Bell Ringer (10 minutes) 1.Grab a Biology EOC Exam Preparation
Bell Ringer 2.Provide a GIST of the Question. 3.Bubble your answer.
4.Explain why you believe is the correct answer. 5.BE PREPARED TO
PARTICIPATE IN CLASS DISCUSSION. 6.After correcting, reflect on our
answer.
Slide 3
Patterns of Inheritance Probability in Genetics
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THINK PAIR SHARE
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BenchmarkObjectives Students will understand the role of
probability in genetics. Students will understand and be able to
use the essential vocabulary of genetics. What are we learning
today? SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendels laws of segregation and
independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.
Slide 6
What is inheritance? Inheritance is the passing on of
characteristics from parents to offspring In 1865, an Austrian monk
named Gregor Mendel presented a paper on pea plant inheritance to
the Natural History Society of Brnn. The paper was virtually
ignored for 30 years. Years after Mendels death, his work was
rediscovered. genetics, or the study of heredity These patterns
became the basis for a new branch of biology: genetics, or the
study of heredity.
Slide 7
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What is the essential question? How are fractions, ratios and
percentages related to the probability of inheritance? Explain the
difference between each pair: gene/allele, dominant/recessive,
homozygous/heterozygous, genotype/phenotype.
Slide 9
How can we use probability to predict traits? Probability is
the likelihood that a particular event will occur. Probabilities
predict the average outcome of a large number of events.
Probability can be written as a percent, fraction, or a ratio.
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Guided Practice: Marble Probabilities Theoretical probability
is the probability that is calculated using the formula.
Experimental probability is calculated when the actual situation or
problem is performed. The larger the number of outcomes, the closer
the results will be to the predicted values.
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What essential vocabulary do I need to master? Gene: Section of
DNA that determines a trait. Alleles: are different forms of the
same gene. Each organism has two alleles for each trait Homozygous:
If the two alleles for a trait are the same (AA or aa)
Heterozygous: If the two alleles for a trait are different
(Aa)
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What essential vocabulary do I need to master? Dominant: Trait
that is always observed in the offspring, even when a recessive
allele is present. Written as an uppercase letter. Recessive: Trait
only observed when two recessive alleles are present. Written as a
lowercase letter
Slide 13
What essential vocabulary do I need to master? Genotype - the
gene combination, or genetic makeup, of an organism Phenotype - the
way an organism looks
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What essential vocabulary do I need to master? P or Parental
generation: When doing genetic crosses, the name we call the
original pair of organisms. F 1 or First Filial generation:
Offspring.
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Collaborative Activity: Heredity Vocabulary TASK CARD MEMORY
GAME 1.Working with your partner, use the index cards provided to
memorize the meanings of hereditys essential vocabulary. 2.Play
Memory with a partner. Show your partner one side of the index
cards, and ask them to tell you whats on the other side. SMARTBOARD
MEMORY GAME 1.Turn over two cards. If the two cards consist of the
term and its definition, your team gets a point, and take another
turn. 2.If the two cards do not match, your team loses a turn.
3.Repeat step 3 until no cards remain on the table. The team with
the most pairs wins.
Slide 16
What is the essential question? How are fractions, ratios and
percentages related to the probability of inheritance? Explain the
difference between each pair: gene/allele, dominant/recessive,
homozygous/heterozygous, genotype/phenotype.
Slide 17
+ Home Learning Heredity Cross Word Puzzle The same people who
never did their homework in high school are still doing that to
this very day out in the real world. by Jules Shear
Slide 18
TOPIC 22 - HEREDITY Day 2 of 4
Slide 19
Bell Ringer (10 minutes) 1.Grab a Biology EOC Exam Preparation
Bell Ringer 2.Provide a GIST of the Question. 3.Bubble your answer.
4.Explain why you believe is the correct answer. 5.BE PREPARED TO
PARTICIPATE IN CLASS DISCUSSION. 6.After correcting, reflect on our
answer.
