Tobruk ’41 – Designer NotesWig Graves

I. Introduction

II. Maps

III. Order of Battle

Research

Unit TypesArmor (or Armour)GunsInfantryCommand

IV. Game System Discussion

Brigade Groups and Kampfgruppes

Zone-of-Controls (ZOC’s)

Unit Breakdown/Build-up

Mechanical breakdown

Fixed Units

Air Power

Replacements

Explicit Supply

V. Scenario Descriptions and Player Notes

VI. Bibliography

Books

Maps

National Archives

I. INTRODUCTIONThe North African Campaign has always held broad interest in the wargaming communitybased on a number of factors. The first is the very large geographic area that contained fewnatural features to disrupt movement. Next is the fact that the forces involved in the campaignremained relatively small and could not hope to cover the vast desert areas. And finally, ofcourse, there are the personalities involved, Rommel and Montgomery among MANY others. All

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this adds up to sweeping maneuver executed by small, elite forces… Maneuver warfare at it’spurest.

My interest in North Africa games goes way back to my early board-gaming days. But wherethere were plenty of tactical and strategic level games, the operational or grand tactical scalewas not well represented. Several attempts were made but all fell short for various reasons.So, as soon as I saw the Panzer Campaign series, I knew that this was the forum that could dothe North African Campaign justice.

The Crusader battles were chosen because of all the desert operations, it offered the mostmovement and the most operational opportunities. The later battles of Gazala and particularly elAlamein were both more heavily influenced by fixed forces. In addition to the Crusader battles, Ialso wanted to add the fighting for Tobruk and the actions that lead up to it, something that has(to my knowledge) never been addressed before.

Research is the part of game development that I enjoy the most and there is no shortage ofavailable material on the Africa campaign. The complete Bibliography is at the end of this file andit even includes a list of books that I identified as relevant but were unable to locate. I would like tohighlight two sources that are the best overall histories of the campaign: The Relief of Tobruk byMurphy and The Sidi Rezeg Battles 1941 by Agar-Hamilton. The first is the Official New ZealandHistory and the second is from South Africa but both offer excellent narratives of the entireCrusader operation. Another source of note for the early fighting at Tobruk is the Australian OfficialHistory Tobruk and El Alamein by Maughan.

Before leaving the overview, I’d like to make a few statements about warfare in the desert in 1941.Much of this will be expounded upon in the various sections below but the equipment and resultingtactics may be a big surprise for many players. The main misconception to clear up is that tanksdo not kill tanks, guns do. The British did not understand this and they expected their superiority inarmor to easily defeat the German panzers. The results were that the Germans, using combatgroups that included significant numbers of good anti-tank guns, 50mm or larger, were able todefeat the piecemeal British attacks. It was only when the panzers came up against the Britishinfantry formations, with their excellent 25-pdr support, that their numbers started to dwindle.

II. MAPS

The maps are based on German and British wartime maps that were drawn from earlier Italiansources. I’ve no doubt that at a 1-km scale there are mistakes but I have tried to reconcileeverything with the written narratives. Much of the area is composed of hard packed soil andnot the soft sand of the movies. Areas of loose rock and other impediments to cross countrymovement were rated as rough. Embankments and escarpments were used to denote areaswhere steep changes in elevations were noted even if there is no corresponding change inelevation level (i.e. the steep area might represent a 20m shelf, clearly an obstacle tomovement but well within a 50m difference in elevation level). Another map feature that requiressome explanation are the marsh hexes. These are present only on the Winter map andrepresent the areas that were flooded by the rains that accompanied the opening of the Britishoffensive. There are a number of cases were vehicles got stuck and had to be pulled out.

III. ORDER OF BATTLE

ResearchThe order of battle research for T41 was one of the most enjoyable that I have worked on.

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There are PLENTY of references and though they tend to conflict, at least I didn’t feel therewere units out there that were not identified. There were just about enough “eureka!” momentsto keep it interesting and I had great support.

The Germans were probably the easiest because the captured records are quite complete.The only real task was figuring out when units actually arrived at the front (as German oobcharts tend to include units as soon as they were assigned to Africa even though they might besitting in Italy awaiting transport for months) and in what shape they were in after the variousbattles.

The Italians started out to be the problem children and I relied heavily on the German records(yes, they kept tabs on everyone) but these left a lot of gaps. I was finally able to find copies ofthe Italian official histories for the campaign (actually two separate series) and these filled inmost of the gaps.

With the British there was definitely a situation of information overload but with the help of JimBroshot and David Hughes, I was able to sort through it. I made the mistake of askingJim/David an innocent question about the British artillery and they proceeded to track down thedesignation of every British battery and section… These guys are great!

Unit Types

Armor (or Armour)The British tanks fall into the following categories:

Cruiser Tanks - Early war British tank design was based, so they thought, on armor vsarmor combat. The Crusader series was built for speed, at the cost of armor protection, andincluded a gun for which they never even produced High Explosive ammunition. The realproblem was that by 1941, the 2-pdr gun was completely inadequate and the 37mm in theAmerican produced Honey (Stuart) was no better (but at least it had HE). This represents themainstay of the British armored forces and the game play clearly highlights their shortcomings.

Infantry Tanks - Built for protection, at the expense of speed, these tanks should belooked on as a complement to the Cruisers not, as the British did, as second class citizens.Their high protection makes them very hard to kill and they are best used in their historic role ofsupporting the Infantry. Again, they are armed by the 2-pdr gun and thus cannot do muchdamage to the enemy; at least you will not be losing them in droves.

Light Tanks (and Armored Cars) - But if you think the Cruisers are bad, the Mk-VI lighttank is worse. With weak armor and only a machine gun as armament, they should clearly beused only as scouts.

Others - Notably here are the CS or Close Support tanks. These were armed with 3-inchmortars but were, according to the regulations, only loaded out with TWO rounds of HE… therest of their load being smoke. Being the skeptic, I have rated them with a soft attack consistentwith significantly more HE ammunition so they are at least useful against infantry and guns.

The Axis tanks also come in four varieties (um, plus a tanket):Pz-III and M13/40 - The Pz-III is the mainstay of the German panzers as is the M13/40 for the

Italian. Both suffer from the same armament problems as the British Cruisers (nearlyineffective anti-tank guns) but at least they have HE and are thus more useful againstinfantry/gun targets. In the case of the Pz-III, it has fairly good armor and can stand up fairly wellto the British tanks.

Pz-IV - The Pz-IV, in it’s 1941 version, was envisioned as an support tank. Its low velocity75mm gun is best used against soft targets but it does offer some anti-armor capability. It is

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also well armored and can stand up to punishment.Light Tanks (and Armored Cars) - German light forces were also used in a primarily scouting

role with the main difference being that they are much better armed and armored than theirBritish counterparts.

Other - German attempts to make their AT guns more mobile resulted in the creation of anentirely new class of vehicles, the tank destroyer. In time, this class would grow into powerfulunits but in 1941, it consisted only of the PzJag-I. It sports a good gun (47mm) but has onlyminimal armor protection making it an equal match for all the British Cruisers (both have theability to kill each other). Unfortunately there are not many of these available.

L3 Tankets - Hardly worth including in the game much less in a section that describesarmored forces. These are only useful in a situation where the opponent has no hard attackcapable units. Note that there is also a flame-thrower version that has no attack capabilities butcan assault.

GunsAs stated earlier, guns were the real tank killers in the desert and in this area the Germans (andItalians) had a clear advantage. Everyone knows about the 88mm but the German 50mm andItalian 47mm guns accounted for most of the British losses. There are numerous stories ofAxis forces using feints to draw the British into range of these weapons. For their part, Britishanti-tank forces were inadequate. Their mainstay was the 2-pdr which had all the samedrawbacks as the version mounted in their tanks. Just prior to Crusader, the British did try toaugment the 2-pdrs with converted 18-pdr field guns and these did score some successes.The British secret weapon, however, was their 25-pdr field gun. When used against tanks atclose range it proved to be an excellent weapon. Another use, overlooked at the time, was thatthe 25-pdr could wreak havoc against the German anti-tank guns that were so devastating toBritish armor.

Note: The gun portees, consisted of a normally towed gun mounted on the bed of a open truck,represented a special case and were a problem to represent correctly in the oob. Doctrinecalled for them to be dismounted and dug-in for use but this was rarely done and they wereinitially represented as self-propelled guns giving them the ability to fire without unlimbering.This approach, however, resulted in them being hard targets, something that was definitely notthe case. The ultimate compromise was to make them towed units but to increase theirmovement ability some.

InfantryThe Infantry on both sides is fairly standard stuff with their actual weapons mixes going into theirrating make-up. They are much more susceptible to morale concerns and I have show itsevolution throughout the campaign. This is especially true for the Italians who improvedsignificantly over the course of the year. The following tables identify the morale values containedin the various oob files.

