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    __ --

    JERRY H. BENTLEyJ'," , O J ; . .

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    TIVE ON THE PAST

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    University of Hawai'i_ i

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    HERBERT F. ZIEGLER"University of Hawai'i

    Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. LouisBangkok Bagota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid

    Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

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    Bentley, Jerry H., 1949-Traditions & encounters : a global perspective on the past I

    Jerry H. Bentley, Herbert F. Ziegler.p. ern.

    Includes index.ISBN 0-07-004923-81. World history. 2. Intercultural communication-History.

    1. Ziegler, Herbert F., 1949- . II. Title.020.B42 2000909--dc21 99-13503

    CIP

    McGraw-Hill Higher Education 'E ZA D iv is io n o f T heMcGraw-Hill Companies

    TRADITIONS & ENCOUNTERS: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE PAST

    Copyright 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in theUnited States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,no part of thi s publication may be reproduced or dist ributed in any form or by any means, orstored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior wri tten permission of the publi sher.

    This book is printed on acid-free paper.

    1234567890VNHjVNH09876543210

    ISBN 0-07-004923-8

    Editorial director: Jane E. VaicunasSenior sponsoring editor: Lyn UhlDevelopmental editors: Donata Dettbarn/feannine CiliottaSenior marketing manager: Suzanne DaghlianProject manager: Marilyn M. SulzerProduction supervisor: Laura FullerDesigner: Michael WarrellSenior photo research coordinator: Carrie K. BurgerArt editor: Brenda A. ErnzenSenior supplement coordinator: Gmdy M. KusterCompositor: Shepherd, Inc.Typeface: 10112 GalliardPrinter: Von Hoffmann Press,Inc.

    Interior design: Becky LemmaCover photo: Arrival (I f the Southern Barbarians at Nagasaki. Kano School, anonymous, early 17 th century. Christie's Images, Ltd., 1999Photo research: Deborah Bull/Photo'Search, Inc.

    The credits section for this book begins on page C-l and is consideredan extension of the copyright page.

    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

    www.mhhe.com

    http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/
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    ABOUT THE AUTHORS

    Aer H.Jl ntley is professor of history atthe University of Hawaii and editor tfttle J t : (of World History. He has writtenextensively on the cultural history of\abl, . n furope and on cross-cultural in-teractions in world history. His research on e ~f}lgious, moral, and political writ-ings of Renaissance led to the publication "prli'manists and Holy Writ: New Tes-tament Scholarship in the Renai~ 1983) and "Politics and Culture inRenaissance Naples" (1987)._)Iif'7'nS>l; recent research has concentrated on globalhistory and particularly on{procej'f' of cross-cultural interaction. His book, OldWorld Encounters: CroJJ-Cul.twral Contacts and ExchangeJ in Pre-Modern Times(1993), studies processes of cultural exchange and religious conversion before mod-ern times, and his pamphlet, Shapesof World History in Twentieth-Century Scholar-ship (1996), discusses the historiography of world history. His current interests in-clude processes of cross-cultural interaction and cultural exchange in modern times.

    v

    ~Ilerb . :.~Iegler is an associate profes-

    sor of history at the University of H. llg'ht courses on world history forthe last 19 years and is currently t r; th~world history program at theUniversity of Hawai.i. For se.ve.r~(e: .' e;;fed ,the book review .editor oft~e!our~al of World HtJtory.~rls .lOt~~~~ 10 ~eJ1t1eth-~tury E~ropean SOCIaland p~I1t-ical history led to the pu, hcatJ,o~ Nazi (JeJ:!J.!:.fJJ:l1Jew Aristocracy (1990). He ISatpresent working on a study that explores uncharted aspects of German society, espe-cially the cultural manifestations of humor and satire in the Nazi era. His other cur-rent research project focuses on the application of complexity theory to a comparativestudy of societies and their internal dynamics.

    http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/http://www.mhhe.com/
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    BRIEF CONTENTS

    VII

    List of Maps

    Preface

    A Brief Note on Usage

    Acknowledgements

    PAR T I THE EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES, 3500 TO 500 B.C.E. 2