Slide 20
Patterns of Inheritance Monohybrid Crosses
Slide 21
THINK PAIR SHARE 1.How are they similar to one another? 2.How
do they differ from one another? 3.What do you think their parents
looked like? 4.What does a person mean when he uses the phrases
pure-breed and hybrid?
Slide 22
BenchmarkObjectives Students will use a Punnett square to
predict the outcome of a monohybrid cross. Students will
differentiate between simple dominant/recessive, incomplete
dominance, and codominance. What are we learning today?
SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendels laws of segregation and independent
assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.
Slide 23
What is the essential question? Given a cross where T is red
and t is white, explain the similarities and differences observed
in the offsprings phenotype in simple dominant/recessive,
codominance, and incomplete dominance patterns of inheritance.
Tt
Slide 24
GIZMOS: MOUSE GENETICS Purpose: Students will distinguish
between dominant and recessive traits. Setting: Teacher led
discussion. Essential Question: How are traits passed from parents
to their offspring?
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What did we learn? 1.If two parents of the same color are bred
together, do all of their offspring always have that color? 2.How
do you know that the trait for white fur is still present in a
black-fur hybrid? 3.Why is it impossible to see a hybrid (or
heterozygous) white mouse? 4.A black mouse is bred to a white
mouse, producing 2 black and 1 white offspring. What is the
genotype of the black mouse? 5.An Ff mouse is bred repeatedly to an
ff mouse, producing 500 total offspring. In theory, 250 offspring
should be black and 250 should be white, but the actual numbers are
237 black and 263 white. Why does this happen?
Slide 26
LETS PRACTICE In roses, a gene that affects flower color has
two alleles: red (R) and white (r). Two heterozygous plants are
crossed. 1.What would be the genotype and phenotypes of the P and F
1 generations? 2.What is the probability that plants will be white?
3.Determine the ratio of red to white plants. ____
Slide 27
LETS PRACTICE A homozygous German Shepherd with dark eyes (B)
is bred with a homozygous German Shepherd with light eyes (b). What
is the probability that they will have puppies with dark eyes?
Explain your answer. ____
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LETS PRACTICE Black color in horses is dominant over chestnut
color. If a homozygous black horse is mated to a chestnut horse,
what percent of the offspring will be chestnut colored? Use a
Punnett square to show how you arrived to your answer. ____
Slide 29
LETS PRACTICE Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder.
Ron is homozygous dominant (FF) and Nancy is a carrier of cystic
fibrosis. Use a Punnett square to predict the probability that one
of their children will have cystic fibrosis? ____
Slide 30
LETS PRACTICE In humans widows peak (W) is dominant over
straight hairline (w). A heterozygous man for this trait marries a
woman who is also heterozygous. What will be the genotype and
phenotype of the first generation? ____
Slide 31
What is incomplete dominance? Crosses in which one allele is
not completely dominant over another. The heterozygous type is
somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotype A blend of the
two.
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What is codominance? During codominance both alleles are
expressed equally in the heterozygous type
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How do we use superscripts in codominance patters? Superscripts
are not exponents or additional alleles but labels to distinguish
the two codominant alleles. Red flower RR C R Pink flower RW C R C
W White flower WW C W
Slide 34
Incomplete dominance (A) or Codominance (B) 1)The phenotype of
the heterozygote is intermediate from the parents phenotype. 2)Two
checkered (black and white) chicken are crossed. They produce
offspring with three phenotypes: black, white, and checkered. 3)Two
gray rabbits are crossed. They produce offspring with three
phenotypes: black, white, and gray. 4)A red-flowered plant is
crossed with a white-flowered plant. All of the offspring are pink.
5)A cross between a purebred animal with red hairs and a purebred
animal with white hairs produces and animal that has both red hairs
and white hairs.
