Toddlerpg 630-640

1st to 3rd yr

Autonomy versus shame & doubtAnal stage

Preoperational period•Remember:•Till 20lbs or 1yr =sit in rear facing car seat.•Up to 40lbs in a child seat.•Booster seat for > 40lbs until back against seat & legs can bend then seat belt on.•Regular seat- at least 4.75ft tall but should be 8yr old or at least 60lbs.

Appearance

• 4 – 6 pounds per year– Quadruple birth weight by 30 months

• Appearance

Autonomy versus shame & doubt

Erickson’s Theory• Developing a sense of control

– A process of “holding on & letting go”• Toys out the window

• To button or not to button by themselves

• Results in a clash of wills

Autonomy versus shame & doubtErikson• Negativism

– “No!”– “Me do!”

• Ritualism- sense of control or comfort– Sameness (To give them a sense of comfort. Ex:

wearing the same shirt or eating out of same bowl)

• Transitional object– Blanket, cup, etc

Anal stageFreud Theory

• Age– 1 – 3 years

• Source of pleasure seeking– Anal region

• Major event is toilet training

Toilet training

• Two important factors– Physiological readiness– Psychological readiness

• Needs to able to want to please parent

• Psychological readiness– Willingness to please parents– Impatience with soiled diapers

Toilet training

• Physiological readiness– Generally between 22–30 months

– Girls usually toilet trained before boys

– Myelinization of spinal cord • to control sphincter

– After child has walked 1 year (helps control of muscles)

Toilet training

• Recognize need

• Communicate need (to let parents know)

• Need to have enough control to stay dry for 2 hours

• Remember accidents happen (up to 5yrs)

• This is not a competitiveEvent

Suggestions

• Clothing that is easy to remove– “Pull-ups”

• Potty chair– Become comfortable with chair– Provides feeling of security– Feet on floor makes defecating easier

• Or sit facing the toilet (boys)

• Ask the child frequently

• Praise! Praise! Praise!

Tertiary circular reactions

Piaget• 13 – 18 months

• “Little scientists”– Pulling a blanket– Dropping an object

Inventions of new means• 19 – 24 months

• Use symbols and words when referring to absent people or objects (ex: “Grandma is coming today!” An understanding that someone is going when waving goodbye.)

• Can use mental images to represent objects

• Problem solving in their mind– Pushing something into wall– pulling it away or going around

Preoperational periodPiaget

• 2 – 7 years

• Problem solving based on what the child sees and hears– Thinks and reasons at a very primitive level

• Difficulty telling reality from fantasy

Preoperational period Piaget (2-7 yrs)

• Egocentrism– Some degree from birth to death– Views everything in relation to self,

cannot see another’s point of view

• Animism– Giving life-like or human qualities to

animals and inert objects

Preoperational period Piaget (2-7 yrs)

• Magical thought– “Wishing makes it so”

• Irreversibility– Cannot undo

• Ex1: can climb up something, but not climb down.• Ex2: can take off clothes but not put them on

• Centration– Focuses on one aspect of a situation

• ex: don’t want to eat any kind of green food• Only do one thing after another (cannot multitask)

Dental health(2-7 yrs)

• Complete set of baby teeth by 24 months

• “Help the child brush twice a day with a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste, using a small, soft children’s brush. Brush for the time it takes to think about the words to a favorite song such as the ABC song. Be sure the child spits out the toothpaste.”– Recommendations of the American Dental

Association for A toddler and preschool-age child

Nutrition(2-7 yrs)

• Physiologic anorexia– A decreased need for calories compared to an infant

• Food jags- eat only one type of food and no other

• More than 1 quart of milk a day can lead to dietary deficiencies– 24 – 31 ounces acceptable– Too much milk -> may not eat healthy.

Nutrition(2-7 yrs)

• Small amounts of food with frequent snacks– Highchair or special seat– General guideline: 1 tablespoon of each food per year

of age• ¼ Cup OJ• ¼ Cup cereal with ½ cup milk• ¼ Banana

• Health snacks– Yogurt– Cheese– Bread with peanut butter– Thinly sliced fruits– Soft vegetables

Language development

• 15 – 24 months (2yrs)– Burst of language

• 2 years– ~ 300 words– ~ 50% - 65% can be understood by stranger– Sentence is words strung together

• “All gone.”• “Mama go bye-bye.”

Play15 – 24 months (2yrs)

• Characterized by– Imitation– Aggression (because of Egocentrism)– Short attention span

• Parallel play– Playing along side of but not “with” other

children• Talking

– Dual monologue- Talking to one another but not really a conversation

• Activities– Big puzzles, Sand box, soap bubbles, clay,

doll (for both sexes)

Sleep

• 12 – 14 hours– One nap– Quiet time instead of one nap?– Resist going to bed

• Helping the toddler sleep– Firm limits– Bedtime rituals (Toddlers like sameness)– Transitional object needs to be available– Expect: Some say locking child in room is

acceptable

Limit setting

• Childproof environment– Injuries are leading cause of death in this age

group (ex: can climb up something, but not climb down)

• Unrestricted freedom is a threat– Boundaries can help a toddler feel safe.

Types of discipline

• Communication at time of misbehavior should be ~ 1 word per year of age– Reasoning/Long explaination does not work

• Scolding results in shame

• Negative voice

• Time out– Rule of thumb: 1 minute per

Year of age

Common problems

• Temper tantrums– No secondary gain (No reward is the goal)– Make sure there is no “reward” for the

behavior (ex: give toddler candy to be quiet)

• Sibling rivalry– Dethronement

• Taken off center stage– Egocentrism plays a role