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Total Instructional Alignment
Defining, Designing, and Aligning Educational Systems for Learning
Presented by
Lisa Carter
Meaningful Change
Makes a difference and has a positive impact on student learning.
1. Knowledge
2. Conditions of support
The Work of Professional Learning Communities and TIA
• What is that we want our students to learn?
• How will we know they have learned and learned well?
• How will we respond to those students who have not learned?
• How will we challenge those that have learned?
Total Instructional Alignment
Ten Common Myths
1. Curriculum Alignment and Instructional Alignment are synonyms.
2. Instructional Alignment is encouraging teachers to “teach the test.”
3. If we hold our breath, this accountability thing will go away.
4. Innovations, in and of themselves, can improve resultson student assessments.
5. Standards and expectations are synonyms.
6. Standards stifle creativity.
7. The new mission of schools, compulsory “learning for all”, can be delivered in the old system of compulsory “attendance for all!”
8. Give them the standards and teachers will figure it all out.
9. A school or school district can “do” Instructional Alignment during a summer workshop.
10. The textbook is my curriculum.
Deep Understanding 1
Total Instructional Alignment ensures equity in learning opportunities for all students through alignment of standards, curriculum, assessment, and instruction.
It is making sure that what we are teaching, what we are assessing, and how we are teaching are congruent.
What Is Total Instructional Alignment?
The Three Domains of Total Instructional Alignment
Alignment of the system
Alignment of standards, curriculum and assessment
Alignment of instructional practice
Alignment of the InstructionalDelivery System
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1211109 9 9 9 9 98765432 1 1 1 1 1 1 k
Alignment of the System Through Horizontal Structures
Planning Agenda
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Alignment of the System Through Vertical Structures
Planning Agenda 75
100
100
Deep Understanding 2
Alignment of time structures through flexible scheduling and grouping practices ensures students the opportunity to learn based on their unique learning clocks.
What Do We Know?
1. Time affects learning.
2. Schools were never designed to teach all children.
The Research of John Carroll
Aptitude =
Degree of learning =
Time spentTime needed
What Affects Time Spent?
• Perseverance
• Attention span
• Opportunity structures
What Affects Time Needed?
• Aptitude
• Prior knowledge
• Quality of instruction
What We Know
Students come to us with a variance ofknowledge and skill level.
Students learn at different rates.
Learning is an incremental process.
What We Do
Group students for instruction based on chronological age.
Give all students the same amount of time to learn the same amount of content.
First GradeAlgebra 1English I
Second GradeAlgebra 2English II
Alignment of the System
Content
Timexx
xx
xx
xx
xJoey
Sam
MaryKim
Rodney
Miguel
Kathy
Tia
Jane
Norm
x
The School of Horace Mann
The School of Horace Mann
•Over 100 years old
•Built around the agrarian calendar
•Modeled after the factory
•One size fits all
The Four Circles of Time
Actual School Time
Academic Time
Engaged-Learning Time
Extended School Time
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
The Dog Test
All = School Independent and
School Dependent Students
I C
E
InstructionCurriculumEvaluation
I
E
C
Total Instructional Alignment
InstructionCurriculumEvaluation
Any innovation you bring into the classroom or school to improve outcomes on student assessments presumes that there is already alignment of the intended (curriculum), taught (instruction), and tested (evaluation) objectives. The innovation itself will not improve outcomes if alignment does not exist.
Drilling Deeper: TIA Tools and Processes
In order to successfully align instruction, teachers need tools, processes, time, materials, resources, and support!
Effective Implementation of TIA: Tools and Processes
Essential Alignment Tools
• The congruence matrix
• Standards-based/objective-based instruction
• Higher-order thinking
• Task analysis to determine essential knowledge and skills
• Effective ongoing assessment
• Quality instructional strategies
Standard Benchmark Criterion- or SLE Referenced Test
Norm-Referenced
Test Other
The Congruence MatrixOne Grade Level or Subject Area
Standards-Based/Objective-Based Instruction
Higher-Order Thinking
RememberUnderstandApplyAnalyzeEvaluate Create
(Revised Blooms’ Taxonomy)
1 2
34
Constructing Learning Objectives – Z Chart
Level of Thinking
Doing - Verb
Unit or Strand
Specific Content
General
Specific
Behavior Learning
Objective:The learner will demonstrate a knowledge of mammals by listing three characteristics of mammals.
