BRIDGE DESIGN AIDS • APRIL 2005

CONTENTS

Section 1 – Abutments

Abutment Investigation ................................................. Jan 1988 ................................. 1-1, 1-2

Diaphragm Abutment Without Footing .......................... Jan 1988 ........................................ 1-3

Diaphragm Abutment With Footing ............................... Jan 1988 ........................................ 1-4

Short Seat Abutment ..................................................... Jan 1988 ........................................ 1-5

High Cantilever Abutment ............................................ Jan 1988 ........................................ 1-6

Section 2 – Footings

pages 2-1 through 2-5.16 are renumbered and placed in Section 13 dated August 1989

Seal Courses ................................................................. Jun 1990 ........................................ 2-6

Seal Courses (cont.) ..................................................... Jan 1982 ........................................ 2-7

Section 3 – Retaining Walls

Earth Retaining Systems ............................................... Jul 1989 ............................. 3-1.1, 3-1.2 Earth Retaining Systems (cont.) ................................... Jan 1990 ............................ 3-1.3, 3-1.4 Earth Retaining Systems (cont.) ................................... Jul 1989 ...........................3-1.5- 3-1.12 Magnitude, Location and Moment Horizontal

Earth Pressures for Retaining Walls ................... Jan 1990 ........................................ 3-4

Cantilever Wingwall Design .......................................... Jul 1989 ......................................... 3-6

Mechanically Stabilized Embankment ........................... Apr 2002 ..................................... 3-8.1

Welded Wire Mat Density per Full Face Panel ... Apr 2002 ......................... 3-8.1 - 3-8.3

Loading Conditions .............................................. Apr 2002 ..................................... 3-8.4

Foundation Pressure in Kips per Sq. Ft. ............. Apr 2002 ......................... 3-8.5 - 3-8.9

TABLE OF CONTENTS I


Section 3 – Retaining Walls - continued

Foundation Pressure in Kips per Sq. Ft. – Loading Condition 4E ..................................... Apr 2002 ................................... 3-8.10

Forces: Cantilever Sign Truss on Retaining Wall .......... May 1989 ............................. 3-9, 3-9.1

Section 4 – Concrete Slabs

Standard Slab Bridge – General Instructions ................ Sep 2004 ................................... 4-10.1

Makeup of Plans ................................................. Sep 2004 ................................... 4-10.1

Basis of Design ................................................... Sep 2004 ................................... 4-10.3

Standard Slab Bridge – Slab Details – Single and 2 Span ................................................ Mar 1989 ..................................... 4-11

Standard Slab Bridge – Slab Details – 3 Spans ............ Mar 1989 ................................... 4-12

Standard Slab Bridge – Slab Details – Multi Span........ Mar 1989 .................................... 4-13

Standard Slab Bridge – Slab Details – Hinge at Bent .. Mar 1989 ................................... 4-14

Standard Slab Bridge – Slab Details – Hinge at L/6..... Mar 1989 ................................... 4-15

Standard Slab Bridge – Support Design Data No. 1 ..... Mar 1989 .................................... 4-16

Standard Slab Bridge – Support Design Data No. 2 ..... Mar 1989 .................................... 4-17

Standard Slab Bridge – Typical Support Calculations ... Mar 1989 .................... 4-18.1 - 4-18.4

Slab Hinge Details ........................................................ Mar 1989 .................................... 4-19

Slab Reinforcement Details .......................................... Mar 1989 .................................... 4-20

Slab Bridge Pile Details ................................................ Mar 1989 .................................... 4-21

Section 5 – Concrete Design

Standard Notations and Design Formulas ..................... May 1962 ...................................... 5-1

Standard Notations and Design Formulas (cont.) ......... May 1971 ...................................... 5-2

Concrete Design ........................................................... May 1962 ...................................... 5-3

TABLE OF CONTENTS II


Section 5 – Concrete Design - continued

Resisting Moments of Beams and Slabs for Balanced

Design and Compressive Reinforcement ............ Feb 1968 ..................................... 5-10

Resisting Moments for Flanges of Box Girders and T-Beams (Foot-Kips) .......................................... Feb 1968 ....................... 5-10.1, 5-10.2

Table of Unit Values ..................................................... Mar 1968 ............................ 5-11, 5-12

Box Girders – Moments of Inertia and Weight Tables . Jun 1963 ...................................... 5-13

Moments of Inertia for T-Beams .................................. Jul 1967 ........................5-13.1 - 5-13.3

T-Beams – Moments of Inertia and Weight Tables 11" Stem ...................................... Jan 1964 ...................................... 5-14

T-Beams – Moments of Inertia and Weight Tables 13" Stem .................................................. Jan 1964 .................................... 5-14.1

Charts for Resisting Moments – Box Girders ............... Jul 1967 ..................................... 5-14.3