Axis:Mersa Brega/Mechili Fortress-A

prFortress-May

Brevity

Battleaxe Crusader

Panzer Divisions - Pz.Regt C B B B B B - Aufk.Abt C C B B B B - MG.Btl/Krad.Btl C C B/C B B B - Schtzen.Regt - - C - C B - Oasis - - - - C B - Pio.Btl - - B B B B - PzJag/Fla/Art.Abt C C C C C C

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Afrika.Division - Schtzen Regt - - - - - C - Inf.Regt - - - - - C - Inf.Regt.361 - - - - - BAriete Division - Armor - E D - D C - Bersaglieri D D D - C C - Artillery D D D C C CBrescia Div - E D D D CTrento Div - E D D D CBologna Div - - - - - CTrieste Div - - - - - CPavia Div - - - - - DSavona Div - - - - - DRECAM Regt - - - - - B/CCorps Artillery - D/E D C C C

Allied:Mersa Brega/Mechili Fortress-A

prFortress-May

Brevity

Battleaxe Crusader

2nd Armoured Div - Arm Brig C - - - - - - Armored Cars C - - - - - - Art/Atk Regt C - - - - - - Inf Btl C - - - - -3rd Indian Brig C - - - - -9th Austrialian Div - Inf Brig B C B - - B - Art/Atk/AA Regt - C C - - - - Tobruk Tanks - C C - - -7th Armoured Div - 7th Arm Brig - - - C C B - 4th Arm Brig - - - - C C - 22nd Arm Brig - - - - - D - Armored Cars - - - B B B - SG Inf - - - C C B - Art/Atk/AA - - - C C C22nd GdsBrig/Frontier Gp

- C C C C C

1st Tank Brig - - - - - C4th Indian Div - 5th Brig - - - - - D - 7th Ind Brig - - - - - C - 11th Brig - - - - D C - Art/Atk/AA - - - - C C - CIH - - - - C C1st SA Div - 1st SA Brig - - - - - C - 5th SA Brig - - - - - D - Armored Cars - - - - - B - Art/Atk/AA - - - - - C2nd SA Div - - - - - D2nd NZ Div - 4th Brig - - - - - C - 5th Brig - - - - - C - 6th Brig - - - - - D - Div Cav - - - - - C - Art/Atk/AA - - - - - C70th Inf Div

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- 14th Brig - - - - - C - 16th Brig - - - - - C - 23rd Brig - - - - - C - Carpathian Brig - - - - - B - Art/Atk/AA - - - - - C - 32nd Tank Brig - - - - - C - Armored Cars - - - - - BForce E/Oasis - - - - - C

CommandCommand is primarily a function of morale but two things are important to note. First is the factthat because of the vast distances involved, the Command Radius of all higher level units ishuge when compared to other games but it will still result in units being out-of-command ifplayers are not careful. The second item of note is that Rommel is not in this game, his HQ is.This being said, Rommel was routinely at the front and his HQ was in the dark more often thannot… don’t complain when they are out-of-command.

IV. GAME SYSTEM DISCUSSION

Brigade Groups and KampfgruppesBoth the British and Germans used a Battle Group organizational system that roughly equatesto the size of a Brigade. These have been represented in the game as they do highlight severaladvantages and drawbacks. The major detrimental effect is that units (particularly artillery) fromdifferent Battle Groups cannot support one another and this was historically the case. Playerscan experience for themselves the frustration caused by the British practice of providing theirArmored Brigade Groups with only minimal supporting elements when compared to theGerman practice of forming combined arms Kampfgruppe. Two game fall-outs of this designmethod are that the “Divisional Colors” function now works at the Battle Group level as doesthe “Combined (Divisional) Assault Penalty. NOTE: Using “Divisional Colors” is the best way toavoid confusion over this issue, especially in noting who can spot for what artillery (also notethe new “highlight indirect spotters” feature).

Zone-of-Controls (ZOC’s)Nothing caused more design discussion and early playtest than how to handlezones-of-control. Trials were played both with and without hard zones and it was finally decidedto go with soft ones. This was seen to improve the free wheeling nature and “desert” feel of thegame. But the price is that infiltration is still a bit too liberal for my liking.

Unit Breakdown/Build-upThe oob includes a broad ability for players to breakdown their units. This was necessary toallow players to cover sizable frontages when necessary and was tied to the ZOC decisions.Players are warned NOT to breakdown units on a wholesale basis as this significantly effectsthe combat model. Fights between swarms of small units more closely resembles WWI withboth sides incapable of affecting the other.

Mechanical BreakdownsA major source of losses to armored vehicles on both sides was breakdown and this featurehas been included in the game. It only effects vehicle units and has been tied to movement (i.e.

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it will not effect units that sit still). There is no game dialog that informs you when strength hasbeen lost due to breakdown as 1) it is not something you can prevent and 2) yet another dialogto read and close was felt to be too disruptive to game flow.

Fixed UnitsA lot of the scenarios contain a number of fixed units. This has been done to control the flowand invariably has some historical basis. By the same token, accidental release of a single unitis not set to trigger larger formations.

Air PowerPlayers will be disappointed if they expect air power to be as effective as previous series titles.The air units in the game are small by comparison and the equipment itself is not the best. Bothsides were also subject to intercept due to the close proximity of fighter airfields and the limited(in airpower terms) theater area.

ReplacementsThe replacement rates have been set significantly higher in this game than previous in theseries. This is due to several factors: 1) British armor losses to breakdown were high as wastheir repair and return to service; 2) German armor losses in combat were routinely returned toservice due to their excellent recovery system; and 3) Recapture of prisoners was a commonoccurrence.

Explicit SupplyAn Explicit Supply System has been added to the game for those who care to micromanagetheir forces. I was initially skeptical about the approach taken but generally warmed to it withpractice. The major supply problem during Crusader was one of distribution and not availability.Both sides had been hoarding supplies for months but their ability to lift it to a critical location ata moments notice was lacking. One artifact of these supply rules that was only discoveredduring play was the increased tendency of both sides to keep more realistic levels of rear areaprotection forces.

Explicit Supply units must be included in a scenario for the optional rule to take effect. This wasdone for only a limited number (denoted with an “s” in the file name) as it was found to havelittle effect in the smaller scenarios. As implemented in the larger scenarios, both sides have large rear area Supply Depots (immobile) and are then provided with enough Supply Trucks tosupport the attacking Divisions. For the Axis, this means a daily allotment for the 15th and 21stPanzer Divisions with some for additions Ariete and Trieste. The rest will have to live off thedepots and that should generally keep them tied to the defense. Overall, this may be a little lowbut that will keep the panzers from running off too far from the depots. The Allies get dailySupply Trucks for each attacking Brigade in the 7th Armoured, 1st SA, 2nd NZ, 4th Ind, and70th Divisions. This may be a little heavy but they will generally be operating farther from theirdepots and they historically had fewer supply problems.

V. SCENARIO DESCRIPTIONS AND PLAYERS NOTES

The following section pulls together the introductory descriptions from the scenarios and alsoprovides are some limited notes about how each one should be approached. It is hoped thatthese will help players understand the design basis for the each scenario and that overall

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enjoyment will be enhanced.

#00_StartedTitle: Getting Started - Running GunfightDescription: South of Mersa el Brega, 30 March 1941: After the British victory over a much

larger Italian Army in Libya, Churchill, distracted by events in the Balkans, gutted the Armyoccupying Cyrenaica for the ill-fated operation to rescue Greece. It was at that time Rommelarrived in North Africa with his small force that was to become the Afrika Korps. They struckfirst at El Agheila, on March 24th, but found it empty as the British had withdrawn in the faceof their advance. For two days action was halted as a fierce Khamsin wind blew. When theadvance began again, the Germans did not know where the Allies were, or when they wouldstand and fight. What followed was a series of small scale actions, where surpriseambushes were set behind whatever cover could be found, followed by running gun battleswhere the survivors scurried at top speed to another part of the desert. [Size: small, Length:8 turns] *Designers Note: This scenario was created only for Human German play vs. anAllied AI Player with FOW ON. ***SEE STARTED.HLP***

Notes: This scenario is included as a learning tool only and should only be played from theGerman side against an Allied AI Player with the Fog of War (FOW) option turned on.Players should follow the instructions contained in STARTED.HLP to get the feel of thesystem.

#01a_Mersa_Brega_31MarTitle: Enter Rommel (31 March 1941)Description: Mersa el Brega, 31 March 1941: After their glorious victory over the Italians in

December 1940, the British were beset with demands for their meager resources. As troopswere dispatched to other theaters, mostly to West Africa and Greece, the Western Desertwas held by the green British 2nd Armoured and the under trained, and some would saymisfit, 9th Australian Division. The breathing space given to the Axis was unfortunate, asRommel would arrive in Africa on 12 February, along with the lead elements of Germantroops sent to support their Italian allies. By the end of March he had accumulated enoughforce to test the British defenses and el Agheila, the gateway to Cyrenaica, fell on 24 Marchwithout a single casualty. However, 25km to the east lay the small anchorage of Mersa elBrega and the last natural defensive position between el Agheila and el Alamein, 1000kilometers to the east. It was here, amongst the salt marshes, that the British 2nd ArmouredDivision decided to make its stand, and to give the German 5th Light Division their first setpiece battle of the Africa Campaign. The main action was fought in the area of the coastroad, where the Support Group repulsed repeated German attacks, giving them their firsttaste of concentrated 25-pounder fire. In the late afternoon, German infantry infiltrated amongthe coastal sand dunes and, finally, turned the British infantry out of their positions. Orderednot to squander the paltry strength of the British armor, made up of various derelict cruiserand captured Italian tanks, General Gambier-Perry refused to counter-attack with the 3rdArmoured Brigade, and the Division abandoned the position during the night. Rommel thenbegan his famous cross-desert move and the running of the "Benghazi Handicap", the raceto evacuate the 9th Australian Division from the Benghazi area before the Germans couldcut-off their retreat, had started. [Size: small, Length: 6 turns]

Notes: This scenario is best played from the German side against the AI but is also enjoyablefrom the British point of view (but not as much so as #01b); it is OK for head-to-head (butagain, not as good as #03b). A look at the victory conditions will show that the Germansreally need the 50 points from Mersa Brega in order to win big but that a marginal victory canbe achieved without it. They will therefore drive the game by choosing between the highrisk/high payoff attack among the dunes or the slow, grinding, down the road drive to amarginal. The option to sweep around the desert flank with part of the available forces shouldnot be overlooked but this will rarely provide a big payoff.

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#01b_Mersa_Brega_31MarTitle: Enter Rommel [Hypothetical] (31 March 1941)Description: Mersa el Brega, 31 March 1941: After their glorious victory over the Italians in

December 1940, the British were beset with demands for their meager resources. As troopswere dispatched to other theaters, mostly to West Africa and Greece, the Western Desertwas held by the green British 2nd Armoured and the under trained, and some would saymisfit, 9th Australian Division. The breathing space given to the Axis was unfortunate, asRommel would arrive in Africa on 12 February, along with the lead elements of Germantroops sent to support their Italian allies. By the end of March he had accumulated enoughforce to test the British defenses and el Agheila, the gateway to Cyrenaica, fell on 24 Marchwithout a single casualty. However, 25km to the east lay the small anchorage of Mersa elBrega and the last natural defensive position between el Agheila and el Alamein, 1000kilometers to the east. It was here, amongst the salt marshes, that the British 2nd ArmouredDivision decided to make its stand, and to give the German 5th Light Division their first setpiece battle of the Africa Campaign. The main action was fought in the area of the coastroad, where the Support Group repulsed repeated German attacks, giving them their firsttaste of concentrated 25-pounder fire. In the late afternoon, German infantry infiltrated amongthe coastal sand dunes and, finally, turned the British infantry out of their positions.Historically, the British armor, made up of various derelict cruiser and captured Italian tanks,remained passive but this scenario explores the potential impact they might have had. [Size:small, Length: 6 turns]

Notes: This scenario is identical to #03a but includes a counterattack force for the British. Itplays well from both sides against the AI and also provides a balanced situation forhead-to-head play. The comments for Germans in #03a above also apply here but theycannot afford to be quite as reckless. The best strategy is to threaten everywhere knowingthat you will probably be unsuccessful in areas where the British armor shows up. For theBritish, the question is where are the real threats going to develop... use your tanks it in theright place and achieve victory, react to the shadows and you will loose. Time basicallyprevents you from waiting for the Germans to commit but a drive down the main road willrarely go wrong.

