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Today's Topics:
I. FEAR OF FORESTS
Psychological term, therefore treatable
Fairy tales, movies today
Who is afraid of forests
II. UTILITARIAN Attitudes towards FORESTS:
SOCIETAL COLLAPSE AFTER OVER-EXPLOITING FORESTS
(1) Sumaria – Epic of Gilgamesh & building a civilization using
Cedar forests; Too much salt in your agricultural fields
(2) Easter Island – Cut forests competing to build large statues; No
FOOD - Ate all animals on island, No ag, No fishing boats
BENEDICTINE ORDER (CATHOLIC CHURCH) & the START of
DEFORESTATION IN EUROPE
Start deforesting Europe
Wood scarcity first emerges as a societal issue
Benedictine order develops 1st good forest practices driven by
wood scarcity (coppice, pollard systems)
2
4
Do you have anxiety or panic attacks
that debilitate you when you go into a
FOREST at NIGHT TIME??
If you do, you are a
Nyctohylophobiac!!
Fortunately you are not alone!! You have
lots of company in your phobia.
Fear of Forests
LOOK Psychological Terms describing
fear of forests!!
Hylophobia =
fear of the dark or of night
Nyctohylophobia =
fear of dark wooded areas
or of forests at night
Fear of Forests
Kristiina Side Note: Once you attach a name to something it becomes
SCIENTIFIC and PEOPLE IN WHITE ROBES will want to cure you!!
6
Symptoms of Nyctohylophobia:
• Unable to get enough air into your lungs
• Excessive sweating
• Fast heart beat
• Fainting or losing consciousness
• Unable to control the trembling of your limbs
• Unable to think
• ETC
Fear of Forests
3
7
http://twelfthbough.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html; http://vicarioustherapy.blogspot.com/2008/09/okay-i-am-angry.html
Is this just a frightening place??
Fear of Forests
8Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs http://longforgottenhauntedmansion.blogspot.com/2012/06/into-dark-forest.html
What about
fairy tales
that you are
read as a
kid??
Disney
images
Little Red Riding Hood
What happened to Little Red Riding Hood???
Fear of Forests
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Crane26.jp;
4
‘Hansel and Gretel tale of Separation Anxiety - an essential
fear in children
Hansel and Gretel are abandoned alone in the woods. The witch is
essence of separation anxiety, but children manage to overcome
her & vanquish their fear of abandonment
SLIGHT DETOUR on Separation Anxiety: Simpson
Timber selling wooden doors using images of closed doors - low
sales. French psychologist said you need to open the door - babies
fear being left alone in a room with a closed door. Kept doors open -
sales went up. So what happens to you as a kid matter!!
Fear of Forests
http://www.umich.edu/~engl415/childad/child.htm)
Another example separation anxiety is the Native American
folktale -Wendigo. In Meet the Monsters, Wendigo is a horrible
monster that eats children who are alone in the forest. Children's
fears of getting lost & being separated from their parents. http://www.umich.edu/~engl415/childad/child.htm
Algonquian couple,
18th-century http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_people
“Wendigo” comes
from the Native
American
Algonquian
language, meaning
“evil spirit that
devours mankind.” http://demonhunterscompendium.blogspot.com/2010/06
/wendigo.html
Fear of Forests
12
Ichabod Crane and the Headless
Horseman – popular during Halloween!!
Scary Forest Stories are
intergenerational – Still read today!!
Fear of Forests
OTHER
Causes of
forest fear:
wild animals
hunting you
for food,
being killed,
or catching
a disease
[e.g.,
malaria]!!
5
13
Nyctohylophobia is a learned phobia that many develop
as children so you can blame your PARENTS!
Bed time stories:
In many societies, recount tales of what happens in
the woods at night!!
Used by parents to keep children from going into
forests because of wild animals that live in forests &
might kill them
Reflect children’s fear being separated from their
parents.
Fear of Forests
14
Movies maintain feelings of horror or impending death when
traveling through a dark forest (e.g., Hunger Games, Lord of the
Rings, Harry Potter, etc).
Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss
Everdeen in "The Hunger Games."
By MANOHLA DARGIS
Published: March 22, 2012 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunger_games.jpg
TODAY Fear of Forests continues in new books/movies
15http://www.freetoursbyfoot.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ForbiddenForest.jpg
Do you recognize which movie this is from and where
does it take place??
The Forbidden Forest – Hagrid’s Hut and
several other scenes in Harry Potter movies
6
Harris poll (1999) in US [% Americans afraid of
being alone in a forest]:
• 13% of the US population extremely afraid
41% are very or somewhat afraid
• 22% of women afraid compared to 4% of men
• 18% of the population with either a high school
or lower education afraid
• 7% of the college graduates afraid
• 4% of those with postgraduate education afraid (Taylor 1999)
QUESTION: Do you think the poll results are
relevant for indigenous communities??