    [I ] Before History 7

    [2 ] Early Societies in South west Asia and North Africa 31

    [3] Early Society in South Asia and the Indo-European Migrations 57

    [4 ) Early Society in East Asia 79

    [5 ) Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania 103

    PART II THE FORMATION OF CLASSICAL SOCIETIES, 500 B.C.E. TO 500 C.E 12(

    [6 ] The Empires of Persia 131

    [7 ) The Unification of China 153

    (8 ) State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India 177

    (9 ) Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase 199

    [10) Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase 225

    [11) Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads 249

    PART III THE POSTCLASSICAL ERA, 500 TO 1000 C.E. 274

    [12] A Survivor Society: Byzantium 279

    (13) A New Society: The Realm of Islam 303

    [14] The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia 327

    [15) India and the Indian Ocean Basin 355

    [16) The Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe 379

    PAR T I V AN AGE OF CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTION, 1000 TO 1500 C.E. 40

    [17] Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration 407

    [18J States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa 429

    [19] Western Europe during the High Middle Ages 451

    [20J Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania 477

    [21] Reaching Out: Cross-Cultural Interactions 501

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    Vlll BRIEF CONTENTS

    PAR T V THE ORIGINS OF GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE, 1500-1800 530

    [22) Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections 535

    [23) The Transformation of Europe 563

    [24] New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania 593

    [25) Africa and the Atlantic World 621

    [26] Tradition and Change in East Asia 647

    [27) The Islamic Empires 673

    [28) The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia 697

    Pronunciation Guide

    Credits

    Index

    PAR T V I AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, INDUSTRY, AND EMPIRE, 1750-1914 722

    [29] Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World 727

    [30] The Making of Industrial Society 759

    [31] The Americas in the Age of Independence 787

    [32] Societies at Crossroads 817

    [33] The Building of Global Empires 847

    PART VII THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 876

    [34] The Great War: The World in Upheaval 881

    [35) The Age of Anxiety, 1919-1939 911

    [36] New Conflagrations: World War II and the Early Cold War 941

    [37] The Retreat from Empire in a Bipolar World 973

    [38) Transformation and Crisis in the Contemporary World 1009

    [39] A World Without Borders 1041

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    CHAPTER 2

    EARLY SOCIETIES IN SOUTHWEST ASIAAND NORTH AFRICA 31

    DETAILED CONTENTS

    List of Maps

    Preface

    A Brief Note on Usage

    Acknowledgements

    PAR T I

    THE EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES, 3500 TO 500 B.C.E. 2

    CHAPTER 1

    BEFORE HISTORY 7

    The Evolution of Homo Sapiens 8

    The H ominids 8

    Homo Sapiens 12

    Paleolithic Society 14

    Economy and Society of Hunting and GatheringPeoples 14

    Paleolithic Culture 16

    The Neolithic Era and the Transition toAgricul ture 19

    The Origins of Agriculture 19

    Early Agricultural Society 21Neolithic Culture 26

    The Origins of Urban Life 26

    Summary 28

    Chronology 28

    For Further Reading 28

    The Quest for Order 32Mesopotamia: "The Land between the Rivers"

    Egypt: "The Gift of the Nile" 35

    The Course of Empire 37

    The Development of Complex Societies 40

    Economic Specialization and Trade 40

    The Emergence of Stratified Societies 42

    The Construction of Patriarchal Societies 44

    Writing and the Formation of Sophisticated Cultur.Traditions 46

    The Origins of Writing 46

    Education, Literacy, and Learning 47

    The Origins of Organized Religion 48

    IX

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    x

    The Broader Influence of Mesopotamian and EgyptianSocieties 50

    Mesopotamian Influence on the Hebrewsand the Phoenicians 50

    Egyptian Influence in Sub-Saharan Africa 52

    Summary 54Chronology 54

    For Further Reading 54

    CHAPTER 3

    EARLY SOCIETY IN SOUTH ASIA AND THEINDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS 57

    Harappan Society 58

    Foundations of Harappan Society 59

    Harappan Society and Culture 60The Indo-European Migrations and EarlyAryan India 62