remember
listing
Mammals
Three characteristicsof a mammal
1 2
34
Constructing Learning Objectives
Level of Thinking
Doing - Verb
Unit or Strand
Specific Content
Objective:The learner will demonstrate a knowledge of mammals by listing three characteristics of mammals.
understand Mammals
Three characteristicsof a mammal
1 2
34
Constructing Learning Objectives
Level of Thinking
Doing - Verb
Unit or Strand
Specific Content
Objective:The learner will demonstrate a knowledge of mammals by listing three characteristics of mammals.
apply Mammals
Three characteristicsof a mammal
1 2
34
Constructing Learning Objectives
Level of Thinking
Doing - Verb
Unit or Strand
Specific Content
Objective:The learner will demonstrate a knowledge of mammals by listing three characteristics of mammals.
analyze Mammals
Three characteristicsof a mammal
1 2
34
Constructing Learning Objectives
Level of Thinking
Doing - Verb
Unit or Strand
Specific Content
Objective:The learner will demonstrate a knowledge of mammals by listing three characteristics of mammals.
evaluate Mammals
Three characteristicsof a mammal
1 2
34
Constructing Learning Objectives
Level of Thinking
Doing - Verb
Unit or Strand
Specific Content
Objective:The learner will demonstrate a knowledge of mammals by listing three characteristics of mammals.
create Mammals
Three characteristicsof a mammal
1 2
34
Constructing Learning Objectives
Level of Thinking
Doing - Verb
Unit or Strand
Specific Content
Behavioral Objectivesdesign a well-balanced meal.•label the parts of a cell.•compare any two fractions using >,< or =.•justify the actions of a story character.•create a model of the solar system.•explain three causes of the Civil War.•solve ten addition problems (two digits added to two digits with regrouping).•distinguish between obedience and conformation in the judging of dogs.
1 2
3 4
Task Analysis
Formulate the objective
Clarify the objective
Identify all essential learnings
Sequence in the order of simple to complex
Task Analysis
• The learner will use correct form to swim freestyle without assistance a distance of 50 yards across the pool.
U.S. History
The learner will interpret economic, social, and political trends of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Advanced Math
The learner will find the zeroes, vertical asymptotes, and horizontal asymptotes of a basic function or a rational function through analysis of the polynomials in the numerator and denominator and sketch the graph of a rational function labeling the horizontal and vertical asymptotes and the x- and y- intercepts.
.
English II
The learner will write a literary analysis to show understanding of repetition, mood/tone, maxims, anecdotes, and figurative language in Chinese and Japanese poetry.
Primary Math
The learner will tell time to the hour, half hour, and quarter hour.
Goal 2: The learner will use relations and functions to solve problems.
2.01 Use functions (polynomial, power, rational, exponential, logarithmic, logistic, piecewise-defined, and greatest integer) to model and solve problem; justify results
THE LEARNER WILL: Graph and state the domain and range of the following
functions: constant, linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic, rational, radical, square root, absolute value, semicircle, cube root, greatest integer, piecewise, exponential, natural exponential, logarithmic, and natural logarithmic.
P.2, 1.2, 2.2, 2.3, 2.7, 3.1, 3.2
a.) Solve using graphs and algebraic properties.
Solve polynomial equations and inequalities both algebraically and graphically
Solve rational equations and inequalities both algebraically and graphically.
Solve exponential equations algebraically and graphically. Solve logarithmic equations algebraically and graphically. Write polynomial functions to model real world data. Write rational, exponential, and logarithmic functions to model
real world data (exponential growth and decay, logistic growth).
P.4, P.5, Graphics Calculator P.4, P.5, Graphics Calculator 3.4, Graphics Calculator 3.4, Graphics Calculator P.4, P.5, 3.4, 3.5 P.4, P.5, 3.4, 3.5
b.) Interpret the constants, coefficients, and bases in the context of the problem.
Illustrate the following transformations for functions: y = cf(x), y = f(cx), y = f(x – c), y = f(x) + c
Illustrate the following reflections for functions: y = -f(x), y = f(-x), y = -f(-x), y = |ƒ(x) | , y = f( | x | )
Analyze complex polynomial functions by determining f(x) = 0, f(x) < 0, f(x) > 0 to sketch the function.
Identify the domain, range, intercepts, and symmetry both graphically and analytically of functions using interval notation where appropriate.
Determine intervals of increasing/decreasing functions and determine local extrema using a graphing utility.