Fear of Forests
Repercussions of Fearing Forests
EITHER• No impact on forests since people
avoid going into them
OR• Total destruction of forests, i.e.,
get rid of them!!
Next Topic for Today UTILITARIAN Attitudes towards
FORESTS:
Two Examples of Societal Collapse after Over-exploiting
Forests for their Utilitarian Values
18
DEFINITION OF Utilitarian =
a doctrine that everything has a use &
should be used
7
19
Historical FACT:
Forest Over-
exploitation
= or contributes to
Societal Collapse
Our First Story
Sumaria
Over exploitation of cedar forests in mountains when building first large civilization
Human food security lost: erosion, too much salt in agricultural fields, crops not grow in lowlands
20
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
Let’s go back thousand’s of years to Mesopotamia
and talk about it’s forests [NOTE: this is present day Iraq,
Iran, Syria and Turkey]
21
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
8
– 1st recorded epic
recounting a
mythological story
• recorded over 4000
years ago on 11 clay
tablets
• entitled – Epic of
Gilgamesh
Fragment of
Gilgamesh Tablet
11 (British
Museum)
22
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
CAST of CHARACTERS: Gilgamesh, King of
Sumer, with the help of Enkidu, wild man, killed a
demon named Humbaba
Gilgamesh was
searching for
immortality, i.e.,
he didn’t want to
die
23(Terracotta relief, c. 2000 BCE) , [From Time/Life's series, MYTH AND MANKIND:
Epics of Early Civilization: Middle Eastern Myth, 1998:80]
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
24
• This epic describes the over-exploitation
of the cedar forests in present day
Mesopotamia
• After killing the demon, they cut down the
trees and floated them back to the great
city of Uruk
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
9
The great civilizations of
Mesopotamia built at the expense of
seemingly endless cedar forests
(ca. 2500 – 2000 BCE)
Within the greater
Mesopotamia, Sumer
was the first great
culture!
Cedars
25
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
WOOD built the Sumerian Civilization
- Houses built of wood [logs, roof beams]
- Levers
- Pegs and rungs of ladders
- Posts and rods for basketry
- Boats planks and boards, boat ribs
- Farming - hoes, plows, handles etc.
- Branches and twigs made charcoal
- Branch bundles used to reinforce banks
of canals, rivers
(a la Professor Bob Gara)
26
Archeological
restoration of a
house in Ur --
heavy
use of wooden
timbers
27
10
The Sumerians founded the great city of
Ur at the peak of the “Bronze Age”
- bronze tools such as axes, hammers, hoes, and sickles
facilitated common labor
ANSWER: wood used to make charcoal which burned
at a high enough temperature to heat foundry
furnaces to make bronze
28
QUESTION: Why do you need wood during a
bronze age?
ANSWER: Copper and tin (makes bronze) melting point is
950°C or 1,742° F
[HOW HOT IS THIS? Or what is the temperature of hot tubs?]
• The growing civilization of the Euphrates-Tigris River
basin created a large demand on timber resources;
great battles were fought for these resources!
• Sumerians ultimately gained control of the forests
• They developed a log transportation system using
the Euphrates & Tigris Rivers to float logs to markets
29
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
• Trees were felled and placed in the river systems
causing salt, silt, logs, wooden debris to fill the upper
reaches of the waterways
• Hillsides and mountainous areas were bared and the
salt-rich sedimentary rocks of the north eroded
rapidly
“…salt-rich
sedimentary
rocks…”
30
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
QUESTION? What finally caused them to reach a tipping point?
11
Sumerian
civilization
Larger
Mesopotamian
civilization
31
Increased salinization
of the alluvial soils of
Sumeria COINCIDED
with the onset of
Mesopotamian
exploitation of its
northern timberlands
• Barley first domesticated grain in the world(in Guns, Germs, and Steel, Diamond argues barley
allowed Eurasian civilizations to survive & conquer others)
• In 2,400 BCE, harvests of barley comparable
to modern-day U.S. harvest
BUT Increased salinization was nonreversible &
caused progressive decline in crop yields:
•Three hundred years later,
yields dropped by 42%
As Bob
Gara
would
say
Damn!
32
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
Barley
Some final words about this ancient area:
- Barley production collapsed and so did Sumeria
- Declining food production due to soil-salinization
was the main factors in collapse of the Sumerians
What
did we
do
wrong?