#01s_Mersa_Brega_31MarTitle: Enter Rommel [Supply] (31 March 1941)Description: Mersa el Brega, 31 March 1941: After their glorious victory over the Italians in

December 1940, the British were beset with demands for their meager resources. As troopswere dispatched to other theaters, mostly to West Africa and Greece, the Western Desertwas held by the green British 2nd Armoured and the under trained, and some would saymisfit, 9th Australian Division. The breathing space given to the Axis was unfortunate, asRommel would arrive in Africa on 12 February, along with the lead elements of Germantroops sent to support their Italian allies. By the end of March he had accumulated enoughforce to test the British defenses and el Agheila, the gateway to Cyrenaica, fell on 24 Marchwithout a single casualty. However, 25km to the east lay the small anchorage of Mersa elBrega and the last natural defensive position between el Agheila and el Alamein, 1000kilometers to the east. It was here, amongst the salt marshes, that the British 2nd ArmouredDivision decided to make its stand, and to give the German 5th Light Division their first setpiece battle of the Africa Campaign. The main action was fought in the area of the coastroad, where the Support Group repulsed repeated German attacks, giving them their firsttaste of concentrated 25-pounder fire. In the late afternoon, German infantry infiltrated amongthe coastal sand dunes and, finally, turned the British infantry out of their positions. Orderednot to squander the paltry strength of the British armor, made up of various derelict cruiserand captured Italian tanks, General Gambier-Perry refused to counter-attack with the 3rdArmoured Brigade, and the Division abandoned the position during the night. Rommel thenbegan his famous cross-desert move and the running of the "Benghazi Handicap", the raceto evacuate the 9th Australian Division from the Benghazi area before the Germans couldcut-off their retreat, had started. NOTE: This scenario is for use with the optional Explicit

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Supply rules. [Size: small, Length: 6 turns]Notes: This scenario is identical to #03a but introduces the detailed supply system.

#02_Mechili_8AprTitle: Holding back the Flood (8 April 1941)Description: el Mechili, 8 April 1941: After breaking through the British defenses at el Agheila

and Mersa Brega, Rommel divided his forces into four Kampfgruppe for the pursuit. Oneforce would follow the coast road, nipping at the heels of the 9th Australian Division, while theremainder attempted to cut them off with flanking moves through the desert. On the Britishside, the retreat of the 2nd Armoured Division had turned into disaster. Losses due tomechanical failures and fuel shortages, far exceeded those caused by the enemy and thedivision, in effect, melted away. As indications of the pending disaster began to filter backthrough the command structure, the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade (which had been training southof Tobruk) was ordered to move 160 kilometers west, to the old fort, and important desertsupply depot, at el Mechili. There they were to form a rally point for the retreating 2ndArmoured Division. They arrived on 4 April, just ahead of the lead elements of the AfrikaKorps. But while German and Italian strength continued to grow over the next few days, theonly British reinforcements to arrive were the command elements of 2nd Armoured Division,whose brigades had mistakenly been sent east by alternate routes. A total of threeultimatums were sent in, (the third signed by Rommel himself), but Indian resolve was notdeterred. At dusk, on 7 April, both sides made their plans, the Germans to break-in, theIndians to break-out. The Indians got the jump, on the morning of 8 April, with an attackagainst the Italians holding the northeast portion of the perimeter. This attack failed, due topoor coordination, partially caused by the opening of the German attack from the south.While a portion of the Indians would make their way to safety through the thinly held westernperimeter, most were captured, along with the huge stockpiles of British supplies and petrol.But their sacrifice was justified. For three critical days they stood between Rommel andTobruk, and the time they bought allowed the 9th Australian Division to reach the fortress andorganize its defenses. [Size: small, Length: 6 turns]

Notes: This scenario not only recreates the historic situation of the Indian Motor Brigade but alsoserves as a training exercise for some of the situations that will undoubtedly occur during thelonger Crusader battles. It is best played as the British against the AI but also works from theGerman side. To win big, the Indians must pick what they think is the weakest link in the Axischain and then go for broke while the Axis must initially forgo the VP location in order to keepthem bottled up. Note that playtest results from this scenario tended to vary wildly dependingon how large a gap the Indians can force open up and how much they can push through (wehave seen everything from no units escaping to the vast majority exiting).

#03a_Fortress_13AprTitle: The Witches Cauldron (13-14 April 1941)Description: el Adem, 14 April 1941: The pursuit of the 9th Australian Division by the Afrika Korps

was halted abruptly on 11 April. On this day, the three Australian brigades reached the safetyof the Tobruk Fortress, and the supporting arms of the additional brigade, the 18th, stationedthere. Over the next few days the Afrika Korps would straggle in, feeling the effects of theirfirst full-scale desert operations. Rommel, always impatient, was anxious to continue thepursuit into Egypt. He wanted a quick conclusion to the situation at Tobruk, and ordered the5th Light Division to take it. The Tobruk defenses, built in previous years by the Italians, werefunctional, but not impregnable. They consisted of two lines of concrete strongpoints locatedat intervals of approximately 1km. The entire perimeter was covered by minefields and wire,and some portions by an incomplete anti-tank ditch. But the Germans expected the results atTobruk to be consistent with their experiences in France; the enemy would throw up theirhands in surrender as soon as the panzers were "on the inside". What actually occurred was,from the German view, a debacle! The Infantry made the initial penetration and then the tankswere released into the interior. The Australians, probably too inexperienced to realize their

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situation, continued to resist, forcing the German infantry to remain at the wire. Thus thepanzers went in unsupported and were met by the British secret weapon... the Field Artillery.Beating a hasty retreat, with the Tobruk Tanks nipping at their heels, the panzers departed theway they had come, leaving the Infantry, 2nd Machine-gun Battalion, to extricate themselvesas best they could. This scenario includes only the portion of the Tobruk perimeter where theattack took place. [Size: small, Length: 11 turns]

Notes: This scenario is a subset of #03b and includes only the actual front were the historicbreak-in occurred. It is designed as an exercise in frustration for a German player and showswhat a pipe dream it was for Rommel to believe he could just rush in and defeat the fortress.It is not much fun from the British side as most of their units are fixed throughout the wholegame and it is not balanced for head-to-head play. Historically, the German infantry was ableto take a single hex of the perimeter and the armor squeezed through. This is possible in thescenario but is highly likely that the armor will get trapped once inside. Note that it is easier toattack through one of the two incomplete hexsides of the AT Ditch instead of taking it ondirectly (the local German commanders were unaware of these gaps). Also, note that onemethod of achieving victory is to concentrate on taking a series of perimeter forts (as aprecursor to some further operation). This may not seem like a worthy goal from a “ultimatevictory” perspective but it would become a prerequisite for future attempts to subdue thefortress.

#03b_Fortress_13AprTitle: The Easter Battles (13-14 April 1941)Description: el Adem, 14 April 1941: The pursuit of the 9th Australian Division by the Afrika

Korps was halted abruptly on 11 April. On this day, the three Australian brigades reached thesafety of the Tobruk Fortress, and the supporting arms of the additional brigade, the 18th,stationed there. Over the next few days the Afrika Korps would straggle in, feeling the effectsof their first full-scale desert operations. Rommel, always impatient, was anxious to continuethe pursuit into Egypt. He wanted a quick conclusion to the situation at Tobruk, and orderedthe 5th Light Division to take it. The Tobruk defenses, built in previous years by the Italians,were functional, but not impregnable. They consisted of two lines of concrete strongpointslocated at intervals of approximately 1km. The entire perimeter was covered by minefieldsand wire, and some portions by an incomplete anti-tank ditch. But the Germans expected theresults at Tobruk to be consistent with their experiences in France; the enemy would throwup their hands in surrender as soon as the panzers were "on the inside". What actuallyoccurred was, from the German view, a debacle! The Infantry made the initial penetrationand then the tanks were released into the interior. The Australians, probably tooinexperienced to realize their situation, continued to resist, forcing the German infantry toremain at the wire. Thus the panzers went in unsupported and were met by the British secretweapon... the Field Artillery. Beating a hasty retreat, with the Tobruk Tanks nipping at theirheels, the panzers departed the way they had come, leaving the Infantry, 2nd Machine-gunBattalion, to extricate themselves as best they could. This scenario includes the entireTobruk perimeter. [Size: medium, Length: 11 turns]

Notes: This scenario is a larger version of #03a and includes even more frustration for aGerman player. Suggestions for play are the same but don’t expect your chances of victoryto improve with the addition of your Italian Allies. Again, this scenario is not much fun fromthe British side and is not a good one for head-to-head play.

#04_Carrier_Hill_22AprTitle: Carrier Hill (22 April 1941)Description: Carrier Hill, just outside the southwest sector of the Tobruk perimeter, 22 April

1941: General Morshead, commander of the 9th Division, decreed that the Australians wouldown no-mans land. In doing so, he unleashed the ingenuity of the Australian soldiers to thetask of harassing, and distracting, the Axis command. There are many examples of raidsfrom almost any point around the perimeter, ranging from single Platoon actions, to those of

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multiple Companies. One favorite was to "lift" mines from axis minefields, and then usethese to improve their own defenses. The action near Carrier Hill, named for the burned-outBren Carrier on its slopes, is offered as just one example. It was directed against an ItalianArtillery battery known to be setting up in the area. When it was over, the Australians countedtheir booty, 368 Italian prisoners, four 20mm anti-aircraft guns, and several gun sights, muchneeded for the Italian Artillery being used by the defender. Not a bad days haul for anAustralian force that numbered no more than 200! [Size: small, Length: 5 turns]

Notes: This scenario was designed as a simple diversion from the larger scenarios. The mapand forces involved are small and it can be played in a very short time. Most of the Italiansstart out fixed so it is really only worth playing as the Australians against the computer.