    Indo-European Peoples and Their Migrations 63

    The Aryans and India 65

    Vedic Society 67

    Origins of the Caste System 67

    The Development of Patriarchal Society 69

    Religion in the Vedic Age 71

    Aryan Religion 71

    The Blending of Aryan and Dravidian Values 72Summary 76

    Chronology 76

    For Further Reading 76

    CHAPTER 4

    EARLY SOCIETY IN EAST ASIA 79

    Political Organization in Early China 80

    Early Agricultural Society and the XiaDynasty 80

    DETAILED CONTENTS

    The Shang Dynasty 82

    The Zliou Dynasty 84

    SOCietyand Family in Ancient China 87

    The Social Order 87

    Family and Patriarchy 90

    Early Chinese Writing and CulturalDevelopment 92

    Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing 93

    Thought and Literature in Ancient China 94

    The Broader Influence of Ancient ChineseSociety 96

    Chinese Cultivators and Nomadic Peoples ofCentral Asia 96

    The Southern Expansion of Chinese Society 98Summary 99

    Chronology 99For Further Reading 99

    CHAPTER 5

    EARLY SOCIETIES IN THE AMERICASAND OCEANIA 103

    Early Societies of Mesoamerica 104

    The Olmecs 105

    Heirs of the Olmecs: The Maya 108

    Maya Society and Religion 110Heirs of the Olmecs: Teotihuacan 114

    Early Societies of South America 116

    Early Andean Society and the Chavin Cult 116

    Early Andean Sta tes: Mochica 118

    Early Societies of Oceania 119

    Early Societies in Australia and New Guinea 120

    The Peopling of the Pacific Islands 122Summary 123

    Chronology 124

    For Further Reading 124

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    DETAILED CONTENTS

    The Unification of China 161

    The Qin Dynasty 162

    The Early Han Dynasty 166

    From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder 169

    Productivity and Prosperity duringthe Former Han 170

    Economic and Social Difficulties 171

    The Later Han Dynasty 173

    Summary 174

    Chronology 175

    For Further Reading 175

    PART II

    THE FORMATION OF CLASSICAL SOCIETIES, 500 B.C.E. TO 500 C.E. 126

    CHAPTER 6

    THE EMPIRES OF PERSIA 131

    The Rise and Fall of the Persian Empires 132

    The Achaemenid Empire 132

    Decline and Fall of the Achaemenid Empire 137

    The Seleiicid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires 138

    Imperial Society and Economy 141

    Social Development in Classical Persia 141

    Economic Foundations of Classical Persia 143

    Religions of Salvation in Classical PersianSociety 145

    Zarathustra and His Faith 145Religions of Salvation in a CosmopolitanSociety 148

    Summary 149

    Chronology 150

    For Further Reading 150

    CHAPTER 7

    THE UNIFICATION OF CHINA 153

    In Search of Political and Social Order 154

    Confucius and His School 154

    Daoism 158

    Legalism 160

    CHAPTER 8

    STATE, SOCIETY, AND THE QUEST FORSALVATION IN INDIA l77

    The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India 178

    The Mauryan Dynasty and the TemporaryUnification of India 178

    The Revival of Empire under the Guptas 182

    Economic Development and Social Distinctions 1

    Towns and Trade 184

    Family Life and the Caste System 186Religions of Salvation in Classical India 187

    [ainism and the Challenge to the EstablishedCultural Order 187

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    Xli

    Early Buddhism 189

    Mahayana Buddhism 191

    The Emergence of Popular Hinduism 193

    Summary 196

    Chronology 196For Further Reading 197

    CHAPTER 9

    MEDITERRANEAN SOCIETY:THE GREEK PHASE 199

    Early Development of Greek Society 200

    Minoan and Mycenaean Societies 200

    The World of the Polis 203

    Greece and the Larger World 206

    Greek Colonization 206

    Conflict with Persia and Its Results 208

    The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire 209

    The Hellenistic Empires 212

    The Fruits of Trade: Greek Economy and Society 214

    Trade and the Integration of the MediterraneanBasin 214

    Family and Society 215

    The Cultural Life of Classical Greece 217

    Rational Thought and Philosophy 217

    Popular Religion and Greek Drama 220Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion 221