RESULT:
Center of
human
development
moved north
(a la Professor Bob Gara)33
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
12
Then
Now
The cedar
forests of
Mesopotamia
34
Many Islamic artists
have tried to
resurrect
these ancient
forests
in paintings
35
So, ecologic and economic disasters
caused by destruction of forests and
watersheds is an old story – a la Professor
Bob Gara
36
Looks like Professor Bob Garahttp://news.sciencemag.org/signal
-noise/2014/04/watch-explore-
ruins-angkor-wat-google
“Fall of .. Khmer Empire ..late 14th to
early 15th centuries .. included war
..land overexploitation. ..recent
evidence ..prolonged droughts
..linked to ..decline of Angkor ..., tree
rings .. Vietnam suggest .. region
experienced long spans of drought
interspersed with unusually heavy
rainfall.”
http://www.livescience.com/17702-drought-collapse-ancient-city-angkor.html
13
Easter Island
Competition to build big statues
Cut forests down to move statues around the island
Ate everything edible on island
No wood to build boats for fishing
37
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
RESULT: Human food security lost, starvation and death
One of many theories!!
38
ONE
THEORY
Why Easter
Island
civilization
collapsed:
deforestation
caused by
building of
large statues
for religious
purposes
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Easter_Island_map-en.svg
History of Easter Island:
• No wars between 11 or 12 clans
• Rivalry between clans based on
which clan could sculpt,
transport largest statue to
their territory (immense 8 meter
high stone statues called moai)
Past – looked like this
(forests)
TODAY – no trees
39
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg
Today - Grasslands
14
http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/photos/Species/jubaea_chilensis.htm
Palm trees existed on Easter Island whose trunk exceeded
2 meters (7 feet) in diameter
The Chilean palm above (considered biggest palm in
the world today) is a dwarf in comparison to palms that
grew on Easter Island 40
Sophora toromiro – endemic mimosa
once native & abundant shrub on Easter
Island. Wood collection, grazing decimated
this shrub.http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/plants_and_algae/Sophora_toromiro/GES002185.html?size
=large
Easter Island had
21 tree species
before 1400 CE
41
NOTE: Easter Island has not supported native plant
species since 1962
Between 1400 – 1600,
16 tree species vanished
Crop yields decreased
in 1400’s due to
deforestation, soil
erosion
So where do trees fit
into this?? One
THEORY
• Wood used to build :
-massive sleds to hold the
statues
-wooden skids
(looked like giant ladder)
laid from quarry to the site
• Fibrous tree bark used to make
ropes pulled by 50-500 people
• Today 300 stone platforms and
113 with statues (25 large ones)
42
Easter Islanders have re-enacted this theory successfully
15
43
Moai carvers where skilled stonecutters
and honored craftsmen - part of
privileged class dedicated to carving
statues.
The moai were carved in the walls of
the crater, shape of the body with its
back attached to the ground by a thin
keel which was only chipped away
when the carving was complete.
When the front of the statue was
finished it had to be removed from its
keel and slid carefully down the
slope. To accomplish this difficult task
they used ropes to tie the statue to
tree trunks.
http://www.chileculture.org/wp-
content/uploads/2011/08/Easter-Island-unfinished-
moai.png
An unfinished moai found on the
walls of the crater at Ranu Karaku
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
http://www.youtube.com/watch?featu
re=player_embedded&v=_RQQOUiB
UMo
44
In addition to the wood used to transport the
statues, people still needed wood for other uses
to just survive:
To cremate the dead
Everyday life activities (cooking
fires, construction of houses, etc.)
Build boats to go fishing and make
the fishing hooks
Societal Collapse – Overexploiting Forests
NOTE: Most of the wood went to transporting the statues
so these other needs could not be satisfied
http://www.inkokomo.com/dolphin/images/dolph99.html,
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/icg/EASTER.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.osdpd.noaa.g
ov/PSB/EPS/icg/east0map.htm&h=1285&w=1039&sz=579&tbnid=Um-
IYSnO1AcJ:&tbnh=150&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmap%2Bof%2Beaster%2Bisland%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D&start=1&sa=
X&oi=images&ct=image&cd=0
II. Deforestation so no wood to replace
harpoons or repair canoes, unable to fish to
maintain dolphin in their diet.