#05a_Fortress_30MayTitle: Ras el Medauar (30 April - 1 May 1941)Description: Ras el Medauar, 30 April 1941: From the commanding hill, located at the

southwest corner of the Tobruk perimeter, a defender can observe, and interdict, all trafficpassing south of the fortress. On the flip side, an attacker that successfully breaks into thedefenses in this area, can use the same hill to observe, and interdict, all movement withinthe fortress. The hill was known as the Ras el Medauar. It was here that Rommel decided tolaunch his first prepared attack against Tobruk. This was to be no thrown together affair suchas the attack in April had been. The newly arrived 15th Panzer Division would lead the way,follow-up elements would include battlegroups of the German 5th Light, and the ItalianBrescia and Ariete Divisions. Also, in contrast to the previous attempt, the plan called for theopening of a broad penetration before the panzers were to thrust to the interior. The attack hitthe sector defended by the 2/24th Australian Battalion at dusk, on 30 April, after an intenseartillery and Stuka barrage. The only real effect of the preliminary German fire was to breakall the communication wires to the front. This left Battalion, Brigade, and Division commandvery much in the dark about the situation, resulting in a withholding of reserves. Theperimeter companies held out in isolated groups throughout the night, but by dawn, the fullweight of 15th Panzer had taken its toll. The panzers then lunged into the interior, only toimpale themselves on the newly laid minefield in their path. By afternoon, the Australiancommand had recovered, and reserves were being fed in to stabilize the situation. In the endboth sides would fall short of their objectives... Rommel, by not taking Tobruk, Morshead, bynot maintaining the integrity of the perimeter. This scenario includes only the portion of theTobruk perimeter where the attack took place. [Size: medium, Length: 11 turns]

Notes: This series of scenarios can still be frustrating for a German player but less so that #03x.There is a much larger attack force and they are capable of opening a gap in the perimeterwide enough to support a drive inside. This particular scenario is a subset of the largerscenario #05b and is designed to be a German player’s training exercise for that one, thereare just too many fixed units on the British side to be interesting. In this one you will learnhow to use your anti-tank guns and assaulting infantry to subdue the bunkers while yourartillery fires inland to disrupt any attempted Australian counter-attacks.

#05b_Fortress_30MayTitle: The May Day Battles (30 April - 2 May 1941)Description: Ras el Medauar, 30 April 1941: From the commanding hill, located at the

southwest corner of the Tobruk perimeter, a defender can observe, and interdict, all trafficpassing south of the fortress. On the flip side, an attacker that successfully breaks into thedefenses in this area, can use the same hill to observe, and interdict, all movement withinthe fortress. The hill was known as the Ras el Medauar. It was here that Rommel decided tolaunch his first prepared attack against Tobruk. This was to be no thrown together affair suchas the attack in April had been. The newly arrived 15th Panzer Division would lead the way,follow-up elements would include battlegroups of the German 5th Light, and the ItalianBrescia and Ariete Divisions. Also, in contrast to the previous attempt, the plan called for theopening of a broad penetration before the panzers were to thrust to the interior. The attack hit

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the sector defended by the 2/24th Australian Battalion at dusk, on 30 April, after an intenseartillery and Stuka barrage. The only real effect of the preliminary German fire was to breakall the communication wires to the front. This left Battalion, Brigade, and Division commandvery much in the dark about the situation, resulting in a withholding of reserves. Theperimeter companies held out in isolated groups throughout the night, but by dawn, the fullweight of 15th Panzer had taken its toll. The panzers then lunged into the interior, only toimpale themselves on the newly laid minefield in their path. By afternoon, the Australiancommand had recovered, and reserves were being fed in to stabilize the situation. In the endboth sides would fall short of their objectives... Rommel, by not taking Tobruk, Morshead, bynot maintaining the integrity of the perimeter. This scenario includes the entire Tobrukperimeter. [Size: medium, Length: 21 turns]

Notes: This scenario includes the full perimeter for Rommel’s only major 1941 break-in attempt.The available forces are substantial and are capable of making a significant dent in thefortress but are not really adequate to subdue it. This does make for a close game from theGerman side and is somewhat interesting as the Australians (though again, a lot of theirforces are fixed). One interesting question here is what to do with the units not involved in themain assault. They can advance to engage the Australians in front of them but that will justactivate them, possibly stirring up a hornet’s nest. They could move to support the mainattack but that might leave their VP locations vulnerable to a late game thrust by thedefenders. Thirdly, and the historic choice, they can just sit it out.

#05c_Fortress_30MayTitle: The May Day Battles [Expanded] (30 April - 2 May 1941)Description: Ras el Medauar, 30 April 1941: From the commanding hill, located at the

southwest corner of the Tobruk perimeter, a defender can observe, and interdict, all trafficpassing south of the fortress. On the flip side, an attacker that successfully breaks into thedefenses in this area, can use the same hill to observe, and interdict, all movement withinthe fortress. The hill was known as the Ras el Medauar. It was here that Rommel decided tolaunch his first prepared attack against Tobruk. This was to be no thrown together affair suchas the attack in April had been. The newly arrived 15th Panzer Division would lead the way,follow-up elements would include battlegroups of the German 5th Light, and the ItalianBrescia and Ariete Divisions. Also, in contrast to the previous attempt, the plan called for theopening of a broad penetration before the panzers were to thrust to the interior. The attack hitthe sector defended by the 2/24th Australian Battalion at dusk, on 30 April, after an intenseartillery and Stuka barrage. The only real effect of the preliminary German fire was to breakall the communication wires to the front. This left Battalion, Brigade, and Division commandvery much in the dark about the situation, resulting in a withholding of reserves. Theperimeter companies held out in isolated groups throughout the night, but by dawn, the fullweight of 15th Panzer had taken its toll. The panzers then lunged into the interior, only toimpale themselves on the newly laid minefield in their path. By afternoon, the Australiancommand had recovered, and reserves were being fed in to stabilize the situation. In the endboth sides would fall short of their objectives... Rommel, by not taking Tobruk, Morshead, bynot maintaining the integrity of the perimeter. This scenario includes the entire Tobrukperimeter as well as the forces at the frontier. [Size: large, Length: 21 turns]

Notes: This scenario builds on #05b including not only the full perimeter but also those forcesnear the frontier. It is provided to somewhat set the stage for the hypothetical #05d and for aBritish player, is slightly better than #05b (more to do). But if you are going to invest the time,#05d is probably the better scenario.

#05d_Fortress_30MayTitle: The May Day Battles [Hypothetical] (30 April - 2 May 1941)Description: Libyan/Egyptian Frontier, 30 April 1941: Only 15 days separated the May Day

Battles, Rommel's determined attack against the Tobruk fortress, from Operation Brevity,the first British attempt to relieve the pressure. It is not unrealistic to say that Brevity might

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have been launched early, or that Rommel was delayed, such that the two events occurredsimultaneously. Had this been the case, it is hard to believe that Rommel would haveallowed himself to be distracted by events at the frontier, and without support, it is hard tobelieve that Herff's small command could have contained such a determined opponent.[Size: large, Length: 21 turns]

Notes: This hypothetical scenario is a fun one as the British against the AI or for head-to-headplay. Both sides are attacking and defending and things can get pretty wild. Ultimately,however, it is a hard one for the Germans to win because their forces just are not up to allthe tasks.

#06a_Fortress_27NovTitle: Rommel’s Attack [Hypothetical] (27-29 November 1941)Description: ed Duda, 27 November 1941: After months of waiting, Rommel is finally ready for

a showdown over Tobruk. Supplies have been hoarded, heavy artillery gathered, and thePanzer Divisions refitted. But the British have been busy too. Gone are the Australians,recalled by their government to the jungles of the Far East, and replaced by the British 70thInfantry Division and the Polish Brigade. But additional armor, and artillery, has also beengathered in preparation for the garrison's part in the Crusader offensive. In reality, Crusaderinterrupted Rommels' plans and 1941 would pass without him satisfying his obsession. Butdelays were common in the desert and this scenario explores Rommel's planned assault. Itis doubtful that the results would surprise anyone except Rommel himself. [Size: medium,Length: 16 turns]

Notes: There isn’t much to say about this one as it very quickly becomes a train wreck betweentwo overpowered forces. There are some lessons from scenarios #03 and #05 that can beapplied here but subtly is not one of them. It is good from both perspectives and forhead-to-head play as there is a lot to do. One item to note is the fact that the close proximityof the lines in the southwest will release a lot of the Polish Brigade early and they can do anumber on the Italians.

#06b_Fortress_27NovTitle: Rommel’s Attack with Responce [Hypothetical] (27-29 November 1941)Description: ed Duda, 27 November 1941: After months of waiting, Rommel is finally ready for

a showdown over Tobruk. Supplies have been hoarded, heavy artillery gathered, and thePanzer Divisions refitted. But the British have been busy too. Gone are the Australians,recalled by their government to the jungles of the Far East, and replaced by the British 70thInfantry Division and the Polish Brigade. But additional armor, and artillery, has also beengathered in preparation for the garrison's part in the Crusader offensive. In reality, Crusaderinterrupted Rommels' plans and 1941 would pass without him satisfying his obsession. Butdelays were common in the desert and this scenario explores Rommel's planned assault.But unlike the previous scenario, this one assumes that the British were also ready to withOperation Crusader. [Size: medium, Length: 16 turns]

Notes: This scenario combines the best of both worlds with the Tobruk assault and a majorBritish relieving force and is great for head-to-head play. It differs from #05d in that the Britishforces (both inside and outside) are larger but also in that the Germans are much betterprepared to counter them. The Germans have to use their spare Panzer Division to meetand block the British 7th Armoured while the British have to remain focused on relieving thepressure against Tobruk.

