Topic A_2. Struggle for Independence

8/2/2019 Topic A_2. Struggle for Independence

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A_2: THE STRUGGLE FORINDEPENDENCE

Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese ruledMalaya for 446 years (1511 ~ 1957)

Struggle for independence can be divided into

two stages: the armed or ‘bloody’ stage

struggle without bloodshed



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Sultan Mahmud war against the

Portuguese



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The Armed Struggle Against theColonists

1. Naning – Dol Said (1831-32)2. Selangor – Raja Mahadi (1874)3. Perak – Dato Maharaja Lela (1875)4. N. Sembilan – Tengku Antah (1875)

5. Pahang – Tok Gajah, Dato Bahaman (1891-95)6. Sarawak – Sharif Masahor (1853-60), Rentap

(1853-60), Banting 1893-1920s)7. Sabah – Mat Salleh (1894-1900), Antanum (1915)8. Kelantan – Haji Wan Hassan (Tok Janggut) (1915)9. Terenganu – Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong (1922-

1928)10. Malaya – (1941-45) against the Japanese e.g. by

MPAJA and the Malay Regiment



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Dol Said against the British





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Pahang(1891-95)

Dato’ Bahaman





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Sarawak(1853-60)

Rentap(Libau)



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Sabah(1894-1900)

Mat Salleh



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Kelantan(1915)

Tok Janggut



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A monument - Tok Janggut beside SungaiSemarak, Pasir Puteh.



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MPAJA



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The Struggle for Nationalism :2nd Phase

Organizations

mass media

External influence –

The emergence of Malay intellectuals



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Period between Japanese Surrender

in August 1945 – 1st April 1946

2nd World Was ended – August 1945

Before the return of the British to Malaya the MalayanCommunist Party (MCP) took over the government in

Malaya for a few weeks – situation chaotic. The British returned to Malaya in September 1945.

To restore peace, the British Military Administration-BMA was established.

The military system of administration did not last andthe British proposed a new system of administrationknown as the Malayan Union.



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Malayan Union Flag



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Malayan Union

Formed on 1 April 1946.

Edward Gent was the first Governor.FEATURES: Made up of 9 Malay states, Penang and

Malacca. Singapore is left out in the Malayan

Union. Headed by the British Governor. The Governor was the chief administrator,

with his office in KL. An Executive and a

Legislative Council assist the Governor. The Malay rulers only advised the Governor

on issues pertaining to Islam only.



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Citizenship was based on the principle of jus soli.

Equal rights for all citizens, including intogovernment posts and right to vote.



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British

Governor

ExecutiveCouncil

LegislativeCouncil

(Chief administrator.

Based in Kuala

Lumpur )

The Structure of Government in

the Malayan Union



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Sir Edward Gent :1st Governor of

Malayan Union

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sir_edward_gent.jpg





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•Singapore remained as a British

colonial territory.•Under the rule of a British

Governor General.



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The Malayan Council of Rulers



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Equal rights for all citizen

regardless of race and origin



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MALAYAN UNION



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The Failure of the Malayan Union

1. Opposition from the Malays –

a) the granting of citizenship to the non-Malays

b) erosion of Malay rulers’ power and sovereignty

c) MacMichael’s threats in getting the rulers to signthe agreement

2. No strong support from the non-Malays.

3. Wrong timing.

4. Wrong introduction.5. Opposition from former British administrators



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R.O. Winstedt



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Frank Swettenham:1st Res-Gen of FMS 1896 -1901

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GovernorSwettenham.jpg



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Statute of F. Swettenham in the

compound of the National Museum,KL




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:StatueFrankSwettenhamKualaLumpur.jpg



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Tower Bridge, London

.







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Sir Harold Mac Michael









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United Malay National Organization(UMNO)

d

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Onn_jaafar.jpg




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:UMNO_(Malaysia)_logo.svg




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Dato’ Onn; going around to get Malay

support against the Malayan Union






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Malays Opposing the Malayan Union





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Opposition from the Malays







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Federation of Malaya

* Replaced the Malayan Union.

* Formed on 1 Feb. 1948.

Working committee members consisted of

• 6 British Officers

• 4 representatives of the Malay rulers

• 2 UMNO represntatives

F t f th F d ti f
















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Features of the Federation ofMalaya, 19481. Comprised 9 Malay states, Penang and Malacca.