I. Easter Island geography
prevents fishing on its
shores; Islanders ate
common dolphin – who
lived far from shore,
required harpooning them
with big seaworthy canoes
45
16
Captain Cook in
1774 described
inhabitants as
“small, lean, timid,
and miserable”(Diamond 2005)
46
Easter Island statistics
At peak, 7,000 – 30,000 people lived on Easter Island
Population decimated by 3 smallpox epidemics in 19th century
Peruvian slave ships further decimated population by kidnapping & removing 1,500 inhabitants (Diamond 2005)
47
Forest FACTS in Europe before 1200 CE [Europe
was a Medieval society]:
• Forests mainly controlled and used by rulers for
hunting or as private reserves
• The Church was more powerful than Kings and
unified societies during this time
• Forests had little economic value
• Forests were given away by noblemen to the
church to gain the church’s favor or to not pay a
tithe[NOTE: 10% tax paid each year to the church as money or goods]
48
The Start of European Deforestation
17
49
SLIGHT DETOUR: Need to understand why Europe started deforestation & Why Europeans needed to conquer other lands in their search for timber outside their borders
TODAY’s LECTURE Benedictine Order (Catholic Church) started
deforestation in Europe
Scarcity of Wood in Europe led to the emergence of good forest practices
WEEK 3 LECTURE:Over-Exploitation of Non-European Forests & European Control of Global Resources
50
The Roman Catholic
Church and, in particular,
the Benedictine order have
an important role to play in
deforestation
St. Benedict (480–530 CE)
gave the order its motto:
“Pray and Work”
a la Professor Gara 51
The Start of European Deforestation
18
St. Benedict established the
first order at Monte Casino in
529 (now central Italy)
By the end of the 7th century
there were 400 Benedictine
monasteries spread all over
Europe
It is the way that new
monasteries “budded-
off” that is interesting
to why European
forests began to be
cut down
52
The Start of European Deforestation
(1) As monasteries grew
and monks felt crowded,
they would leave in
groups of 12 and enter
the unknown forests
around them
(2) The new groups
would fell trees,
build huts, till the
newly-created
openings in the
forest would attract
converts and
gradually change
the countryside
53
The Start of European Deforestation
(3) Since forest lands were not too valuable
to the noble-birth who owned the lands,
they would deed tracts of forests to the
new cloisters
54
The Start of European Deforestation
19
The monks tamed the forest landscape
• In 1147 King Conrad III, a Germanic nobleman, gave large
tracts of forested lands to the Cistercian monks if theywould tame the land
• Archbishop of Magdeburg exempted land owners from
tithing if they gave their “untamed forests ..
marshes” to the Cistercian monks
• So, for the next 300 yrs. Monks
drained swamps, cut forests, farmed
the land and attracted settlers –the ultimate desire of the
feudal economy of the time!!
55
The Start of European Deforestation
56
BUT already scarcity of
wood supplies was starting
to be recognized in the
European continent
NOT enough wood for cooking
and heating for local needs
The Start of European Deforestation
Scarcity of forest materials meant
monks started to develop some initial
forest management principles
In 1040 monks of the Vallombrosan
Order (off-shoot Benedictines):• preserved forests that were on terrain too
difficult to farm (“places where God would
touch their souls”)
• encouraged reforestation of cut forested
land - - preparing cut-over sites for seeding
• planted seedlings dug from the forests
• shaped trees for basketry (pollarding) and
stumps for sprouts – fuel wood
a la Professor Gara 57
The Start of European Reforestation Practices
20
By 1595 forest laws emerged
A guide for the Trappists Monks near
the French town of Trappe:
“ … are hereby forbidden to cut any of the
woods (trees) belonging to the abbey before
the age of 15 years, seeing the poverty of
the soil. They shall regulate their coupes
(cutting areas) into 15 equal fellings and they
shall leave standing at each felling at least
five standards (big-old trees) per coupe.
They shall allow one-third of their forest area
to grow as high forests on the best soils …
etc.”
Forestry 101 for
monks
a la Professor Gara
58
The Start of European Reforestation Practices
Besides setting forest reserves, and providing
rudimentary rules on how to manage forest resources,
the monasteries were the first to establish coppice and
pollarding silvicultural systems
Coppice
Pollard
59
NOTE: Turkey has practiced coppicing for hundreds of years very
successfully –i.e., using and cutting one tree for hundreds of years!!
The Start of European Reforestation Practices
Coppice Pollard
i.e. managing the sprouting ability of some tree
species into systematized methods of providing forest
products
a la Professor Gara
60
The Start of European Reforestation Practices
21
A sprouting stump
(coppicing)
Pollarding with the
new sprouts harvested
Arrow stocks
derived
from pollarding
a la Professor Gara
61
Legacy of pollarding
in beech forest
a la Professor Gara
62
Legacy of coppice method
in chestnut forests
England
Still
Today:
Next day (November 2004): a visitor! …a monk walked
into Professor Gara’s office
a la Professor Gara
63
22
Continuing our Story:Europe Industrializes
RESULT:
1) Wood powered European industrialization
and drove their dominance of global trade
routes & resource supplies
2) European countries became
political powers & conquered other
countries using timber resources
65
EVOLVING AND CONTINUING STORIES
on OVER-EXPLOITATION of FORESTS
NEXT CLASS WILL CONTINUE
THIS STORY:
Start of the
European
Exploitation of
Global Forests
they did not own,
i.e., belonged to
someone else!!