#07_Brevity_15MayTitle: Operation Brevity (15-16 May 1941)Description: Libyan/Egyptian Frontier, 15 May 1941: The German Army of 1941 had virtually no

experience with defensive warfare, there were ten offensive tactical problems solved at theservice schools for each defensive one. So when the Afrika Korps found itself defending

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along the Libyan/Egyptian frontier, it is not surprising that they chose a combat method thatcontinued to stress their offensive capability. A series of strongpoints were built backed up bya reserve force that was to counterattack at the first opportunity. The British provided the firsttest of these arrangements when they launched their first attempt to relieve Tobruk. The planfor Operation Brevity was based on a model that would be used time and again, an armoredcomponent to defeat the enemy armor, and an infantry component to defeat the frontierstrongpoints. In the end, the Germans proved the superiority of their combined arms tactics,specifically the use of anti-tank guns to protect their armor, and the British were driven backacross the frontier. [Size: medium, Length: 16 turns]

Notes: Welcome to desert warfare! This scenario begins with a scattered German line whichthe attacking British force can easily overrun or bypass. But don’t get too cocky, the panzersare on the way and the resulting see-saw can be a bit of a culture shock to experiencedplayers. This one is good from both sides and is a great head-to-head contest. Both havethere down side… The Germans must wait for their most potent counterattack force till latein the game and there can be a lot of anxiety in not knowing if there will be enough time togain victory. From the British side, the scenario seems a slam-dunk with more that enoughVPs easily taken. But the panzer counterattack is on the way and your only hope is to hold onto the few locations that you have the forces to defend.

#08_Battleaxe_15JunTitle: Operation Battleaxe (15-17 June 1941)Description: Libyan/Egyptian Frontier, 15 June 1941: Operation Brevity had taught the Germans

several lessons about the construction, and operation, of their frontier strongpoints. Duringthe latter part of May, and the first part of June, improvements were made, including asignificant increase in the quantity, and quality, of anti-tank weapons. Provision stockpileswere also increased to the point that the Germans considered their frontier postsimpregnable. Nevertheless, the offensive mindset was still strong and panzer reserves werepositioned for a quick response. On the British side, Battleaxe was to be a repeat of theBrevity tactics with an increased force level. The 7th Armoured Brigade, the "Desert Rats",had been brought back up to strength with new arrivals. Significantly, the Matilda force, a tankthat had proved very hard for the Germans to kill, had been more than doubled. It againturned out, however, that the Germans were learning, and adapting, faster than the British.The 88mm Flak guns employed in the frontier positions for the first time shredded theMatildas and, based on radio intercepts, the Germans were able to concentrate both theirPanzer Regiments against the lone British Armoured Brigade. [Size: medium, Length: 30turns]

Notes: On appearance, this scenario looks very similar to Brevity but this is not entirely true.Both sides are stronger but the edge must undoubtedly go to the Germans. British strategyis the same, grab what you can as quickly as you can just be aware that it will be harder andthat the German counterattack will come sooner. Again, this scenario is a good one fromboth sides and for head-to-head play as long as the British difficulties are understood.

#09_Crusader_19NovTitle: The Hunting Horn (19 November 1941)Description: Bir el Gubi, 19 November 1941: British intelligence estimates clearly identified the

Italian Armored Division Ariete, as the only Axis Division brought up to full strength after thesummer's fighting. But 30th Corps thought of Ariete with nothing but contempt, even to thepoint of excluding their 130+ tanks in their strength comparisons. Covering the western flankof the advance toward Tobruk was the British 22nd Armoured Brigade, fresh from England,and also at full strength with 150+ of the new Crusader Tank. However, the three YeomanryRegiments had never before been in combat, and the brigade lacked any real supportinginfantry. About midday on the 19th, the brigade bumped into the Ariete's screening forcesand events were set into motion that were completely contrary to 30th Corps' plans. TheYeomanry Regiments attacked in typical Balaclava style, charging directly into the Italian

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Bersaglieri infantry, heavily supported by anti-tank guns and artillery. The élan of the Britishcarried them in to the Italian lines and, as had been expected, the Italians were on the vergeof collapse. But once the Italians realized that there was no British infantry to accept theirsurrender, they quickly returned to their guns to "shoot the 22nd up their backsides". North ofthe infantry, the Italian armored regiment counter attacked and severely mauled the 3rdCounty of London Yeomanry. Action broke off, with the early darkness, and 22nd Brigaderetreated to laager for the night and to count its wounds. Their daily report to Division statedthat losses on the 19th to all causes, and the Crusader was notoriously unreliable, was 50%of their initial strength. Not a good beginning against an enemy force that wasn't evenconsidered in the calculations. [Size: small, Length: 3 turns]

Notes: This scenario offers a nearly impossible situation for the British and is best viewed as atraining exercise. It demonstrates the difficulty that occurs from the British Brigade Groupsthat were formed without regard to combined arms tactics. It should only be played from theBritish side as there is not much for an Italian player to do except shoot up the inexperiencedYeomanry tankers. The British must break-in to the Italian positions and hold on whilekeeping casualties to a minimum.

#10_Crusader_19NovTitle: Sidi Rezegh (19-20 November 1941)Description: Sidi Rezegh, 19 November 1941: After reaching the concentration area at Gabr

Saleh on 18 November, the Crusader plan called for 7th Armoured Division to await theAfrika Korps' reaction. But, based on a lack of German movement and concern overmaintaining the initiative, the British command decided to force the issue. The main thrust ofthe Division would be made by 7th Armoured Brigade and the Support Group. They wereordered to approach ed Duda from the southeast, with the objective of setting up favorableconditions for a breakout by the garrison. The German and Italian preparations for the assaulton Tobruk had also brought a number of formations to the area southeast of the perimeter.Holding the line were elements of the Italian Bologna, and German Afrika Divisions, alongwith the heavy artillery of the Boettcher Group. Fortunately, part of this force was facingsouth covering the escarpments, as they stepped down in layers, from the inland plateau tothe coastal plain. It was here, near the tomb of the Muslim Prophet, Sidi Rezegh, and theairfield that also carried his name, that the 7th Armoured Brigade attacked on the afternoonof 20 November. And it was here, that the bloody struggles that would characterize Crusaderwould rage for nearly a week. [Size: small, Length: 9 turns]

Notes: This scenario pits an attacking British force against fixed German positions and is thusreally only suitable when played as the British against the computer. Achieving the pointsrequired for victory will initially seem an easy task but the continuous pounding from theGerman heavy artillery can cause enough losses to take it away. Thus players must choosewhich road to follow, the early, continuous attack or the late surgical strike.

#11a_Crusader_19NovTitle: First Tank Clash (19 November 1941)Description: Gabr Saleh, 19 November 1941: Concern for the protection of the infantry

formations of 13th Corps, from the threat posed by the German panzer forces, caused theOperation Crusader planners to restrict the initial operations of 4th Armoured Brigade. Thebrigade, brought up to full strength with new American Stuart tanks, was to remain in thearea of Gabr Saleh, bridging the gap between 7th Armoured Division and the NewZealanders. This area had been under the observation of the German 3rd Recon Battalionand, after some minor skirmishes in the morning, they withdrew to the northeast, beingpursued by the King's Dragoon Guards and 3rd Royal Tank Regiment, with 5th Royal TankRegiment not far behind. This action was significant only because it served to dilute thebrigade's strength, when it should have remained concentrated. In the early afternoon,Kampfgruppe Stephan, and all the tanks of the 21st Panzer Division, fell on the 8th Hussars.Engaged in a close range melee, the two sides, including 5th Royal Tank Regiment, who

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was able to reinforce, battled until dark, with the 4th Brigade retreating to laager for the night.Losses were disproportionate due, in no small part, to the German combined arms tacticsthat would haunt the British throughout the Crusader battles. [Size: small, Length: 3 turns]

Notes: This scenario offers very different experiences when played from the different sides. Forthe Germans, victory can only be achieved by bringing the British to ground and forcing themto fight. For the British, victory comes in avoiding a stand-up confrontation. In ether case, thescenario works well but most will find the Germans more fun to play.

#11b_Crusader_19NovTitle: Goose Chase (19-20 November 1941)Description: Gasr el Arid, 19 November 1941: Recon elements of the Afrika Korps reported the

British incursion into Libya early on 18 November, but Rommel, more interested in thepreparations for the pending attack against Tobruk, refused to authorize any Germanreaction. General Cruewell, the commander of the DAK, however, did put the two panzerdivisions on alert. Continued British pressure, on the morning of 19 November, finallyconvinced the German command that action was required. Around noon, 21st Panzer wasordered to send Kampfgruppe Stephan, basically 5th Panzer Regiment, to destroy the Britishin the Gabr Saleh area. Orders were also issued to 15th Panzer to move from their reserveposition near the coast into the same area. So, while the 7th Armoured Division waspursuing three diverging objectives, the Afrika Korps was concentrating both panzer divisionsin a position that threatened their flank and rear. Over the next day and half, the two Germandivisions took turns dancing with the 4th Armoured Brigade but, due partially to ammunitionand fuel shortages, was never quite able to get them to grips. If they had had done so,however, the indisputable outcome would have been the complete destruction of 4thArmoured Brigade. [Size: medium, Length: 10 turns]

Notes: This scenario expands the timeline for #11a and the same comments apply. Severaltesters noted that the late reinforcements on both sides cannot be brought to action withinthe time available but this is only partially true. The cunning player will find a to lure hisopponent into an area where his reinforcements will be capable of action.

#12_Crusader_19NovTitle: Three Against One (19-20 November 1941)Description: Mishefa, 19 November 1941: The overall plan, for the first phase of Operation

Crusader, called for an advance, by 7th Armoured Division, to a position that threatened therear of the Axis forces investing Tobruk. The Germans would of course react, and 7thArmoured was to defeat the panzer forces, which they believed they outnumbered. Phasetwo would then be launched. It called for the Tobruk break-out, and link-up with 30th Corps,while the 13th Corps was to begin the reduction of the border forces. But as luck would haveit, the approach move of 30th Corps went undetected until 18 November and, even then,Rommel refused to allow the Afrika Korps to be distracted from Tobruk. At dawn on the 19November, 30th Corps was faced with having to force the issue, but instead of remainingconcentrated, and pursuing a common objective, they chose to send the three armoredbrigades in three different directions. The 22nd would attack the Italian Ariete Division at Bir elGubi, the 7th would advance to Sidi Rezegh, while the 4th would cover the gap, that would beopening, between 7th Armoured and the forces of 13th Corps. At noon, on 19 November, theGerman command finally put their forces in motion and, over the next two days, 7thArmoured Division would be engaged with THREE Axis armored divisions [Size: medium,Length: 14 turns]

Notes: This scenario is identical to #12 except that it includes the more detailed supply system.