Graph – Resisting Moments – Slab = 5 ½" ................... Jul 1967 ..................................... 5-14.4

Graph – Resisting Moments – Slab = 6" ....................... Jul 1967 ..................................... 5-14.5

Graph – Resisting Moments – Slab = 6 ¼" ................... Jul 1967 ..................................... 5-14.6

Graph – Resisting Moments – Slab = 6 ½" ................... Jul 1967 ..................................... 5-14.7

Graph – Resisting Moments – Slab = 6 ¾" ................... Jul 1967 ..................................... 5-14.8

Graph – Resisting Moments – Slab = 7" ....................... Jul 1967 ..................................... 5-14.9

Column Design Charts .................................................. Nov 1974 .......................... 5-15 - 5-22

Shear Modification for Skewed Concrete Girders ........ May 1990 .......................... 5-31 - 5-38

Steps for Accessing and Running PSHEAR ................ May 1990 .................................... 5-39

Inverted T-Caps ............................................................ Oct 1995 ........................... 5-41 - 5-50

Inverted “T” Bent Cap Design Example ...................... Oct 1995 ........................... 5-51 - 5-66

Areas and Perimeters for Various Bar Sizes and Number of Bars ........................................... Aug 1966 .................................... 5-71

Areas and Perimeters for Various Bar Sizes

and spacing.......................................................... Aug 1966 .................................... 5-72

Anchorage to Concrete ................................................. Mar 1991 .......................... 5-81 - 5-92

TABLE OF CONTENTS III


Section 6 – Prestressed Concrete

Precast Prestressed Girders ......................................... Mar 2001 .................................... 6-1A

Caltrans Standard “I” Girder ............................... Mar 2001 .................................... 6-1A

Caltrans Standard “Bulb-Tee” Girder ................. Mar 2001 .................................... 6-1B

Caltrans Standard “Bathtub” Girder ................... Mar 2001 .................................... 6-1C

Prestressed Trapezoidal Box Girder ............................. Nov 1981 ..................................... 6-2

Precast Prestressed Concrete Box Girder ................... Nov 1961 ..................................... 6-3

Nomograph for Frictional Loss and Cable Elongation .. May 1962 .................................... 6-10

Prestressed Concrete Slabs .......................................... Jul 1994 ....................................... 6-11

Section 7 – Steel Design

Composite Girder Approximate Flange Areas .............. Aug 1963 ...................................... 7-1

Moments of Inertia of One Plate/Two Flanges ............ May 1962 .......................... 7-10 - 7-13

Data for Design of Steel Connections .......................... Jul 1963 ...................................... 7-15

General Information (Rivets, Bolts, Welds, etc.)........... Oct 1966 ..................................... 7-16

Steel Connections, Length of Weld or Number of Bolts .................................................. Mar 1971 .................................... 7-17

Properties of Welded Columns and Beams .................. Jan 1963 ............................ 7-21 - 7-27

Section 8 – Influence Lines

Validation for Section 8 ................................................. Feb 1990 ....................................... 8-0

Influence Lines for Continuous Spans .......................... May 1962 ............................ 8-1 - 8-32

Influence Lines for Four Equal Spans........................... Jan 1963 ............................ 8-35 - 8-43

Envelope Curves for Moment – Interior Span .............. May 1963 .................................... 8-45

Envelope Curves for Moment –

3 Equal Continuous Spans .................................. Jul 1963 ....................................... 8-46

Envelope Curves for Moment –

2 Equal Continuous Spans ................................... May 1963 .................................... 8-47

TABLE OF CONTENTS IV


Section 9 – Live Load Moments and Shears

Validation for Section 9 ................................................. Jun 1989 ........................................ 9-0

Simple Span Shear (Kips) – One Lane ......................... Apr 1979 .................................. 9-10A

Moments, Shears and Reactions for Continuous

HS20-S16(44) Loading ................................................. May 1962 ..................................... 9-1

Simple Beam Shear – One Lane .................................. May 1962 ................................... 9-10

Bending Moments – Simple Beam ............................... Apr 1963 ........................... 9-11 - 9-16

Spans – Live Loading ......................................... May 1962 .................................... 9-20

Moments, Shears and Reactions for Continuous

Spans – Live Loading (cont.) .............................. Aug 1967 .................................... 9-21

One Lane Live Load – Simple Span –Shears and Reactions ............................................................ May 1962 .......................... 9-22 - 9-30

One Lane Live Load – Hinge at 1/5 Point ................... Aug 1962 ......................... 9-31 - 9-36

One Lane Live Load – Hinge at 1/6 Point ................... Aug 1962 .......................... 9-37 - 9-42


One Lane Live Load – Hinge at 1/8 Point ................... Feb 1965 ........................... 9-49 - 9-54


One Lane Live Load – Hinge at 1/10 Point .................. Aug 1967 ......................... 9-61 - 9-66