2. Singapore excluded, it remained a Britishcolony.

3. British High Commissioner was the head.

4. The Legislative and Federal Executive councilassisted the High Commissioner

5. Malay rulers were given more rights in theirstates.

6. Malacca and Penang came under a ResidentCommissioner.

7. Conditions for citizenship became more strict.

8. Special rights for the Malays.


























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The Move towards Independence

1. 1949, Inter-Ethnic Relations Committee

2. 1951, Member System .

3. Formation of political parties: Alliance

(UMNO, MCA, MIC), PAS, AWAS, API,PKMM, IMP, PARTI NEGARA.













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UMNO formed in 1st May 1946

Dato Onn Jaafar – 1st President












http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:UMNO_(Malaysia)_logo.svg



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Malayan Chinese Association








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Malayan Indian Congress – founded inAugust 1946







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Malaysian_Indian_Congress_logo.png





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The General Elections1. first general election held on 27 July 1955

throughout Malaya.

2. Parties that contested were: Alliance (UMNO,MCA, MIC), PAS, Parti Negara, Labour Party and

People’s Progressive Party. 3. The Alliance Party won 51 out of the 52 seats

contested.

4. Member System changed to the System of Ministers and Tunku Abdul Rahman was

appointed the first Chief Minister of Malaya.

L b P (



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Labour Party ( active between 1952 to 1969, identified

itself as a non-communal party and considered that the Alliance

government represented capitalist and feudal groups)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Labour_Party_of_Malaya_logo.png



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Parti Negara (National Party)

Malay-based political party, formed by formerleaders of the Independence of Malaya Party in1953, and formally launched in February 1954.Its founder was Dato Sir Onn Jaafar, the firstpresident of the United Malays National

Organisation (UMNO), after Onn lost an internalpower struggle. The party, which was constitutionally multi-

ethnic, sought to create a niche for itself as athird force in the late fifties and early sixties but

it failed miserably. The party did not gain significant support within

the Malay community, and was derided by theUMNO-led Alliance .

With the death of Onn in 1962, Parti Negara

eventually died a natural political demise.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Malaya_Party


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Jaafar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation








http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Jaafar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_people



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Negotiations for Independence1. Tunku Abdul Rahman led a team to London in

1956 to negotiate for Malaya’s independence.

2. The team consisted of 4 representatives of theMalay rulers and representatives of Alliance: ,

Tunku Abdul Rahman, Dr. Ismail AbdulRahman, Dato Abdul Razak Hussein and ColonelH.S. Lee and British Representatives.

3. Lasted 3 weeks, from 18 Jan to 8 Feb 1956 -the London Agreement was signed.

4. British agreed to declare independence forMalaya on 31 August 1957.

The extent of the British Empire and its



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The extent of the British Empire and its

influence

Constitution of the Federation of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:British_Empire_Anachronous_8.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:British_Empire_Anachronous_8.png



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Constitution of the Federation ofMalaya

1. Lord Reid headed the Reid Commission, 1956 todraw up a constitution for independent Malaya.

2. The members were: Lord Reid (Britain), Sir IvorJennings (Britain), Sir William Mckell

(Australia), B. Malik (India), and Judge AbdulHamid (Pakistan).

3. Accepted and approved by the FederalLegislative Council.

4. Came into effect on 27 August 1957

5. based on the concepts of constitutionalmonarchy and democracy.





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The First Yang diPertuan Agung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tuanku_Abdul_Rahman.jpg



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Istana Negara, KL



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Istana_Negara_KL_12_2007_019.jpg



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Royal Mounted guard at the main gate

Istana Melawati Putra Jaya 2nd istana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Istana_Negara_KL_2007_003.jpg









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Istana Melawati, Putra Jaya – 2 istana -

a royal retreat- entrance to the istana








http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Istana_Melawati_Putrajaya_Dec_2006_001.jpg



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Side view of the Istana Melawati

Tunku Abdul Rahman







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Tunku Abdul Rahman

Stadium Merdeka site where Independence was declared



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg



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Stadium Merdeka – site where Independence was declared

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stadium_Merdeka_Complete.jpg




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The British flag : Union Jack





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Malaysia Flag : Jalur Gemilang

MERDEKA : Proclamation of






MERDEKA : Proclamation of

Independence, 31 August 1957



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Topic A_2. Struggle for Independence