#12s_Crusader_19NovTitle: Three Against One [Supply] (19-20 November 1941)Description: Mishefa, 19 November 1941: The overall plan, for the first phase of Operation

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Crusader, called for an advance, by 7th Armoured Division, to a position that threatened therear of the Axis forces investing Tobruk. The Germans would of course react, and 7thArmoured was to defeat the panzer forces, which they believed they outnumbered. Phasetwo would then be launched. It called for the Tobruk break-out, and link-up with 30th Corps,while the 13th Corps was to begin the reduction of the border forces. But as luck would haveit, the approach move of 30th Corps went undetected until 18 November and, even then,Rommel refused to allow the Afrika Korps to be distracted from Tobruk. At dawn on the 19November, 30th Corps was faced with having to force the issue, but instead of remainingconcentrated, and pursuing a common objective, they chose to send the three armoredbrigades in three different directions. The 22nd would attack the Italian Ariete Division at Bir elGubi, the 7th would advance to Sidi Rezegh, while the 4th would cover the gap, that would beopening, between 7th Armoured and the forces of 13th Corps. At noon, on 19 November, theGerman command finally put their forces in motion and, over the next two days, 7thArmoured Division would be engaged with THREE Axis armored divisions. NOTE: Thisscenario is for use with the optional Explicit Supply rules. [Size: medium, Length: 14 turns]

Notes: This scenario combines all the action of scenarios #9, #10, and #11 and offers the firstopportunity for players to explore alternate opening moves for the longer campaign games.Both sides have quite an attack capability and at times it will not be clear who is the offensiveplayer. It plays well from ether perspective and head-to-head but is probably tougher as theAllies since the lay-out of objectives forces some of the historical dispersion of the 7thArmoured Division. The Germans, on the other hand, are free to use their mobile forces asfirefighters but care must be taken in selecting which fires are worth fighting.

#13_Crusader_21 NovTitle: Tobruk Break-out (21-22 November 1941)Description: Tobruk, 21 November 1941: Preparations inside the Fortress of Tobruk, for both

it's continued defense, and it's offensive role in Operation Crusader, had been ongoing formonths. Gone were the Australians, at least most of them, the heroes of the Tobruk siege,replaced by three British and one Polish brigade. The break-out operation was to take placeonly after the defeat of the German panzers by 7th Armoured Division. Events of 20November were confusing and, in the end, 30th Corps believed the 4th and 22nd ArmouredBrigades had accomplished this task, the German armor was believed to be in full retreatafter suffering heavy losses when, in fact, they had withdrawn to replenish their ammunition.The code word for the break-out was issued, and the 14th, and 16th Infantry Brigades,supported by the 31st Tank Brigade, would start operations early on 21 November. Theirattack carried them directly into the German and Italian formations that had been preparingfor the Tobruk assault. Though a deep penetration was made, the force fell well short of theirobjective of el Duda, and the planned link-up with the 7th Armoured Brigade attacking fromSidi Rezegh. [Size: medium, Length: 14 turns]

Notes: This scenario was designed for play as the British against a fairly stagnant Axis defense.But stagnant doesn’t mean that the scenario is a pushover. The Italians are well dug-in andthe German heavy artillery firing from Belhamed can be punishing. The key to victory is inkeeping losses to a minimum.

#14_Crusader_21 NovTitle: Sidi Rezegh (21 November 1941)Description: Sidi Rezegh, 21 November: The 7th Armoured Brigade captured the Axis airfield at

Sidi Rezegh late in the day, on 19 November, but even with the assistance of the 7th SupportGroup, had been unable, on 20 November, to evict the German infantry holding the lip of theescarpment. This meant that the Germans held the entire British force under observationand could thus utilize their heavy artillery, assembled for the attack on Tobruk, to good effect.Orders were issued for 21 November to not only take the edge of the escarpment, but topress on to el Duda, and link up with the break-out of the Tobruk garrison. But the panzerswere still on the loose, the 4th and 22nd Brigades had not defeated them, as the British

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believed, and they were on their way to Sidi Rezegh. [Size: medium, Length: 6 turns]Notes: This has got to be an all time great scenarios because of the complete chaos of the

situation and the least said to spoil a players experience, the better. Play this one from theBritish side with fog-of-war on WITHOUT looking at the reinforcements. Go for the quickVictory Points then hold on!

#15a_Crusader_21NovTitle: Multi-Layered Battle (21-22 November 1941)Description: Sidi Rezegh, 21 November 1941: In 1941, there wasn't a War College in the world

that would have considered the tactical situation of 21 November 1941 as one that could everpresent itself. The forces locked in battle made up quite a layer cake, and almost no one hada secure flank or rear. On the inside was the Tobruk Fortress, reinforced, and ordered tobreak-out. The next layer consisted of a mixed force of German and Italian troops, not onlymaintaining the siege, but also keeping at bay the two British brigades intent on linking upwith the garrison. Next came the 7th Armoured Brigade and Support Group, holding the topof the escarpment at Sidi Rezegh, a mere 20km from the Tobruk garrison. Next came thetwo panzer divisions of the Afrika Korps, rushing north to reclaim Sidi Rezegh, and insurethat the siege of Tobruk was maintained. Bringing up the rear was the British 4th, and 22ndArmoured Brigades, believing that they were conducting a pursuit of the "retreating" panzers.After two days of brutal fighting, the 7th Armoured Division ended up on the short end of thestick. By the afternoon of 22 November, the Division was down to less than 100 "runners" outof the almost 500 tanks that had crossed the border on 18 November. German losses hadbeen surprisingly light and, when they laagered for the night on the field at Sidi Rezegh, theystill had 160 operational panzers. [Size: large, Length: 14 turns]

Notes: In this scenario you get the expanded version of chaos with everything from a pitchedbattle in the break-out area to a running gun battle in the desert. This one is good played fromether side as both must attack to win. But it is the Germans that control the 300-pound gorilla(the DAK) and where it goes, victory will surely follow.

#15b_Crusader_21NovTitle: Multi-Layered Battle [Hypothetical] (21-22 November 1941)Description: Sidi Rezegh, 21 November 1941: In 1941, there wasn't a War College in the world

that would have considered the tactical situation of 21 November 1941 as one that could everpresent itself. The forces locked in battle made up quite a layer cake, and almost no one hada secure flank or rear. On the inside was the Tobruk Fortress, reinforced, and ordered tobreak-out. The next layer consisted of a mixed force of German and Italian troops, not onlymaintaining the siege, but also keeping at bay the two British brigades intent on linking upwith the garrison. Next came the 7th Armoured Brigade and Support Group, holding the topof the escarpment at Sidi Rezegh, a mere 20km from the Tobruk garrison. Next came thetwo panzer divisions of the Afrika Korps, rushing north to reclaim Sidi Rezegh, and insurethat the siege of Tobruk was maintained. Bringing up the rear was the British 4th, and 22ndArmoured Brigades, believing that they were conducting a pursuit of the "retreating" panzers.After two days of brutal fighting, the 7th Armoured Division ended up on the short end of thestick. By the afternoon of 22 November, the Division was down to less than 100 "runners" outof the almost 500 tanks that had crossed the border on 18 November. German losses hadbeen surprisingly light and, when they laagered for the night on the field at Sidi Rezegh, theystill had 160 operational panzers. Historically, the Italian Ariete Armored Division, not yetunder Rommel's command, remained inactive at Bir el Gubi under the watchful eye of the1st South African Brigade. Had they joined in with the DAK, it is doubtful that the SouthAfricans could have contained them. [Size: large, Length: 14 turns]

Notes: This scenario improves the axis position over #15a by adding the Ariete ArmoredDivision and is meant to be played from their perspective. It clearly shows the precariousposition that the 7th Armoured had gotten themselves into.

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#15c_Crusader_21NovTitle: Multi-Layered Battle [Hypothetical] (21-22 November 1941)Description: Sidi Rezegh, 21 November 1941: In 1941, there wasn't a War College in the world

that would have considered the tactical situation of 21 November 1941 as one that could everpresent itself. The forces locked in battle made up quite a layer cake, and almost no one had asecure flank or rear. On the inside was the Tobruk Fortress, reinforced, and ordered tobreak-out. The next layer consisted of a mixed force of German and Italian troops, not onlymaintaining the siege, but also keeping at bay the two British brigades intent on linking up withthe garrison. Next came the 7th Armoured Brigade and Support Group, holding the top of theescarpment at Sidi Rezegh, a mere 20km from the Tobruk garrison. Next came the twopanzer divisions of the Afrika Korps, rushing north to reclaim Sidi Rezegh, and insure that thesiege of Tobruk was maintained. Bringing up the rear was the British 4th, and 22nd ArmouredBrigades, believing that they were conducting a pursuit of the "retreating" panzers. After twodays of brutal fighting, the 7th Armoured Division ended up on the short end of the stick. Bythe afternoon of 22 November, the Division was down to less than 100 "runners" out of thealmost 500 tanks that had crossed the border on 18 November. German losses had beensurprisingly light and, when they laagered for the night on the field at Sidi Rezegh, they still had160 operational panzers. Historically, the Italian Ariete Armored and Pavia Infantry Divisionswere close by but took no part in the two day fight for the airfield. This was arguably probablyRommel's best opportunity to destroy 30th Corps and bring the Crusader Offensive to a halt.[Size: large, Length: 14 turns]

Notes: One historical occurrence that has been very perplexing is the inactivity of the PaviaDivision. Granted, they protected the supply depot at el Adem and covered the flank of theSidi Rezegh battlefield, but their offensive strength was wasted. This scenario adds them tothe already expanded #15b and players are free to throw them at 7th Armoured Division, atthe South Africans, or even at the Tobruk break-out force. Like #15b, this one is not much funfrom a British perspective.