One Lane Live Load – Hinge at 1/11 Point .................. Aug 1967 .......................... 9-67 - 9-72

One Lane Live Load – Hinge at 1/12 Point .................. Aug 1967 .......................... 9-73 - 9-78

Table of Maximum Moments for Permit Load ............. Mar 1986 ......................... 9-81, 9-81.1

Table of Maximum Moments for Permit Load (cont.) .. Jun 1979 .......................9-81.2 - 9-81.5

Steam Railroad Loading – Class E-10 .......................... Aug 1967 ........................... 9-95, 9-96

Section 10 – Type Selection

General Features of Design .......................................... Dec 1987 ........................... 10-1, 10-2

Clearance at Structures ................................................ Apr 1993 ......................... 10-3 –10-11

Curbs............................................................................. Mar 1991 .................................. 10-12

Concrete Barriers and Barrier Railings (Structures) .... Feb 1985 ................................... 10-13

Combination Railings (Vehicular and Pedestrian) ......... Feb 1982 .........................10-14, 10-15

TABLE OF CONTENTS V


Section 10 – Type Selection - continued

Combination Railings for Bridge Structures (Vehicle and Pedestrian) ..................................... Feb 1982 ................................... 10-16

Pedestrian Railings for Bridge Structures ..................... Feb 1982 ................................... 10-17

Roadway Drainage ....................................................... Feb 1982 ................................... 10-18

Surfacing on Bridges ..................................................... Feb 1982 .........................10-19, 10-20

Selection of Type (Structures) ...................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-21

General ................................................................ Feb 1990 ................................... 10-21

Report ................................................................. Feb 1990 .........................10-21, 10-22

“Structure Type Selection” Form DSD-0045 ...... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-23

Alternative Designs ............................................. Feb 1990 ................................... 10-24

Characteristics of Types of Structures ................ Feb 1990 ................................... 10-24

Slab, T-Beam....................................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-25

Box Girder (CIP Reinforced) .............................. Feb 1990 ................................... 10-26

Box Girder (CIP Prestressed) ............................. Feb 1990 ................................... 10-26

Prestressed Concrete Slabs ................................ Feb 1990 ................................... 10-27

Prestressed Concrete Girders (Precast) ............. Feb 1990 ................................... 10-27

Composite Welded Girder ................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-28

Railroad Structures (Steel) .................................. Feb 1990 ................................... 10-29

Railroad Structures (Prestressed Concrete) ....... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-29

Pedestrian Structures .......................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-29

Abutments ..................................................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-30

Abutment Types ............................................................ Feb 1990 ................................... 10-31

Piers or Bents ............................................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-32

Slopes at Abutments ..................................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-33

Bridge Numbers ............................................................ Feb 1990 ................................... 10-34

Kinds of Structures ....................................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-35

Structure Types ............................................................. Feb 1990 ................................... 10-36

Concrete Bridges .......................................................... Feb 1990 .........................10-37, 10-38

Bridges .......................................................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-39

Separations and Interchanges ....................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-40

Overheads and Underpasses ........................................ Feb 1990 ................................... 10-41

TABLE OF CONTENTS VI


Pedestrian Traffic ......................................................... Feb 1990 ................................... 10-42

Miscellaneous Structures .............................................. Feb 1990 ................................... 10-43

Section 11 – Estimating

Introduction ................................................................... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-1

General .......................................................................... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-1

BEES (Basic Engineering Estimate System) ...... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-1

Revised Estimates ............................................... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-1

Quantity Calculations .......................................... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-2

Escalation Factor ................................................. Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-2

Mobilization Factor .............................................. Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-2

Contingency Factors ........................................... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-2

Stage Construction .............................................. Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-2

Traffic Control ..................................................... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-3

Working Days ..................................................... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-3 Historical Cost Record ........................................ Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-3

Planning Estimates (Advance Planning Studies ............ Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-4

General Plan Estimates ................................................. Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-4

Bar Reinforcement /m3 of Concrete for Various Bridge Parts ...................................... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-5

Type 1 Retaining Wall Excavation and

Quantity Survey Graphs for Superstructure Concrete, Backfill Quantities .......................................... Mar 2005 ..................................... 11-5

Bar Reinforcing, and Prestressing Steel ........ Mar 2005 ........................ 11-7 - 11-20

Marginal Estimates ....................................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-21

Quantity Take-Off Procedures ........................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-21

Bar Reinforcing Steel Example ........................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-22

Lump Sum Items ................................................. Mar 2005 ................................... 11-23

Fully Compensated Items .................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-23

Structure Type Coding .................................................. Mar 2005 ................................... 11-24

TABLE OF CONTENTS VII


Section 11 – Estimating - continued

Concrete Type Limits and Division Between Superstructure and Substructure ......................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-26