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LETS PRACTICE In snapdragons, a gene that affects flower color
has two alleles: red and white. In heterozygous individuals, the
phenotype is pink. Show a cross between two pink snapdragons and
give the expected genotype and phenotype. What is their mode of
inheritance? ____
Slide 36
LETS PRACTICE In shorthorn cattle, coat color may be red,
white, or roan. In roan cattle, their coats are a mixture of red
and white hairs, although the animals appear a light rust color
from a distance. Show a cross between two roan cattle and give the
expected genotype and phenotype. What is their mode of inheritance?
____
Slide 37
What is the essential question? Given a cross where T is red
and t is white, explain the similarities and differences observed
in the offsprings phenotype in simple dominant/recessive,
codominance, and incomplete dominance patterns of inheritance.
Tt
Slide 38
+ Home Learning 1. Patterns of Inheritance Worksheet 2. Study
Bio Blitz Words The same people who never did their homework in
high school are still doing that to this very day out in the real
world. by Jules Shear
Slide 39
TOPIC 22 - HEREDITY Day 3 of 4
Slide 40
Bell Ringer (10 minutes) 1.Grab a Biology EOC Exam Preparation
Bell Ringer 2.Provide a GIST of the Question. 3.Bubble your answer.
4.Explain why you believe is the correct answer. 5.BE PREPARED TO
PARTICIPATE IN CLASS DISCUSSION. 6.After correcting, reflect on our
answer.
Slide 41
Think Pair - Share 1.What is shown in the image below? 2.What
is their importance in heredity? 3.What are the parts of one of
these chromosomes? 4.Can you see the individual genes on the
chromosomes?
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Patterns of Inheritance Sex-linked Inheritance Multiple Alleles
Inheritance
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BenchmarkObjectives Students will describe how an X- or
Y-linked gene affects the inheritance of traits. Students will
describe multiple alleles patterns of inheritance What are we
learning today? SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendels laws of segregation and
independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.
Slide 44
What is the essential question? Colorblindness is a recessive,
sex-linked trait. A woman and a man, both with normal vision, have
three daughters with normal vision. One of the daughters marries a
man with normal vision, and they have a son who is colorblind. Part
A Which parent of the son is the carrier of the trait? Explain your
answer. Part B What is the likelihood that the children of a woman
heterozygous for colorblindness and a colorblind man will express
the trait? Explain your answer.
Slide 45
What is a karyotype? A karyotype shows the complete diploid set
of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of
decreasing size. Two chromosomes are known as the sex chromosomes
because they determine an individuals sex. Females have two copies
of the X chromosomes. (46,XX) Males have one X chromosome and one Y
chromosome. (46,XY)
Slide 46
What is sex-linked inheritance? Traits controlled by genes
located on sex chromosome are called sex-linked traits The alleles
for sex-linked traits are written as superscripts of the X and Y
chromosomes. Hemophilia Alleles Normal (H) X H Affected (h) X h
Hemophilia Genotype/Phenotypes X H X H X H X h X h X h X H YX h
Y
Slide 47
GUIDED PRACTICE The colorblindness gene (X b ) is recessive to
the gene for normal sight (X B ). Construct a Punnett square to
show a cross between a father with normal vision and a mother who
is a carrier of the colorblindness trait. 1.What percent of the
children have normal vision? 2.What percent of the daughters are
carriers? 3.What is the probability of having a sick son? 4.What is
the probability of having a healthy daughter? ____
Slide 48
LETS PRACTICE Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked trait (X h )
caused by a defective gene. The blood of individuals with this
condition does not clot properly. Without injections of synthetic
clotting factors, hemophiliacs are at risk of dying due to
excessive bleeding. Make a Punnett square to show a cross between
an affected male and a female who is heterozygous. 1.Give the
expected genotype and phenotype. 2.How likely are they to have a
sick child? ____
Slide 49
What is multiple allele inheritance? In multiple allele
inheritance there is more than two possible alleles in a
population. This does not mean that an individual can have more
than two alleles. The alleles for multiple alleles traits are
written as superscripts of the letter used.