#16_Crusader_22NovTitle: Squeezed (22 November 1941)Description: Sidi Rezegh, 22 November: On 21 November, the 7th Armoured Brigade

successfully cleared the edge of the escarpment, north of Sidi Rezegh, and consolidatedtheir positions in the area of the airfield. This was fortunate as it gave their tanks a place ofsafe haven, behind the 25-pounders, to avoid the panzers advancing from the south. Bydawn on 22 November, however, growing concerns forced the Germans to break-off theirattacks and, for the first time since the panzers had come together on 20 November, thePanzer Divisions were sent in opposite directions. The 15th Panzer was sent east, inresponse to the New Zealand advance from Bardia, while the 21st Panzer was sent to elDuda, to block any renewed action by the Tobruk garrison. Later in the day, when neither ofthese threats materialized, the panzers again came together at Sidi Rezegh, sandwichingwhat remained of the 7th Armoured Division. [Size: small, Length: 3 turns]

Notes: This scenario catches the second half of #15 as a single day scenario. In it, the Britishmust maneuver to hold on to what they have without loosing too much strength. From theGerman side, the name of the game is attack, attack, attack. It plays well from both sidesand is a good one for head-to head.

#17_Crusader_22NovTitle: Battle of the Omars (22 November 1941)Description: Sidi Omar, 22 November 1941: The German plan for holding back the British,

while they continued their preparations for the reduction of Tobruk, involved a series offrontier strongpoints. Initially used at the time of Brevity and Battleaxe, these strongpointswere really nothing more than armed camps, with a few positions scraped out of the desertfloor. But their design, and particularly their stockpiles of supplies, had been continuouslyimproved over the months, to the point that they represented more than a passing obstacle

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to an invading army. The western most position in this line was near the village of Sidi Omaron the Libyan/Egyptian border. It contained the better part of an infantry regiment from theItalian Savona Division, backed with artillery and anti-tank guns, and bolstered by a smallGerman contingent. After circling around the open desert flank of this position, the 7th IndianBrigade stood ready to attack it from the rear. The battle would rage throughout 22November, and would cost the British heavy casualties, especially in Matildas of the 44thRoyal Tank Regiment. [Size: small, Length: 4 turns]

Notes: This scenario depicts the British initial efforts to reduce the frontier and lessons learnedhere will meant that further attacks were put off. Players will also get their first taste of thevalue of the Matildas. Here again, the scenario is best played from the British side as thefrontier garrisons will remain fixed for most of the game.

#18_Crusader_22NovTitle: Sollumfront (22-23 November 1941)Description: Sidi Azeiz, 22 November: After believing that they had successfully defeated the

Afrika Korps on 20 November, the British commanders gave the orders for the secondphase of Crusader to begin. This involved the initiation of the Tobruk break-out and the startof operations to reduce the Axis frontier positions. The operations against the frontier wouldnot involve a frontal assault, as had been the case with Brevity and Battleaxe. Instead, apage would be taken from the 1940 British offensive against the Italians. Early on 21November, the 2nd New Zealand Division and 7th Indian Brigade began moving around thedesert flank of the fortification line and, by the early hours of 22 November, contact with theenemy had been made. But unknown to the Commonwealth commanders, the Germanarmor was still a strong force, and on 24 November, would turn their attention to theSollumfront. Thus the Italian fortifications, that were taken on 22-23 November, would servelater to protect the New Zealanders and Indians. [Size: medium, Length: 14 turns]

Notes: This scenario expands upon #17 and is a test of patience. The tendency is to attacksimultaneously at several points but be warned that though the defenders relatively immobile,releasing them all from their “fixed” condition can be like stirring up a hornet’s nest. Takesmall bites of the defenders but hurry, time is not on your side.

#19_Crusader_23NovTitle: Advance to Pt.175 (23 November 1941)Description: Point 175, east of Sidi Rezegh, 23 November 1941: As the battles raged in and

around the airfield at Sidi Rezegh, the 2nd New Zealand Division, as part of 13th Corps,worked their way around the frontier defenses, past the Italian garrison at Bardia, and pushedon for Tobruk from the east. In the lead, the 6th NZ Brigade had halted for the night of 22/23November, near Bir el Chleta, but awoke to find themselves intermingled with Germanheadquarters and service elements. The Germans surrendered after a short action, andproved to be the headquarters for the DAK, the Deutsche Afrika Korps (fortunately GeneralCruewell, its commander, was away). The 6th Brigade then set off and, by noon, was inposition to attack the flank of the German line guarding the Sidi Rezegh escarpment. Theeastern end of the German line had been held for days by the 361st Afrika Regiment, formedprimarily from German veterans of the French Foreign Legion. They were still waiting onmuch of their heavy equipment, but their finely honed desert fighting skills more than madeup for it. Supported by tanks of the 8th Royal Tank Regiment, the 6th Brigade attacked the361st Regiment's prepared positions in the area of point 175. Unable to halt the NewZealanders and Matildas, the German lines were pushed back, initiating a grinding battle thatwould continue down the length of the escarpment for days. [Size: small, Length: 6 turns]

Notes: This scenario runs parallel with #20 occurring just to the south and it is surprising thatthe New Zealanders continued their advance while reports of the fate of the South Africanshad to be coming in. It is best played as the British and the first part is easy, capture BirChleta and the Cruewell’s Headquarters. Achieving victory then becomes difficult. Point 175is of course the object of the scenario but it is well defended… and there is another problem

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of keeping open your supply lines.

#20a_Crusader_23NovTitle: Sunday of the Dead (23 November 1941)Description: Sidi Rezegh, 23 November 23 1941: In the German Lutheran calendar, the third

Sunday in November is known as Totensonntag (Sunday of the Dead), a Memorial Day tohonor the deceased. For the men in the desert, in 1941, this "title" would take on newmeaning. As night fell on 22 November, the remnants of 7th Armoured Division retreatedsouth from the escarpment at Sidi Rezegh, and laagered in the desert. All were hopeful, asthe 5th South African Brigade had moved forward to face the Germans to the north, with the1st Brigade not far behind. From the east, the New Zealanders were advancing, and manyexpected the advance toward Tobruk to be resumed. But again, the Afrika Korps held theprevious day's battlefield, and the German tank recovery teams had worked through the night.Rommel transmitted his orders for the combined Panzer Divisions to attack south, driving theBritish onto the defenses of the Ariete still located at Bir el Gubi. Had the attack been executedin this fashion, it would probably have been defeated due to the preparations of the British. ButRommel's orders were delayed and Cruewell at DAK headquarters made his own plans. 15thPanzer Division, with the tanks of 21st Panzer, would slice from northeast to southwest,across the rear of the British position. They would then join forces with the Ariete and drive theBritish onto the defensive positions along the escarpment. The morning attack caused havocin the British rear echelons, stretching away to the south, but this was nothing compared tothe thrusts of the afternoon. By nightfall, the 5th South African Brigade had ceased to exist asa fighting force, and the armored strength of 7th Armoured Division was reduced to that of abattalion. [Size: large, Length: 6 turns]

Notes: In this scenario it is difficult to repeat history and the virtual destruction of the 5Th SouthAfrican Brigade but the Germans can come close in the time available. To be successfulthey have to rush in and crush the British guns under the treads of the panzers, sitting backand shooting just will not win the day. The scenario is also fun from the Allied side but not aschallenging against the AI as when played as the Axis, it is a good short one forhead-to-head.

#20b_Crusader_23NovTitle: Sunday of the Dead [Hypothetical] (23 November 1941)Description: Sidi Rezegh, 23 November 23 1941: In the German Lutheran calendar, the third

Sunday in November is known as Totensonntag (Sunday of the Dead), a Memorial Day tohonor the deceased. For the men in the desert, in 1941, this "title" would take on newmeaning. As night fell on 22 November, the remnants of 7th Armoured Division retreatedsouth from the escarpment at Sidi Rezegh, and laagered in the desert. All were hopeful, asthe 5th South African Brigade had moved forward to face the Germans to the north, with the1st Brigade not far behind. From the east, the New Zealanders were advancing, and manyexpected the advance toward Tobruk to be resumed. But again, the Afrika Korps held theprevious day's battlefield, and the German tank recovery teams had worked through thenight. Rommel transmitted his orders for the combined Panzer Divisions to attack south,driving the British onto the defenses of the Ariete still located at Bir el Gubi. Had the attackbeen executed in this fashion, it would probably have been defeated due to the preparationsof the British. But Rommel's orders were delayed and Cruewell at DAK headquarters madehis own plans. 15th Panzer Division, with the tanks of 21st Panzer, would slice fromnortheast to southwest, across the rear of the British position. They would then join forceswith the Ariete and drive the British onto the defensive positions along the escarpment. Themorning attack caused havoc in the British rear echelons, stretching away to the south, butthis was nothing compared to the thrusts of the afternoon. Though the destruction wroughton 30th Corps was massive, the Ariete Armored Division played little part and the PaviaInfantry Division continued to remain static. Had the additional weight of these divisions beenthrown in it is doubtful if any part of 30th Corps would have survived. [Size: large, Length: 6turns]

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Notes: This is another scenario that offers a hypothetical look at the really bad situation that theBritish 30th Corps had placed itself in. Add two Italian Divisions to #20a and only oneadditional South African Brigade to counter them and disaster looms.

#21_Crusader_24NovTitle: Leave it to the Infantry (24-27 November 1941)Description: Bir el Chleta, 24 November 1941: During the planning of Crusader, General

Freyberg, commander of the New Zealand Division, commented that he thought that therewas not enough infantry being committed with armored units of 30th Corps and as thebattles around Sidi Rezegh raged, it became more and more apparent that he had beencorrect. Thus after moving into the Sidi Azaiz area, behind the German frontier positions, andestablishing roadblocks along the Via Balbia and Trigh Capuzzo, the New Zealand Divisionwas ordered to send two of its three Brigades west to the Tobruk area. Their arrival,supported by Infantry Tanks, coincided with Rommel’s drive to the wire, leaving the Infantryof the Afrika and Bologna Divisions to fend for themselves. What ensued was a four daystruggle that would not only result in the link-up with Tobruk but would also see the NewZealanders as masters of the Sidi Rezegh and Belhamed ridges. [Size: medium, Length: 29turns]

Notes: With the panzers and cruiser gone it is up to the infantry and Matildas to carry on thefight to relieve Tobruk. This long scenario is an infantry slugfest with the link-up at el Dudathe only real measure of victory. It is a good one from ether side and is probably besthead-to-head. The British have the longer road to victory and must conserve their strengthas something must be available to counter Axis reinforcements.

