TOEFL Course

Wellcome to

TOEFL Preparation!

Section II: StructureSection II: Structure*

Lic. Ruth Esther Ángel Torres([email protected])

*Contributed by Gabriela Ulloa, adapted by Ruth Ángel.

TextbookTextbook

Rogers, Bruce. COMPLETE GUIDE to the TOEFL Test. United States: Heinle & Heinle, 2001.

Resource materialsResource materials Longman’s Preparation Course for the

TOEFL© Test: The Paper Test. Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 2001.

Maurer, Jay. Focus on Grammar: An Advanced Course for Reference and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Addison W. Longman, 2000.

TOEFL Preparation Section II: Structure

This is a ten-hour module that is part of an

intensive TOEFL course, and was designed

to help you improve your grammar skills.

Although we will not be able to answer all

the exercises in the book, we will reviewwill review the

most common problems you may face in the

structure section of the TOEFL exam.

ReviewReview Parts of Speech: adjective, adverb,

noun, verb, pronoun, preposition, article, conjunctions (Words at Work-exercise)

Characteristics of sentence, clause and phrase

Conjugated vs. Non-conjugated verb forms (infinitive, gerund, past participle, base form)

How to identify main subject and main verb (exercise)

Word usage

Sentence vs.Clause vs. Phrase

Sentence = subject + conjugated verb

Ex. Mexican people are hard workers.

Clause = synonym of conjugated verb

Ex. Because it will be too late.

Phrase = two or more words

Ex. Mexican people, will be

Lesson 13: Independent Clauses Simple Sentence

Compound Sentence(coord. conjunctions: and,but, or, nor, for, so, yet)

Complex Sentence(subordinating conjunction

-since, because, if, after-, or relative pronoun

-that, which, who-)

Children enjoy games. (one clause)

Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.

Because it was raining, Teresa went inside.

Lesson 13: Independent Clauses

Clauses with It and There.

1. There are many illegal workers in New York City.

2. It is important to be punctual for appointments.

ProblemProblem: ItIt and ThereThere may be missing

from the stem.

Lesson 14: Adjective Clauses

Adjective clause markers: Relative pronouns: who, which, that Relative adverbs: when, where

Examples: This is the patient that needs surgery. This is the hour when the children

usually go to bed.

Lesson 15: Adverb ClausesAdverb clause markers: Subordinating conjunctions: since,

although, if, unless, while, as, until, etc. Adverbs: while, when, wherever, etc.

Examples: I won’t lose weight unless I exercise. If Santa exists, I am Superman. Put that box wherever you want.

ImportantImportant: Review prepositions p. 165.

Lesson 16: Noun Clauses

Examples: That diamonds are a form of carbon has

been known for centuries. It is a fact that you are the witness. I don´t know if (whether) my boss was

invited. Please tell me what you need.

ImportantImportant:: Noun clauses answer the

question “What?”“What?”.

Lesson 17: Parallelism Parallel structures have the same

grammatical form and function.

Ex: She spends her leisure time playing

cards, reading and bicycling.

Parallel structures are also required with correlative conjunctions such as either...or or not only...but also.

Ex: Either Mark or Sue has the book.

Lesson 18: Word Forms (p.184-188)

competition, competitiveness, competitive (ly) deepen, depth, deep decide, decided (ly) / decisive (ly) beauty, beautiful (ly) prohibition, prohibitive (ly) / prohibited surgery, surgical poetry, poet technology, technical / technological administrator, administrative finance, financer

Lesson 18: Word Forms-ly Adjectives (Longman, p. 204)

costly manly yearly

early daily lovely

friendly hourly northerly

kindly monthly easterly

likely nightly southerly

lively quarterly westerly

lonely weekly

Lesson 19: Do vs. Make

Do means:

1. to perform / to act

2. to complete

3. to accomplish

Example:

Can you do me a

favor?

Make means:

1. to produce

2. to create

3. to construct

Example:

My sister makes

delicious cakes.

Write each word in the appropriate columnunder the correct verb (do / make / take).

advances an experiment

a promise

research your best

a chance

your time a contribution

a prediction

a law a good job

medicine

a point an offer

homework

money business (with) harm to

an airplane damage medication

Answer keydo / make / take

an experiment advances a chance

research a promise your time

your best a contribution medicine

a good job a prediction an airplane

homework a law medication

business a point

harm to an offer

damage money

Lesson 19: Word Choice

SO

The screen was so big that I could see it.

