History Of India before British RuleThe Mughals:- The mightiest dynasties in history

Invaded India In the sixteenth century and established a huge Muslin empire.Their rule lasted for more than 300 hundred years.First ruler was Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad or ‘Babur’ and claimed throne at the

age of twelve. In 1530 Humayan succeeded his father Babur.Shah Jehan had built the Taj Mahal in the memory of his favorite wife Mumtaz

MahalAkbar succeeded his father at the age of 13, ruling an empire which was even

larger than what his grandfather Babur had conqueredThey were known for their magnificent architecture, their gardens, the

emphasis of the research in science and religion and they introduced a proper system government.

Arrival of the British

By the 18th century the Mughal empire had in declined England had been the first country to face the

Industrial Revolution and the wealth accumulated by this time, it could afford a military which pushed the downfall of the Mughal Empire.

Europeans had their eyes on India’s wealth even before the empire went into decline

In 1600, the British had developed the East India Company (EIC) -----Turned to India for trading

Competition b/w the Dutch, the Portuguese and the French

First base in Surat 1608

Two leaders-Two Goals Two Nation Theory

Major Organizations

Muslim League (Qaid-e-Azam Muhamad Ali Jinnah)

• Formed in 1906• Supported partition• Represented the Muslims:

– Protect political rights and interests

– Represent the needs of the Muslims to the government

– Remove any misunderstandings b/w the Muslims and the govt.

• ‘to counter the growing influence if the so-called Indian National Congress’

• Why would congress support partition afterwards?

• Wanted the provinces to control these matters

• Supported “Two Nation Theory”

Congress( Mahatama Gandhi)

• Formed in 1885• Opposed partition • Represented the Hindus• ‘united one and for all to promote our

welfare and the welfare of our mother country’

• Aimed to educate the public in India• End the Indian Civil service because

wanted more of Indian representation• Wanted the League to support the

Congress in fighting against the British and then consider partition

• Wanted the Central Govt. to control defense and foreign policy

• Opposed the “Two nation Theory”

Significance to the War• On September 3,1939 Britain declared war against Germany and

claimed that India too was at war with Germany.• Britain needed support from Congress and the Muslim League and the

whole of India• Both organizations had refused to support the British only if the British

were to meet their demands first Congress and Muslim League:

Will only support the British if they promised IndependencePassed the resolution ‘entire disapproval’ of Nazism and

Fascism

•

Continue……

• On March 1942 the British sent Sir Stafford to India: Sent him to see if India would support Britain’s war

effort Persuaded the Muslim League and the congress

that after the war an Indian Union will be foundConstituent Assembly will outline a new constitutionAfter the war elections will be held

• Muslim League rejected the proposals as there was no reference to creation of Pakistan but pleased as it recognized the minorities

• Congress objected because the British now demanded immediate control of India and waiting until war was over, delayed the promises made by the British

Downfall of the British Outbreak of World War II

• In order to manipulate the Indian activists that had risen during the World War II, it required money which the British could no longer provide because of British’s economic depression:

» Violence and failure to bring together the Congress and the Muslim league on terms—the British arranged their departure

• United States pressurizing the British for the removal of its colonial expansion.

• In 1945 Lord Wavell flew to India when the WW II was coming to an end to settle the future of India after their departure.

• He held elections; the elections clearly showed how divided India had become

Partition Announced!!June 3, 1947

• Two states India and Pakistan were to be set up:

•India means ‘Body of Water’

•Pakistan means ‘Pure land’

•Muslim majority provinces would vote either to stay in India or to move to Pakistan:

•Lord Mountbatten appointed Sir Cyril Radcliffe to set up the boundaries of the new states. Know as ---Radcliffe Award

•In Punjab---both Ferozepur and Gurdaspur given to India even though they were Muslim majority---bordered with Kashmir---lead to further disputes b/w India and Pakistan

• Division of assets such as army, civil service and finance were still undecided.----After partition to be resolved

INDIA AND PAKISTAN!!!•The wheel of law in the Sarnath Lion Capital shows that there is life in movement and death in stagnation. •The saffron stands for courage and sacrifice; •the white, for purity and truth; •the green for growth and auspiciousness.

• Dark-green and white represents prosperity and peace—green traditional color of Islam•Crescent indicates continuous progress---the crescent waxes to become full moon---full moon wanes and disappears•Five-rayed star represents light and learning

August 14, 1947

August 15, 1947

History's Biggest Migration

Refugees going to Pakistan

1947 Flight to a new ‘home’

Before the British rule India was ruled by the Mughals

The British had traded in India due to the intense competition b/w other groups such as the Dutch and the French

The two major organizations in India, the Muslim League, headed by Qaid-e-Azam and the Congress, headed by Gandhi

Muslim League represented the Muslims and supported partition

Congress represented the Hindus and opposed the partition

Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India

WW II pushed the downfall of the British rule in India as the two parties demanded the future of India to be settled

Radcliffe Award determined the boundaries of the new created states

Partitioned announced on June 3, 1947

• Who was last Viceroy of India?• One reason of creation of India and

Pakistan.---related to WW II• Why did British trade in India?• Name the representatives of the two

major political organizations in India.• When was the partitioned announced?

What was the name of the first Mughal Emperor?

• Kelly, Nigel. The History and Culture of Pakistan. London: Peak Publishing,2004.Malaysia

• Goodwin, William. Pakistan. Farmington Hills:LucentBooks,2003.The Gale Group

• Hall, Prentice. United States History. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. United States of America

• Maindiratta, Brinda. FOTW Flags Of The World. 02 February 27,2010. Website of High Commission of India. March 30,2010

<http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html#meaning>

• PBS NewsHour. India and Pakistan, 60 years of Independence. 01 August 14, 2007. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. March 30, 2010<http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/asia/partition/timeline/

timeline2.html>