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Learning objectives• U: Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical
substances involved.• U: Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable
compounds to exist.• U: Life is based on carbon compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
and nucleic acids.• U: Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or
organism.• U: Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions.
• U: Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers.
• A: Urea as an example of a compound that is produced by living organisms but can also be artificially synthesized.
• A: (Skill) Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid.
• A: (Skill) Identification of biochemicals such as sugars, lipids or amino acids from molecular diagrams.
Metabolism• The sum of all enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism. • A metabolic pathway is either a chain of events, each catalysed by
an enzyme, or a cycle of reaction.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z5q_jRGpCR4/UZ-DCDTG6XI/AAAAAAAAANM/JJ1JZ-ub7JU/s1600/krebs-cycle.jpg
http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/metabolism/enzymes/feedback.gif
Anabolic vs. Catabolic• Synthesis of complex
molecules from simpler ones• Monomers
macromolecules (amino acids protein)• Condensation reactions
where water is produced• Example: ?
• Breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones
• Macromolecules monomers
(protein amino acid)• Hydrolysis reactions where
water is consumed• Example: ?
http://www.anabolicsmall.com/images/anabolic-steroid-alternatives.jpg
http://www.mariowiki.com/images/d/d6/Mariohammer.jpg
What does ‘organic’ mean?• In Biology, organic means containing the
element carbon– Exception: carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds which allows it to form stable compounds.
Skill: Drawing molecular diagram of a saturated fatty acid
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Biochemistry/saturated%20and%20unsaturated%20fatty%20acids.gif