(so + adj)

SUCHIt was such a beautiful

day. They were such happy

children.

(such + (adj) + noun)

TOO

Negative connotation

The sweater was too big for her to wear it.

AS

Jane did as well as I did in the exam.

(as ... as)

Lesson 19: Another vs. Other Another: Adjectivethat goes with singularnouns. Example: I bought another pencil(one more pencil, anadditional one).

Other: Adjectivethat goes with pluralnouns.Example: I waited for other tourists.

Another: Pronoun thatis used instead of singularnouns.Example: I bought another.

Others: Pronoun thatis used instead of pluralnouns.Example: We came by bus. Others came by taxi.

Lesson 19: Much vs. ManyUncountable nouns Much (work) Little fun (not

enough) A little money

(some+) Less, the least

(interesting) Amount, amounts

(of sugar)

Countable nouns Many (assignments) Few dollars (not

enough) A few dollars

(some+) Fewer, the fewest

Number (of people)

Lesson 19: Most vs. Almost p.199

Most means majority

Example:

Most of the people

were early to the

meeting.

Almost means nearly

Example:

I have almost finished

reading the book.

Lesson 19: Twice vs. Double p.199

Twice is an adverb that means two times.

Example:

He makes twice as

much as Anne does.

Double is a verb.

Example:

He doubled his salary

with his new promotion.

Lesson 19: Earliest vs. Soonest p.199

Earliest means first, most distant in time.

It makes reference to the past.

Example:These are the earliest(first) known examplesof the artist’s work.

Soonest means most promptly.

It makes reference to the future.

Example:The sooner you arrive the better it will be foryour promotion.

Lesson 19: Percent vs. Percentage p.199

Percent goes with a number.

Example:Twenty-five percent of thepeople arrived early.

Percentage goes with an article or article + adjective.

Examples:The percentage of peoplewho arrived early wasreally low.

vs.vs.The low percentage ofattendees disappointedthe speaker.

Lesson 19: Somewhat vs. Some p.199

Somewhat is and adverb that means slightly.

Example:

Rude people can be

somewhat disgusting.

Some is an adjective that refers to an indefinite number and goes with a noun.

Example:

Some people are

really disgusting.

Lesson 19: After vs. Afterwards p.199

After is a preposition used before a noun or as an adverbial clause marker.

Examples:

1. After dinner, we can go to the movies.

2. After he was operated, he had to stay three days in the intensive care unit.

Afterwards is an adverb that means “after that”.

Example:

We had dinner and

afterwards we went to the

movies.

Lesson 19: Ago vs. Before p.199

Ago makes reference to the past.

Example:

Three years ago we

went to Europe.

Before is a preposition (a time earlier than some other point).

Example:

Before we went to

Europe, we had to get

our passports.

Lesson 19: Tell vs. Say p.199

Tell someone

1. Tell a story

2. Tell the truth, a lie

3. Tell a secret

4. Tell time

5. I told him to come earlier.

Say something

(no specific listener)

1. Say something to someone (tell)

2. Grandpa said that we had to take care of him.

3. Grandpa said to us that we had to take care of him.

Lesson 19: Ever vs. Never p.200

Ever is a negative word.

Examples:

1. Ever since.

2. He hardly ever goes to that club.

3. He doesn’t ever visit his relatives.

Never is not used with a negative.

Examples:

1. He never goes to that club.

2. He never visits his relatives.

Lesson 19: Alive vs. Live p.199

Alive is an adjective used after linking verbs (bebe forms, appear, appear, become, feel, look, become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, prove, seem, smell, tastetaste).

Example:

The plants were alive.

Live is used before a noun.

Example:

Live plants are more

colorful than artificial

ones.

Lesson 19: Around vs. Round p. 200

Around is a preposition that means “in a circular path”.

Example:

Go around the block

and you’ll find the

hardware store.

Round is an adjective that goes with nouns.

Example:The new building willbe a round tower.

Lesson 19: Age vs. Old p. 200

Age is a noun.

Examples:1. At the age of twenty,he took a backpacktrip to South America.