    Summary 222

    Chronology 223

    For Further Reading 223

    CHAPTER 10

    MEDITERRANEAN SOCIETY:THE ROMAN PHASE 225

    From Kingdom to Republic 226The Etruscans and Rome 226

    The Roman Republic and Its Constitution 228

    The Expansion of the Republic 229

    From Republic to Empire 230

    Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems 231

    DETAILED CONTENTS

    The Foundation of Empire 233

    Continuing Expansion and Integrationof the Empire 234

    Economy and Society in the RomanMediterranean 237

    Trade and Urbanization 237

    Family and Society in Roman Times 239

    The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean 241

    Greek Philosophy and Religionsof Salvation 242

    Judaism and Early Christianity 243

    Summary 246

    Chronology 247

    For Further Reading 247

    CHAPTER 11

    CROSS-CUL TURAL EXCHANGESON THE SILK ROADS 249

    Long-Distance Trade and the Silk RoadsNetwork 250

    Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era 251

    The Silk Roads 252

    Cultural and Biological Exchanges Alongthe Silk Roads 256

    The Spread of Buddhismand Hinduism 257The Spread of Christianity 259

    The Spread of Manichaeism 260

    The Spread of Epidemic Disease 261

    The Fall of the Han Dynasty 263

    Internal Decay of the Han State 263

    Cultural Change in Post-Han China 264

    The Fall of the Roman Empire 265

    Internal Decay in the Roman Empire 266

    Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western

    Roman Empire 267Cultural Change in the La teRoman Empire 268

    Summary 271

    Chronology 271

    For Further Reading 271

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    DETAILED CONTENTS

    PART III

    CHAPTER 13

    A NEW SOCIETY: THE REALMOF ISLAM 303

    THE POSTCLASSICAL ERA, 500 TO 1000 C.E. 274

    CHAPTER 12

    A SURVIVOR SOCIETY: BYZANTIUM 279

    The Early Byzantine Empire 280

    The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium 281

    Justinian and His Legacy 283

    Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival 285

    Byzantium and Western Europe 286

    Byzantine Economy and Society 287

    The Agricultural Economy 287

    Industry and Trade 288

    Urban Life 290

    Classical Heritage and Orthodox Christianity 290The Legacy of Classical Greece 292