Evaluate functions numerically, analytically, and graphically (include difference quotient).
1.3, Graphics Calculator 1.3, Graphics Calculator 2.2, Graphics Calculator 2.2, 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, 1.2, Graphics Calculator 1.2, Graphics Calculator 1.1, Graphics Calculator
Task Analysis: Pre-Calculus
©Lisa Carter 2007. www.solution-tree.com Reproducible.
MA-05-1.1.3 Students will compare (<, >, =) and order whole numbers (0 to 99,999,999), fractions, and decimals, and explain the relationships (equivalence, order) between and among them.
Compare positive and negative integers using greater than, less than, and equal to
Use a number line to locate positive and negative numbers
Order numbers up to a billion Express equivalencies between fractions, decimals, and
whole numbers Recognize equivalent fractions Express fractions in lowest terms Compare with like and unlike denominators
MA-05-1.2.1 Students will apply and describe appropriate strategies for estimating quantities of objects and computational results in real-world situations.
Estimate products and quotients Estimate sums and differences Use rounding to estimate Estimate decimal sums, differences, and products Use estimation to add and subtract fractions and mixed
numbers Estimate using orders of magnitude Estimate using number sense
MA-05-1.3.1 Students will analyze real-world situations to identify the appropriate mathematical operations, and will apply operations to solve real-world problems with the following constraints:
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers (less than 100,000,000);
Add and subtract fractions with the like denominators through 16, with sums less than or equal to one; and
Add and subtract decimals through hundredths.
Represent multiplication as an array Use order of operations, including parentheses, to
simplify numerical expressions Multiply four-digit numbers by four-digit numbers Divide four-digit numbers by two-digit numbers Add and subtract positive and negative integers Add and subtract decimals Solve multiplication and division story problems Solve two-step story problems Solve equations involving multiplication and division Solve problems with more than one operations
Task Analysis: Mathematics Grade 5
©Lisa Carter 2007. www.solution-tree.com. Reproducible
AR Department of Education
CONTENT STANDARD/ Student Learning Expectations (SLE)
Objective Task Analysis Essential Vocabulary
Strand: Number and Operations
Standard 1-Number Sense:
Students shall understand numbers, ways of representing numbers,
relationships among numbers and number systems.
NO.1.8.1 Read, write, compare, and solve problems, with and without
appropriate technology, including numbers less than 1 in scientific
notation.
Restate in writing, compare, and
solve problems, with and without
appropriate technology,
including numbers less than 1 in scientific notation.
Use patterns of exponents to evaluate zero and negative exponents
Use the properties of exponents to
simplify expressions
Convert from written form to standard form
Convert from standard form to
scientific notation, with and without technology
Convert from scientific notation to standard form, with and without
technology
Compare numbers in scientific notation
Identify operations to use to solve problems.
Compute with scientific notation
Scientific notation
Exponent
Power
Base
Northwest Arkansas Instructional Alignment Mathematics Grade 8
©Lisa Carter 2007. www.solution-tree.com Reproducible.
The Role of Formative Assessment
Learn and Adjust Based on Data
Deep Understanding 3
Designing appropriate remediation and enrichment opportunities aligned to individual student needs ensures student learning success.
Effective Schools Are Data Driven and Results Oriented
Definition
In the effective school, student academic progress is measured frequently using a variety of assessment procedures. The results of the assessments are used to improve individual student performance and to improve the overall instructional program
First generation
Teachers monitor student progress
Second generation
Students monitor their own progress
Two Ways to View Assessment
A tool to assist in the sort and select mission of the school.
A tool that helps us gain invaluable information about student learning and allows us to make better instructional decisions.
Traditional Classroom Instruction
. . .
50-60%
40-50%
30-40%
10-20%
Test or quizRecord Grade
F’s D’s C’s B’s A’s
. . .
80-90%
80-90%
80-90%
80-90%
Formative Test F’s D’s C’s B’s A’s
Second TestCorrective or Enrichment Dr. Thomas Guskey
Implementing Mastery Learning
The Mastery Learning Model
Unit 1 Test ACorrective
Lesson
Unit 2
Test B
EnrichmentLesson
Dr. Thomas GuskeyImplementing Mastery Learning
The Leadership Factor
Contact Information
Lisa Carter
3628 Lakeshore Drive
Hope Mills, NC 28348
910.424.3004
910.987.1234 (cell)
www.TotalInstructionalAlignment.com