2. He was twenty yearsof age when he took abackpack trip to SouthAmerica.

Old is an adjective.

Example:

He was twenty yearsold when he took abackpack trip to SouthAmerica.

Lesson 19: Near vs. Nearly p. 200

Near is an adjective that means “close to”.

Example:We closed the neardoor.

Nearly is an adverb that means “almost”.

Example:I had nearly finishedmy job when the blackout occured.

Lesson 19: Predicate Adjectives(Longman, p. 205)

A predicate adjective appears after a

linking verb (bebe forms, appear, become,appear, become,

feel, look, prove, seem, smell, tastefeel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste).

It cannot appear directly in front of the

noun that it describes.


Predicate

Adjectives

Forms used in front

of Nouns

alike like, similar

alive live, living

alone, lonely lone

afraid frightened

asleep sleeping


Correct the mistake:

1. Are you going to be lone tonight?

2. The afraid child cried for his mother.

3. She tried to walk quietly by the asleep dogs without waking them.

4. The girl was feeling lonely in the frightened house.


Answers:

1. Are you going to be alone tonight?

2. The frightened child cried for his mother.

3. She tried to walk quietly by the sleeping dogs without waking them.

4. The girl was feeling lonely in the frightening house.

Lesson 20: VerbsSubject-Verb agreement

Two subjects take a plural verb.

Ex: The lab and the library are in Building Two.

Some words that end in –s are singular.

Ex: Ethics, Mathematics, news.

Plural nouns take plural verbs.

Ex. The syllabi are posted in BB.

Lesson 20: VerbsSubject-Verb agreement

There can be singular or plural. Each and every are singular. The number of is singular.

Ex: The number of students with high

IQ scores is impressing. A number of is plural.

Ex: A considerable number of students

come frequently for tutoring.

Lesson 20: Verb Tenses

Simple tenses Progressive tenses Perfect tenses Perfect progressive tenses Modals

Simple: will, would, may, might, could, can With ‘have’: will have gone Past: may have come, could have given

Lesson 21: Participles Present participlePresent participle

Combine the two sentences and make

a relative clause using “who”.

1.The president is meeting with his advisors.

2. He is now preparing to give a speech.

Lesson 21: Participles Present participlePresent participle

Answers: The president, who is now preparing to give a

speech, is meeting with his advisors.

The president, now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors.

Now preparing to give a speech, the president is meeting with his advisors.

Clue: Active construction

Lesson 21: Participles Past participlePast participle

Combine the two sentences and make

a relative clause using “which”.

1.The White House is the home of the president.

2. It is located in Washington.

Lesson 21: Participles Past participlePast participle

Answers: The White House, which is located in

Washington, is the home of the president.

The White House, located in Washington, is the home of the president.

Located in Washington, the White House is the home of the president.

Clue: Passive construction.

Lesson 22: Gerunds vs.vs. Past Participles

Use past participles to express the way you feel.

Example: I am interested in the topic. I feel interested.

Use gerunds to express the way things are or to make a description.

Example: The topic is interesting. (I am saying what

the topic is like).


Contrast: It was an exhausting ten-kilometer race.

What was the race like?

vs.vs.

The exhausted runners were too tired to move after the race.

How did the runners feel?

Lesson 22: Gerunds vs.vs. Past ParticiplesFind the mistake

1. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.

2. The food placing in the picnic table attracted a large number of flies.

3. The president of the company, needed a vacation, boarded the plane to Ibiza.

4. We will return the merchandise purchasing yesterday.


Answers:

1. The children sitting in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.

2. The food placed in the picnic table attracted a large number of flies.

3. The company president, needing a vacation, boarded the plane to Ibiza.

4. We will return the merchandise purchased yesterday.

Lesson 22: Use of Gerunds

Subject

Objects of verbs

Object of prepositions

Verb + preposition combination

Exercising is good for health.

He enjoysenjoys singing Opera.

You can learn byby doing.

I don’t rely onrely on having the secretary sending the mail.

Lesson 22: Use of Gerunds

Phrases that contain “toto”:

I am looking forward to hearingto hearing from you soon.

Martin Luther King lead a movement devoted to defending to defending civil rights.

We were used to to drivingdriving for long hours.