    The Byzantine Church 292Monasticism and Popular Piety 294

    Tensions between Eastern and WesternChristianity 295

    The Influence of Byzantium in Eastern Europe 296

    Domestic Problems and Foreign Pressures 296

    Early Relations between Byzantium and SlavicPeoples 298

    Byzantium and Russia 299

    Summary 300Chronology 301

    For Further Reading 301

    A Prophet and His World 304

    Muhammad and His Message 305

    Muhammad's Migration to Medina 306

    The Establishment of Islam in Arabia 308

    The Expansion of Islam 309

    The Early Caliphs and the UmayyadDynasty 309

    The Abbasid Dynasty 312

    Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World 3

    New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, andUrban Growth 315

    The Formation of a Hemispheric TradingZone 316The Changing Status of Women 319

    Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges 321

    The Formation of an Islamic CulturalTradition 321

    Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, Indiand Greece 322

    Summary 324

    Chronology 325

    For Further Reading 325

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    xiv

    CHAPTER 14

    THE RESURGENCE OF EMPIREIN EAST ASIA 327

    The Restoration of Centralized Imperial Rulein China 328

    The Sui Dynasty 328

    The Tang Dynasty 330

    The Song Dynasty 333

    The Economic Development of Tangand Song China 335

    Agricultural Development 335

    Technological and Industrial Development 337

    The Emergence of a Market Economy 339

    Cultural Change in Tang and Song China 341

    The Establishment of Buddhism 342

    Neo-Confucianism 345China in East Asia 346

    Korea and Vietnam 346

    Early fapan 348

    Medieval lapan 349

    Summary 351

    Chronology 351

    For Further Reading 352

    CHAPTER 15

    INDIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN 355

    Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms 356

    The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule 356

    The Introduction of Islam to Northern India 357

    The Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India 359

    Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin 360

    Agriculture in the Monsoon World 361

    Trade and the Economic Developmentof Southern India 362

    DETAILED CONTENTS

    Cross-cultural Trade in the Indian OceanBasin 364

    Caste and Society 367

    The Meeting of Hindu and Islamic Traditions 367

    The Development of Hinduism 368

    Islam and Its Appeal 370

    The Influence of Indian Societyin Southeast Asia 371

    The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 371

    The Arrival of Islam 373

    Summary 375

    Chronology 375

    For Further Reading 376

    CHAPTER 16THE FOUNDATIONS OF CHRISTIANSOCIETY IN WESTERN EUROPE 379

    The Quest for Political Order 380

    Germanic Successor States 380

    The Franks and the Temporary Revivalof Empire 381

    Decline and Dissolution of the CarolingianEmpire 385

    The Establishment of Regional Authorities 389Feudal Society 390

    The Feudal System 390

    Serfs and Manors in Feudal Europe 392

    The Economy of Feudal Europe 393

    The Formation of Christian Europe 395

    The Politics of Conversion 395

    The Papacy 396

    Monasticism 397

    Summary 399

    Chronology 400

    For Further Reading 400

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    DETAILED CONTENTS

    PAR T I V

    Islamic Kingdoms and Empires 434

    Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic Statesin West Africa 434The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic Statesin East Africa 438

    Bantu Society and Cultural Development 442

    Social Classes 442

    African Religion 444

    The Arrival of Christianity and Islam 446

    Summary 448

    Chronology 449

    For Further Reading 449

    AN AGE OF CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTION, 1000 TO 1500 C.E. 402

    CHAPTER 17

    NOMADIC EMPIRES AND EURASIANINTEGRATION 407

    Turkish Migrations and Imperial Expansion 408

    Nomadic Economy and Society 408

    Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia,and India 411

    The Mongol Empires 413

    Chinggis Khan and the Making of the MongolEmpire 413

    The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan 417

    The Mongols and Eurasian Integration 420

    Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China 421After the Mongols 422

    Tamerlane the Whirlwind 422

    The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire 424

    Summary 425

    Chronology 426

    For Further Reading 426

    CHAPTER 18

    STATES AND SOCIETIES OF SUB-SAHARANAFRICA 429

    The Bantu Migrations 430

    The Dynamics of Bantu Expansion 430

    Bantu Political Organization 432

    CHAPTER 19

    WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE HIGHMIDDLE AGES 451

    The Establishment of Regional States 452

    The Holy Roman Empire 453

    Feudal Monarchies in France and England 454

    Regional States in Italy and Iberia 456

    Economic Growth and Social Development 457

    Growth of the Agricultural Economy 457

    The Revival of Towns and Trade 458

    Social Change 461

    European Christianity during the High MiddleAges 464

    Schools, Universities, and ScholasticTheology 464

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    XVl

    Popular Religion 466

    Reform Movements and Popular Heresies 468

    The Medieval Expansion of Europe 469

    Atlantic and Baltic Colonization 470

    The Reconquest of Sicilyand Spain 471

    The Crusades 473

    Summary 474

    Chronology 475

    For Further Reading 475

    CHAPTER 20

    WORLDS APART: THE AMERICAS ANDOCEANIA 477

    States and Empires in Mesoamericaand North America 478

    The Toltecs and the Mexica 478

    Mexica Society 481

    Mexica Religion 484

    Peoples and Societiesof the North 486

    States and Empires in South America 488

    The Coming of the Incas 488

    Inca Society and Religion 491

    The Societies of Oceania 493

    The Nomadic Foragers of Australia 493

    The Development of Pacific Island Societies 494Summary 497

    DETAILED CONTENTS

    Chronology 498

    For Further Reading 498

    CHAPTER 21

    REACHING OUT: CROSS-CULTURALINTERACTIONS 501

    Long-Distance Trade and Travel 502

    Patterns of Long-DistanceTrade 503

    Political and DiplomaticTravel 507

    Missionary Campaigns 508

    Agricultural and Technological Diffusion 509

    Crisis and Recovery 512

    Bubonic Plague 512Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty 515

    Recovery in Western Europe:State Building 516

    Recovery in Western Europe:The Renaissance 518

    Exploration and Colonization 520

    The Chinese Reconnaissanceof the Indian Ocean Basin 520

    European Exploration in the Atlantic and IndianOceans 524

    Summary 526Chronology 527

    For Further Reading 527

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    The Consolidation of Sovereign States 569

