiondefinition

Rationale:Rationale: a. a. b. b. c.c. d. d.

AssessmentAssessment

The Munich Pact, 1938The Munich Pact, 1938

Surrender of the SudetenlandSurrender of the Sudetenland

““Peace in our time”—ChamberlainPeace in our time”—Chamberlain

Germany seizes rest of Czech., Germany seizes rest of Czech., March 1939March 1939

Pressure on Poland and the end of Pressure on Poland and the end of appeasement appeasement

The View from RussiaThe View from Russia

Stalin’s suspicionsStalin’s suspicions

The Nazi-Soviet Pact, August The Nazi-Soviet Pact, August 19391939