We are getting used to to livingliving in N.Y.

Lesson 22: Infinitives

Why an action takes place (purposepurpose):

He took lessons to learn how to dance.

To learn how to dance, he took lessons.

In order to learn how to dance, he took lessons.

He took lessons in order to learn how to dance.


After certain adjectives:

It is important important to change the oil in your car.

It’s impossibleimpossible to stop violence.

It’s hardhard to find a book printed in the 1800’s.

It’s essentialessential to recycle.


After nouns:

Passive infinitves

(to be + ppto be + pp):

The first person to walk on the moon was Neil Armstrong.

(first, last, only)

Nancy Rae was the only person to be asked to speak at the ceremony.

Lesson 22: Base Form of VerbsVerbs without “toto”

Imperative: Call me later. Modals: They will call you tonight. Used after have, make, let, help and would

rather.

Examples:1. Mark had the carpenter repair the door.2. I helped my son do his homework.3. She made us clean up the room.4. He’d rather stay than go fishing.

Lesson 22: Use of Infinitives

Use a gerund after a preposition. Examples:1. I’m thinking of of drinking more water.2. Zovirax is used forfor treating herpes.

Use an infinitive after “to”.Example:ToTo treat herpes doctors recommendZovirax.

Lesson 23: Personal Pronouns

Subject Object Possessive Reflexive Demons-

trative

I Me Mine Myself This

You You Yours Yourself That

He Him His Himself These

She Her Hers Herself Those

It It Its Itself

We Us Ours Ourselves

They Them Theirs Themselves

Lesson 23: Pronouns

Subject Before the conjugated verb.

HeHe is happy.

Object After the conjugated verb.

You should invite herher.

After a preposition.

Look at themthem!

Possessive Possessive

This is hishis car and that is minemine..

AdjAdj.. Pron.Pron.

Reflexive Actions that fall upon the person.

I’ll do it myselfmyself!

Demonstrative To show.

These chairs are new. Those Those are very old.

Possessive Pronouns vs. Possessive Adjectives

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive

PronounsExamples

My Mine MyMy brother is Mexican.

A friend of minemine is Chinese.

Your Yours YourYour car broke down.

The Volvo parked in the corner is yoursyours.

HisHis HisHis HisHis suit fits him well.

The shoes of hishis are brown.

Her Hers HerHer wig looks great.

The fashion store is hershers.

ItsIts ItsIts The dog was run over by a car. ItsIts leg is broken; that leash should be itsits.

Our Ours OurOur time is almost over.

The book of oursours is missing.

Their Theirs TheirTheir letter was opened in the post office.

The building is theirstheirs.

Lesson 23: Pronouns

Problem 1Problem 1:: Pronoun / noun agreement

Find the mistake:

Jack rabbits have powerful rear legs that enable it to leap long distances.

A beaver uses its strong front teeth to cut down trees and peel off its bark.

Bees collect pollen, which furnishes protein for its diet.

Lesson 23: Pronouns

Problem 2Problem 2:: Pronoun form

(personal, reflexive, demonstrative)

Find the mistake: The best way for children to learn science is for

them to perform experiments himself.

As larvae, barnacles are free swimming, but as adults they attach them to stones, docks and hulls of ships.

Trademarks allow a company to distinguish its products from these of another company.

Lesson 23: Pronouns

Problem 3Problem 3::

Incorrect inclusion of pronouns

Find the mistake:

An auger is a tool which a carpenter

uses it to bore holes in wood.

Lesson 24: Singular and Plural Nouns

Problem: Use of plural instead of singular

nouns and viceversa

Find the mistake:

1. Mauna Loa, an active volcano on the island of Hawaii, usually has one eruptions every three years.

2. One of the most beautiful state capitol is the Utah State Capitol, located in Salt Lake City.

Lesson 24: Singular and Plural Nouns Irregular Plurals

Find the mistake:

1. Different criteria was used to evaluate the performers.

2. The syllabi for the course is in the packet.

3. The diagnosis were not very positive.

4. The tooth need to be brushed.

5. The fungi has spread throughout the garden.

6. The crises is not going to be resolved.

Lesson 24: Singular and Plural Nouns Irregular Plurals

Answers:1. Different criteria werewere used to evaluate the

performers. (criterion)2. The syllabi for the course areare in the packet.