    The Attempted Revival of Empire 569

    The New Monarchs 571

    Constitutional States and AbsoluteMonarchies 572

    The European States System 575

    Early Capitalist Society 577

    Population Growth and Urbanization 578

    Early Capitalism and Protoindustiialization 57

    Social Change in Earlyl.1odern Europe 581

    Science and Enlightenment 583

    The Reconception of the Universe 583

    The Scientific Revolution 584The Enlightenment 586

    Summary 588

    Chronology 588

    For Further Reading 589

    DETAILED CONTENTS x

    PAR T V

    THE ORIGINS OF GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE, 1500-1800 530

    CHAPTER 22

    TRANSOCEANIC ENCOUNTERSAND GLOBAL CONNECTIONS 535

    The European Reconnaissance of theWorld's Oceans 536

    Motives for Exploration 536

    The Technology of Exploration 538

    Voyages of Exploration: From the Mediterraneanto the Atlantic 542

    Voyages of Exploration: From the Atlantic to thePacific 545

    Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia 549

    Trading-Post Empires 549European Conquests in Southeast Asia 552

    Commercial Rivalries and the SevenYears' War 553

    Global Exchanges 555

    The Columbian Exchange 555

    The Origins of Global Trade 558

    Summary 560

    Chronology 560

    For Further Reading 560

    CHAPTER 23

    THE TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE 563

    The Fragmentation of Western Christendom 564

    The Protestant Reformation 565

    The Catholic Reformation 566

    Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars 567

    CHAPTER 24

    NEW WORLDS: THE AMERICASAND OCEANIA 593

    Colliding Worlds 594The Spanish Caribbean 595

    The Conquest of Mexico and Peru 596

    Iberian Empires in the Americas 598

    Settler Colonies in North America 600

    Colonial Society in the Americas 603

    The Formation of Multicultural Societies 603

    Mining and Agriculture in the Spanish Empire 6 1

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    A"VIU

    Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil 608

    Fur Traders and Settlers in North America 609

    Christianity and Native Religionsin the Americas 612

    Europeans in the Pacific 613

    Australia and the Larger World 613

    The Pacific Islands and the Larger World 615Summary 617

    Chronology 617

    For Further Reading 617

    CHAPTER 25

    AFRICA AND THE ATLANTIC WORLD 621

    Airican Politics and Society in Early

    Modern Times 622The Islamic States of West Africaand East Africa 623

    The Kingdoms of Central Africaand South Africa 625

    Islam and Christianity in Early Modern Africa 628

    .,. Social Change in Early Modern Africa 630

    The Atlantic Slave Trade 631

    Foundations of the Slave Trade 631

    Human Cargoes 632

    The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa 636

    The African Diaspora 637

    Plantation Societies 637

    The Making of African-American CulturalTraditions 640

    The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolitionof Slavery 641

    Summary 642

    Chronology 643

    For Further Reading 643

    DETAILED CONTENTS

    CHAPTER 26

    TRADITION AND CHANGEIN EAST ASIA 647

    The Quest for Political Stability 648

    The Ming Dynasty 648The Qing Dynasty 651

    The Son of Heaven and the Scholar-Bureaucrats 653

    Economic and Social Changes 654

    The Patriarchal Family 655

    Population Growth and EconomicDevelopment 656

    Gentry, Commoners, Soldiers,and "Mean People" 658

    The Confucian Tradition and New

    Cultural Influences 661Neo-Conjucianism and Pulp Fiction 661

    The Return of Christianity to China 662

    The Unification of Japan 664

    The Tokugawa Shogunate 664

    Economic and Social Change 666

    Neo-Conjucianism and Floating Worlds 667

    Christianity and Dutch Learning 669Summary 670

    Chronology 671

    For Further Reading 671

    CHAPTER 27

    THE ISLAMIC EMPIRES 673

    Formation of the Islamic Empires 674

    The Ottoman Empire 674

    The Salavid Empire 677

    The Mughol Empire 678

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    Imperial Islamic Society 682