Slide 50
How do multiple alleles and codominance determine blood type?
There are three alleles for the ABO gene: I A, I B, and i. Alleles
I A and I B are codominant. Produce molecules known as antigens on
the surface of RBC. The i allele is recessive. Produce no antigens
on RBC.
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GUIDED PRACTICE Is it possible for a woman with type AB blood
and a man with type B blood to have a child with type O blood? What
possible blood types can their children have? Use a Punnett square
to support your answer.
Slide 52
QUICK LAB: COAT COLOR IN RABBITS In rabbits, there are four
alleles for a gene that controls coat color. There is a dominance
hierarchy with these alleles: C > c ch > c h > c.
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GUIDED PRACTICE c ch c c h c X GenotypeFractionPercentage
PhenotypeFractionPercentage
Slide 54
What is the essential question? Colorblindness is a recessive,
sex-linked trait. A woman and a man, both with normal vision, have
three daughters with normal vision. One of the daughters marries a
man with normal vision, and they have a son who is colorblind. Part
A Which parent of the son is the carrier of the trait? Explain your
answer. Part B What is the likelihood that the children of a woman
heterozygous for colorblindness and a colorblind man will express
the trait? Explain your answer.
Slide 55
+ Home Learning The Great Hospital Baby Switch The same people
who never did their homework in high school are still doing that to
this very day out in the real world. by Jules Shear
Slide 56
TOPIC 22 - HEREDITY Day 4 of 4
Slide 57
Bell Ringer (10 minutes) 1.Grab a Biology EOC Exam Preparation
Bell Ringer 2.Provide a GIST of the Question. 3.Bubble your answer.
4.Explain why you believe is the correct answer. 5.BE PREPARED TO
PARTICIPATE IN CLASS DISCUSSION. 6.After correcting, reflect on our
answer.
Slide 58
Patterns of Inheritance Dihybrid Crosses
Slide 59
BenchmarkObjectives Students will use a Punnett square to
predict the outcome of a dihybrid cross What are we learning today?
SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendels laws of segregation and independent
assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.
Slide 60
What is the essential question? 1.On the average, each human
has about six recessive alleles that would be lethal if expressed.
Why do you think that human cultures across the world have laws
against marriage between close relative? 2.Why is it possible to
have a family of six girls and no boys, but extremely unlikely that
there will be a public school with 500 girls and no boys?
Slide 61
What is a dihybrid cross? A dihybrid cross involves a study of
inheritance patterns for organisms differing in two traits. Mendel
invented the dihybrid cross to determine if different traits of pea
plants were inherited independently.
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LETS PRACTICE RYRyrYry RY RRYYRRYyRrYYRrYy Ry RRYyRRyyRrYyRryy
rY RrYYRrYyrrYYrrYy ry RrYyRryyrrYyrryy Given the following
information: Predict the genotype and/or phenotype of the
following. ? ? ? ? Shape RSmooth rWrinkled Color YYellow
yGreen
Slide 63
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 1.List all the possible genotypes of a
pea plant with smooth (R) and yellow (Y) seeds. What is their
percent or fraction? 2.List all the possible genotypes of pea plant
with smooth (R) and green (y) seeds. What is their percent or
fraction? 3.List all the possible genotypes of pea plant with
wrinkled (r) and yellow (Y) seeds. What is their percent or
fraction? 4.List all the possible genotypes of a pea plant with
wrinkled (r) and green (y) seeds. What is their percent?
Slide 64
LETS PRACTICE AaBb x AaBb ____
Slide 65
LETS PRACTICE In rabbits, the coat color black dominant (B)
over brown (b). Short hair is dominant (S) over long (s). In a
cross between a homozygous black short-haired male and a brown
homozygous long-haired female, what would be the ratios for
genotype and phenotype of the F 1 generation? ____
Slide 66
+ Home Learning ADD HOME LEARNING HERE The same people who
never did their homework in high school are still doing that to
this very day out in the real world. by Jules Shear