(syllabus)3. The diagnosis waswas not very positive.

(diagnoses)4. The teethteeth need to be brushed.5. The fungusfungus has spread throughout the garden.6. The crisiscrisis is not going to be resolved.


Pural forms of non-count nouns

Find the mistake:

Some encyclopedias deal with specific fields,

such as music, or philosophy, and provide

informations on only those subjects.


Plural Compound Nouns

Find the mistake:

Raymond Chandler´s detectives stories are

admired by both critics and general readers.

Clue:Clue: Only the second noun of compound

nouns is pluralized.

Lesson 24: Plural Forms of Numbers and Measurements

Find the mistake:

Thousand of antibiotics have been developed, but only about thirty are incommon use today.

Clue:Clue: Thousands, billions vs.vs. Seven thousand, two billion.

Lesson 25: Prepositions

See pp. 248-251

Lesson 26: Articles

The Indefinite Article is used

1. the first time a noun is mentioned.

2. with indefinite singular count nouns

(an orange).

Lesson 26: Articles

Use the Definite Article with

1. Specific things, person or place.

2. Unique nouns: The sun

3. Unique adjectives: The best, the first.

4. Geographical features: The Pacific Ocean, The Middle East.

Lesson 26: Articles

NoNo Article is used with

1. Plural nonspecific count nouns.

Ex: Tec students need 550 in TOEFL.

2. Nonspecific non-count nouns.

Ex: Furniture is expensive nowadays.

3. Names of people or designations.

Ex: Mr. President, Dr. Jones, etc.

Lesson 27: Word Order

Incorrect

drivers careful clothing women’s finished are a basic extremely idea baked freshly bread totally almost late almost

Correct

careful drivers women’s clothing are finished an extremely basic idea

freshly baked bread almost totally almost late

Lesson 27: Word Order Common Errors

Incorrect statements

1. Someone asked me where is the post office.

2. I spoke to John when was he here.

3. Someone asked, “Where the post office is?”

4. This issue is too much important to ignore.

5. That is enough good.

Correct statements

1. Someone asked me where the post office is.

2. I spoke to John when he was here.

3. Someone asked, “Where is the post office?”

4. This issue is much too important to ignore.

5. That is good enough.

Lesson 27: Word Order- Inversions

The subject and verb are inverted when a clause begins with

1. a negative word.

2. the word “only”.

3. the word so + an adjective or participle.

4. expressions of place or order.

Lesson 27: Word Order- Inversions

Examples:

1. Seldom have I heard such beautiful music.

2. Only in an emergency should you use this exit.

3. So rare is this coin that it belongs in a museum.

4. In front of the museum is a statue.


Find the correct answer:

Andromeda is a galaxy containing millions of individual stars, but it is _____ Earth that it looks like a blurry patch of light.

(A) so far away from

(B) away so far from

(C) from so far away

(D) away from so far



Not only _____ shade and beauty, but they also reduce carbon dioxide.

(A) do trees provide(B) trees provide(C) provide trees(D) trees do provide


Find the mistake:

1. Goods such as flowers fresh and

seafood are often shipped by air.

2. A fully grown mountain lion may be

eight long feet.

Lesson 28: Conjunctions

Both...and … (addition).

Ex: Both wolves and coyotes are

members of the dog family.

Not only ... but also … (addition).

Ex: Dominic studied not only math but

also computer science.


Either ... or … (choice).Ex: We need either a nail or a screw.

Neither ... nor … (negation).Ex: Neither the television nor the stereo had been turned off.

Whether ... or … (choice).Ex: Harriet couldn’t decide whether to study or to go out.



Frederick Law Olmstead demonstrated that landscape architecture could increase _____ the beauty and the usefulness of parks.

(A) also(B) and(C) both(D) not only


Find the mistake:

1. X-rays have important applications, not only in medicine and in industry.

2. The air that surrounds our planet is both odorless, colorless, and invisible.

Lesson 29: Comparisons

simpler more/less simple

simplest most/least simple

narrower more/less narrow

narrowest most/least narrow

cleverer more/less clever

cleverest most/least clever

politer more/less polite

politest most/least

polite


Like A, B... A, like B, ... A is like B A and B are alike.