    The Dynastic State 682

    Agriculture and Trade 684

    Religious Affairs in the Islamic Empires 685

    Cultural Patronage of the Islamic Emperors 687The Empires in Transition 689

    The Deterioration of Imperial Leadership 689

    Economic and Military Decline 690

    Cultural Insularity 691

    Summary 692

    Chronology 693

    For Further Reading 693

    DETAILED CONTENTS

    CHAPTER 28

    THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN EUROPEAND ASIA 697

    Foundations of the Absolutist State 698

    The Gathering of the Russian Land 698

    The Time of Troubles 701

    Westernization and Empire 703

    A Window on the West 703

    The Limits of Westernization 706

    The Russian Empire in Europe 707

    The Russian Empire in Asia 709A Society in Tension 711

    Muscovite Society before Westernization 712

    The Growth of Trade and Industry 713

    CuI tural Clashes 715

    Crisis in the Church 715

    Westernization and the Enlightenmentin Russia 717

    Summary 719

    Chronology 719

    For Further Reading 719

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    xx DETAILED CONTENTS

    PAR T V I

    AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, INDUSTRY, AND EMPIRE, 1750-1914 722

    CHAPTER 29

    REVOLUTIONS AND NATIONAL STATESIN THE ATLANTIC WORLD 727

    Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval 728

    Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas 729

    The American Revolution 730

    The French Revolution 733

    The Reign of Napoleon 737

    The Influence of Revolution 739

    The Haitian Revolution 739

    Wars of Independence in Latin America 741

    The Emergence of Ideologies: Conservatismand Liberalism 744

    Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals:Slavery 745

    Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals:Women's Rights 746

    The Consolidation of National States in Europe 748

    Nations and Nationalism 748

    The Emergence of National Communities 750

    The Unification of Italy and Germany 752

    Summary 754

    Chronology 755For Further Reading 755

    CHAPTER 30

    THE MAKING OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 759

    Patterns of Industrialization 760

    Technological Innovation 761

    The Factory System 763

    The Early Spread of Industrialization 765

    Industrial Capitalism 767

    Industrial Society 769

    The Fruits of Industry 769

    Urbanization and Migration 771

    Industry and Society 772

    The Socialist Challenge 774Global Effects of Industrialization 779

    The Continuing Spread of Industrialization 779

    The International Division of Labor 781

    Summary 783

    Chronology 783

    For Further Reading 784

    CHAPTER 31

    THE AMERICAS IN THE AGE

    OF INDEPENDENCE 787

    The Building of American States 788

    The United States: Westward Expansionand Civil War 789

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    DETAILED CONTENTS

    The Canadian Dominion: Independencewithout War 793

    Latin America: Fragmentation and PoliticalExperimentation 794

    American Economic Development 799

    Migration to the Americas 800

    Economic Expansion in the United States 802

    Canadian Prosperity 804

    Latin American Dependence 804

    American Cultural and Social Diversity 806

    Multicultural Society in the United States 806

    Canadian Cultural Contrasts 810

    Ethnicity, Identity, and Genderin Latin America 811

    Summary 813

    Chronology 813For Further Reading 814

    CHAPTER 32

    SOCIETIES AT CROSSROADS 817

    The Ottoman Empire in Decline 818

    The Nature of Decline 819

    Reform and Reorganization 821

    The Young Turk Era 822

    The Russian Empire Under Pressure 825Military Defeat and Social Reform 825

    Industrialization 828

    Repression and Revolution 829

    The Chinese Empire Under Siege 831

    The Opium War and the Unequal Treaties 831

    The Taiping Rebellion 834

    Reform Frustrated 836

    x

    The Transformation of Japan 838

    From Tokugawa to Mei;i 839

    Meiii Reforms 840'

    Summary 843

    Chronology 844For Further Reading 844

    CHAPTER 33

    THE BUILDING OF GLOBAL EMPIRES 847

    Foundations of Empire 848

    Motives of Imperialism 848

    Tools of Empire 852

    European Imperialism 854

    The British Empire in India 854

    Imperialism in Central Asia and SoutheastAsia 856

    The Scramble for Africa 858

    European Imperialism in the Pacific 860

    The Emergence of New Imperial Powers 863

    U.S. Imperialism in Latin Americaand the Pacific 863

    Imperial Japan 865

    Legacies of Imperialism 866

    Empire and Economy 866

    Labor Migrations 867Empire and Society 869

    Nationalism and Anticolonial Movements 872

    Summary 873

    Chronology 874

    For Further Reading 874

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    DETAILED CONTENTSxii

    PART VII

    THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 876

    CHAPTER 34

    THE GREAT WAR: THE WORLDIN UPHEAVAL 881

    The Drift Toward War 882

    Nationalist Aspirations 883

    National Rivalries 884

    Entangling Alliances 885

    Global War 888

    The Guns of August 889

    Mutual Butchery 890

    Total War: The Home Front 893

    Conflict in East Asia and the Pacific 896Battles in Africa and Southwest Asia 897