Quantity Calculations and Summary Sheets ................. Mar 2005 ................................... 11-27

Quantity Summaries Transmitted to Resident Engineer’s Pending File, After Bid Acceptance .................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-28

Aids for Determining Quantities Marginal Estimates ... Mar 2005 .......................11-30 - 11-37

Item Descriptions and Limits and Methods of Payment Mar 2005 ................................... 11-39

Listed by Section ................................................. Mar 2005 ................................... 11-39

Alphabetical Listing of Items .............................. Mar 2005 ................................... 11-42

Description of Contract Items ...................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-44

Bar Reinforcing Steel .......................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-44

Concrete .............................................................. Mar 2005 ................................... 11-46

Deck Rehabilitation Items ................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-49

Earthquake Restrainers, Retrofit, and Repair ..... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-50

Earthwork ........................................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-52

Joint Seals ........................................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-56

Metal ................................................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-56

Piling (Excluding CISS) ....................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-57

Cast-in-Steel-Shell (CISS) Concrete Piling ......... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-58

Non-Standard Piling ............................................ Mar 2005 ................................... 11-59

Pipes, Conduits, Drains ....................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-65

Precast Girders ................................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-66

Prestressing Steel ................................................ Mar 2005 ................................... 11-66

Railings and Barriers ..................................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-67

Structural Steel .............................................................. Mar 2005 ................................... 11-67

Walls ............................................................................. Mar 2005 ................................... 11-68

Miscellaneous ............................................................... Mar 2005 ................................... 11-70

TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII


Section 12 – Piles

Validity of Pile Shaft Design ......................................... Mar 1990 ................................... 12-0

Pile Shaft Design .......................................................... Sep 1986 ...................... 12-30 – 12-49

Section 13 – Columns

Design of Single Column Bents for 2-Span Box Girder Bridges ..................................................... Aug 1989 .................................... 13-1

Column Reifnforcement for Prestressed Box Girders .. Aug 1989 ........................... 13-3, 13-4

Example Column/Footing Design (using STD Charts) .. Aug 1989 ........................... 13-5, 13-6

Live Loads .................................................................... Aug 1989 .................................... 13-7

Use of YIELD Program ............................................... Aug 1989 .................................. 13-8

Column Interaction Graphs ........................................... Aug 1989 ........................ 13-9 - 13-63

Section 14 – Seismic

Dynamic Model Assumptions and Adjustments ............ Oct 1989 ........................ 14-1 - 14-10

Equivalent Static Analysis of Restrainers ..................... Oct 1989 ...................... 14-11 - 14-25

Section 15 – Miscellaneous

Stair and Ramp Ratios .................................................. May 1962 .................................... 15-1

Foundation Investigation and Reports ........................... Jan 1989 ...................................... 15-2

Checklist for Structure Foundation Studies

and Reports ......................................................... Jan 1989 ............................ 15-3 - 15-6

As-Built Plans ............................................................... Jan 1989 ..................................... 15-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS IX


Section 16 – Sound Walls

Sound Wall Design ........................................................ Oct 1990 .......................... 16-1 - 16-8

Interaction Diagrams .................................................... Oct 1990 ......................... 16-9 - 16-24

Sound Wall – Standard Aesthetic Features ................... Oct 1990 ................................... 16-25

Masonry Block .................................................... Oct 1990 ....................... 16-25 - 16-27

Precast Concrete Panels with Posts ................... Oct 1990 ....................... 16-28 - 16-31

Cast-In-Place Contcrete ..................................... Oct 1990 ....................... 16-32 - 16-34

Composite Plaster Panel Sound Wall .................. Oct 1990 ....................... 16-35 - 16-37

Section 17 – Deck Drains

Deck Drainage Design ................................................. Oct 1989 ..................................... 17-1

1. Run-Off Analysis ............................................ Oct 1989 ..................................... 17-1

2. Capacity of Grate Inlets in a Sag .................... Oct 1989 ..................................... 17-1

3. Sheet Flow ...................................................... Oct 1989 ..................................... 17-2

4. Flow in Gutters ................................................ Oct 1989 ..................................... 17-2

5. Example Drainage Design .............................. Oct 1989 ..................................... 17-3

6. Detailing Practice ............................................ Oct 1989 ..................................... 17-9

Examples of details for special applications:

Double Deck Drain, Drop Through

Deck Drain Pipe Detail at Abutment ............ Oct 1989 ..................................... 17-9

Expansion Coupling ....................................... Oct 1989 ................................... 17-10

Part Bridge Section – Deck Drain Locations Oct 1989 .................................... 17-11

Deck Drain Pipe Detail at Hinge .................. Oct 1989 ................................... 17-12

Scupper Detail .............................................. Oct 1989 ................................... 17-13

Deck Drain .............................................. Oct 1989 ................................... 17-14

TABLE OF CONTENTS X

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