Unlike X, Y... X, unlike Y, ... X is unlike Y. X and Y are not

alike.


Like is a verb,

a preposition,

and an adjective.

Dislike is a verb.

I like ice-cream.

Ice-cream, like sherbert, are cold desserts.

John and Tom worked in a like manner.

I like ice-cream, but I dislike sherbert.


Unlike is a preposition.

Alike is an adjective used after linking verbs (bebe forms, appear, appear, become, feel, look, become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, prove, seem, smell, tastetaste).

Unlike ice-cream, sherbert is sometimes accompanied by cottage cheese.

Ice-cream and sherbert are alike in that they are both cold.

Lesson 29: Like vs.vs. As Like is a

preposition followed by a pronoun or a noun.

Example:

I did my paper like

yours.

As is a conjunction followed by a clause.

Example:

I did my paper as

you did.


The word as is used after certain verbs:

classify as serve as identify as regard as use as be known as, etc.

Lesson 29: Comparisons Notice the use of “the”.

Superlative:

1. I have just met the most interestingpolitician.

2. He is considered the funniest of the group. Proportional Statement:

1. The more you study, the more you learn.

2. The hotter the food is, the harder it is to eat.



Subtropical zones _____ temperate zones but they still have distinct summer and winter seasons.

(A) that are warmer(B) warmer(C) are warmer as(D) are warmer than



____ other mammals, whales do not have a sense of smell.

(A) not alike(B) unlike(C) unlikely(D) dislike



_____ the diameter of a circle, the larger its circumference.

(A) Greater than(B) The greater(C) Great as(D) As great as


Find the mistake:

1. Basketball is played at a much fast pace than baseball.

2. The deep oceans contain some of the stranger of all living creatures.


Find the mistake:1. The most small vessels in the

circulatory system are capillaries.

2. Alike their close relatives the frogs, toads are amphibians.

3. Asters, as all perennial plants, bloom once a year.

Lesson 30: Appositives

An appositive is a reduced adjective clause.

It gives more information about a noun.

It is separated by commas (long version).

It can come immediately after the noun (long version) or before it (short version).

Lesson 30: Appositives Examples:

1. Oak, which is one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make furniture (adjective clause).

2. Oak, one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make furniture.

3. One of the most durable hardwoods,oak is often used to make furniture.

Lesson 30: Appositives


The National Road, _____ of the first highways in North America, connected the East Coast to the Ohio Valley.

(A) which one(B) it was one(C) one(D) was one

Lesson 31: Misplaced modifiers

Find the mistake:

1. Walking along the beach, the whale was spotted by the men.

2. Believed to be over 9 000 years old, archaelogists recently found the oldest known piece of cloth.

3. Driving down the road, a herd of sheep suddenly blocked the road in front of Liza’s car.

Lesson 31: Misplaced modifiers

Find the mistake:

1.While peeling onions, the chef’s eyes began to water.

2.Warm and mild, everyone enjoys the climate of the Virgin Islands.

3.Like most cities, parking is a problem in San Franciso.

Lesson 32: Negatives

no Adj Not any There was nono milk.

none Pron Not one They took a lot of pictures,

but almost nonenone of them turned out.

nothing Pron Not anything

There was nothingnothing in his briefcase.

No one Pron Not anyone

No oneNo one arrived on time.


nor Conj And...not He’s never been fishing, nornor does he plan to go.

without Prep Not having

Sue likes her coffee without milk.

never Adv At no time

I’ve never been to Alaska.


Both nono and notnot can be used before nouns, depending on the meaning of the sentence.

Examples:1. There is no coffee in the pot. (It’s empty).

vs.vs.

2. This is not coffe. (It’s tea).


The adjective nono is used before the word longer to mean “not anymore”.

Example:

I no longer read the afternoon paper.


The word notnot should be used before an adjective.

Example:It is not clear at what point in the Earth’s history

its surface solidified.



There is almost ______ vegetation in the Badlands, a barren region of South Dakota.

(A) not

(B) nor

(C) none

(D) no

This is the end.I thank you very much for your patienceand tolerance during the ten hours wewere toghether. I really enjoyed workingwith you.

I wish you the best!

Lic. Ruth Esther Ángel Torres([email protected])

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