    The End of the War 899

    Revolution in Russia 900

    U.S. Intervention and Collapse of the CentralPowers 902

    The Paris Peace Conference 903

    Challenges to European Preeminence 907Summary 908

    Chronology 909

    For Further Reading 909

    CHAPTER 35

    THE AGE OF ANXIETY, 1919 - 1939 911

    Probing Cultural Frontiers 912

    Postwar Pessimism 912

    Revolutions in Physics and Psychology 914

    Experimentation in Art and Architecture 915

    Global Depression and European Dictatorships 918

    The Great Depression 919Despair and Government Action 922

    Economic Experimentation 923

    From Lenin to Stalin 924

    Socialism in One Country 925

    German National Socialism 928

    Struggles for National Identity in Asia 932

    India's Quest for Independence 932

    China's Search for Order 934

    Summary 938

    Chronology 938

    For Further Reading 939

    CHAPTER 36

    NEW CONFLAGRATIONS: WORLD WAR IIAND THE EARLY COLD WAR 941

    The Global Origins of World War IT 942

    [apan's War in Asia and the Pacific 943

    China under [apanese Occupation 945

    European Aggression 946

    Total War: The World Under Fire 948

    Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe 949

    The Decisive Entry of the Soviet Unionand the United States 951

    Battles in the Pacific 953

    Life During Wartime 955

    Bombs and More Bombs 956

    Occupation, Collaboration, and Resistance 957

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    The Chinese-Soviet Rift 1014

    Detente and the Decline of SuperpowerInfluence 1015

    New Political Orientations in the postcolonialEra 1018

    Politics in Latin America 1019War and Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa 1021

    Islamic Resurgence in Southwest Asiaand North Africa 1024

    Communism and Democracy in Asia 1027

    Global Economic Experiments 1030

    Dependence in Latin America and Africa 1030

    Economic Growth in Asia 1031

    Global Trade Relations 1033

    Summary 1036

    Chronology 1036For Further Reading 1037

    DETAILED CONTENTS

    The Holocaust 960

    Women and the War 963

    Neither Peace Nor War 964

    The Origins of the Cold War and PostwarSettlements 965

    Global Reconstruction and the UnitedNations 967

    Summary 968

    Chronology 969

    For Further Reading 970

    CHAPTER 37

    THE RETREAT FROM EMPIREIN A BIPOLAR WORLD 973

    The Formation of a Bipolar World 975Building the Cold War World 975

    Confrontations in Korea and Cuba 980

    The Cold War and Colonial Liberation 984

    Cold War Societies 986

    Independence in South, Southwest,and Southeast Asia 991

    India's "Vivisection".' PartitionedIndependence 992

    Arab National States and the Problemof Palestine 994

    Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam 997

    Decolonization in Africa 999

    Forcing the French out of North Africa 999

    Black African Nationalismand Independence 1000

    Freedom and Conflict in Sub-SaharanAfrica 1002

    Summary 1004

    Chronology 1005

    For Further Reading 1005

    CHAPTER 38

    TRANSFORMATION AND CRISISIN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD 1009

    Challenges to Superpower Hegemony 1011

    Western European Defiance 1011

    Dissent and Intervention in EasternEurope 1013

    CHAPTER 39

    A WORLD WITHOUT BORDERS 1041

    The End of the Cold War 1042

    Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe 1043

    The Collapse of the Soviet Union 1045

    Toward an Uncertain Future 1046

    Cross-Cultural Exchanges and GlobalCommunications 1047

    Global Barbie 1048

    Consumption and Cultural Interaction 1049

    The Age of Access 1051

    Crossing Boundaries 1052

    Women's Traditions and FeministChallenges 1052

    Population Pressures 1057

    Migration 1060

    Cross-Cultural Travelers 1063

    Iritetnational Ctganizations 1064

    Summary 1066

    Chronology 1066

    For Further Reading 1067

    Pronunciation Guide

    Credits

    Index

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