#22_Crusader_24NovTitle: Dash to the Wire (24-27 November 1941)Description: Sidi Omar, 24 November 1941: German operations on 23 and 24 November stand

in stark contrast to each other. On the 23rd, Cruewell’s had executed a calculated,concentrated plan which had destroyed the 5th South African and all but completed thedestruction of the armored units of 30th Corps. But Rommel on the 24th would throw it allaway with a wild dash to the frontier wire. Believing that 30th Corps could be finished off witha rapid pursuit and that something needed to be done to halt the destruction of the Axisfrontier positions Cruwell was ordered to rush to the Sidi Omar area, creating panic as hewent. But the Indians were firmly established within the formerly Italian positions at Sidi Omarand most of the New Zealand division was nowhere to be found, two Brigades having beensent towards Tobruk. After several days of futile efforts, Rommel could no longer ignore thenew developments back at Sidi Rezegh and the Afrika Korps turned west yet again. Duringthis time 30th Corps had withdrawn south, instead of southeast as Rommel expected, andhad been granted a much needed breather to repair and replenish. [Size: medium, Length:26 turns]

Notes: This scenario must be played with a human German as the AI just isn’t up to the task. Itcan be played head-to-head or against the AI. To win, the Germans MUST wreck as muchhavoc as possible with an eye to the clock as they must exit almost everything to win.Getting bogged down is a sure way to throw victory away, much as occurred historically.

#23_Crusader_26NovTitle: Night Attack (26-27 November 1941)Description: ed Duda, 26 November 1941: There existed in the desert war, at least in 1941, a

general convention with regard to activities after dark. The British would withdraw fromcontact and laagered, in total darkness, three to four kilometers to the rear. The Germansgenerally held the field of battle and would laager on the spot, utilizing an uninterruptedbarrage of flares to mark their location. Both sides used this time for repairs andreplenishment and night actions were very rare. The British and Commonwealth forces,

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however, had a great deal more night fighting experience than their German counterparts, adirect result of German air superiority throughout the early years of the war. By 26November, efforts had been intensifying in front of Tobruk but the introduction of fresh Italianformations had not stopped the New Zealand advance but had greatly added to the casualtycount. After assembling their remaining tanks, the Tobruk break-out forces captured ed Dudaby the afternoon of 26 November. It only remained for the New Zealanders to make the finalpush from the Sidi Rezegh and Belhamed areas to complete the link-up. General Freyberg,commander of the New Zealand Division, believed that his depleted formations could notstand up to the pounding associated with a daylight attack over open ground and thusdecided, drawing on his New Zealander’s experiences from Greece and Crete, make a rarenight attack to complete the link-up. By dawn, a corridor was open and the New ZealandDivision was receiving much needed supplies from the fortress. [Size: medium, Length: 7turns]

Notes: Though the title of this scenario is “Night Attack” it actually starts at noon to give theBritish player time to pick his attack route and set it up. Again el Duda is the prize butattacking along the historical axis through Sidi Rezegh is probably not the best. Other optionsabound and gives this one some real replayability. It can be fun too from the Axis side but isprobably better against a human British player rather than the AI.

#24_Crusader_28NovTitle: Panzer Return (28 November - 1 December 1941)Description: ed Duda, 28 November 1941: The New Zealand Division completed the link-up

with the Tobruk garrison in the early hours of 27 November and spent the rest of the dayconsolidating their positions on the First and Second Escarpments. At dawn on the 28th,plans were in place to attack and eliminate the German pocket located in the valley betweenBelhamed and Sidi Rezegh. It was hoped that this action would ultimately free up the troopsnecessary to defend against the panzers known to be returning from the frontier. Four daysof fighting would rage in the Belhamed/Sidi Rezegh area with the Afrika Korps working toforce the New Zealand Division into the Tobruk fortress while at the same time holding off thereconstituted 7th Armoured Division in the south. Ultimately the Germans would succeed butthe price was high, and Rommel would soon be forced to abandon the siege. [Size: medium,Length: 30 turns]

Notes: This scenario is great fun from ether side. As the Germans, players get to exact a priceon the New Zealanders for their link-up with the Tobruk garrison and victory is almostassured if not for those Valentines. As the British, it’s a real nail biter. Trying to hold on tosome semblance of victory while at the same time holding open the supply line to Tobruk…but the cavalry is on the way in the form of the reconstituted British armor.

#25_Crusader_30NovTitle: What we have, we hold! (30 November - 1 December 1941)Description: Belhamed, 30 November 1941: The climax of the fighting between the New

Zealand Division and the remaining tanks of the Afrika Korps came on the last day ofNovember. After holding the Tobruk corridor open for several days against long odds, theresistance of the 6th Brigade finally collapsed on the Sidi Rezegh escarpment followed a daylater by the destruction of the 4th Brigade on the Belhamed/Zaafran heights. But the positionat ed Duda and others along the Axis Bypass Road held out leaving the Germans in animproved but still precarious situation. The three German Divisions in Africa were mereshadows and 30th Corps was on the move. [Size: medium, Length: 11 turns]

Notes: The odds are again long for the British in this one with only weak forces to hold open thesupply corridor to Tobruk. But victory is possible by collapsing the pocket some and usingthe Matildas and Valentines as mobile strongpoints. Play from the Axis side is fun as well butis not nearly as challenging. It does play well head-to-head.

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#26_Crusader_3DecTitle: Get through to Bardia! (3 December 1941)Description: Sidi Azeiz, 3 December 1941: The 2nd and 3rd of December were basically rest

days for both sides as each sought to regain some strength before the final confrontation.Rommel, however, believed that the reduction of the New Zealand Division had secured hima victory in the coastal sector and that he could ultimately deal with the British armor stilloperating in the desert. As the panzers rested, columns were dispatched along the ViaBalbia and Trigh Capuzzo to reopen the route to Bardia and the frontier. The British were notready to relinquish control and the German columns were to pay dearly for this information.In the north, the 28th NZ Battalion, composed of Maori tribesmen, ambushed KG.Geisslercausing several hundred casualties for the cost of about a dozen. In front of Sidi Aziez,KG.Kanabe faired better against the loose screen of the Central Indian Horse but wereultimately repulsed. This action along with the rumblings of the British 7th Armoured Divisionback at Bir el Gubi finally convinced Rommel that retreat was inevitable. [Size: small, Length:6 turns]

Notes: This scenario was originally constructed to highlight the Maori Battalion, one of myfavorite units from WWII, and was not expected to make the final cut. The Germans reallyhave a very difficult task to accomplish and don’t have the forces required. But playtestshowed the scenario to be fun for the Germans in the south, with lots of maneuver room andnot too much opposition, so it was retained.

#27_Crusader_4DecTitle: ed Duda Finale (4 December 1941)Description: ed Duda, 4 December 1941: With the British 7th Armoured Division closing from

the south, threatening to again link-up with the Tobruk garrison, Rommel realized that hemust act fast to save the units still located north and east of the Tobruk salient. On his wayout of the closing trap, however, Rommel planned one final shot at the Tobruk garrison intheir position at ed Duda. But by this time German strength was just too low to confront aprepared enemy and the attack turned into a holding action that allowed much of the DAK’ssupply elements to escape. [Size: small, Length: 6 turns]

Notes: This scenario represents Rommel’s final attempt to retake el Duda and the bypass roadto help facilitate his escape. Victory is just a little too easy from the British side but is quite anail biter when played as the Germans against the AI. It is easy to see that el Duda is the keyand that play will not require much finesse.

#28_Crusader_4DecTitle: Mussolini’s Boys (4-5 December 1941)Description: Bir el Gubi, 4 December 1941: The Crusader battles would both start and end with

actions at Bir el Gubi and in both cases, the Italians would prove their worth. At stake on 4December were the supply dumps located in the Pt.182 area, supplies that would be neededif a orderly retreat was to be conducted by the Axis forces. In the frontier, the 2nd SouthAfrican Division had finally arrived to relieve the Indians who then joined the reconstituted 7thArmoured Division in the desert. Their plan was to attack and eliminate the Bir el Gubipositions that had threatened their flanks throughout the Crusader operation and then to drivenorth, cutting off the retreating Germans. The plan was to be a repeat of that used at SidiOmar with the Indians moving to take the Italians in the flank and rear. The Italian defendersconsisted of two fresh battalions of Young Fascists and though Pt.182 fell, the position atPt.174 held out, forcing the Indians to redeploy to the south. Then, riding out of the sun, onthe afternoon of 5 December, the remaining tanks of the DAK and Ariete arrived to recapturethe supply dump and establish a rearguard for the retreat, the 7th Armoured, operating asseveral separate columns, was unable to effectively counter their strength. NOTE: the postwar Italian North African Veterans Organization is known as the Bir el Gubi Association.[Size: medium, Length: 14 turns]

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Notes: There goes the British 13th Corps again, attacking from the rear. But the Italiandefenders are no pushovers and time is definitely short. To win, they bust deal with theGiovani Fascisti, the Young Fascists, quickly then turn north to defend against the panzers.But time is not on the Germans side ether as they must rush to engage. This one plays wellfrom both sides and is also good head-to-head.

#29_Gazala_14DecTitle: Battle of Alam Hamza (15-16 December 1941)Description: Gazala, 15 December 1941: The first stop on Rommel’s retreat out of Cyrenaica

was the old Italian positions at Gazala. The halt was necessary to allow time for theevacuation of the rear area elements but also for the reorganization the Italians as it seemedthat a repeat of December 1940 was in the making. Already, the Italians had startedsurrendering in droves and in one instance on 12 December, the Maori battalion capturedover 1100 Italians at a loss of only 16 of their own. But Rommel still had a large mass ofinfantry and a potent cadre of panzer troops. Against the Gazala position, the Britishlaunched their pursuit forces, significantly limited by their supply services which were stillbased on depots back near the Egyptian border. The Battle for the Alam Hamza ridge at thesouthern end of the Gazala defenses started on 13 December with the Indian Divisionattacking from the south. Point 204 was captured by the 1st Buffs but Germancounterattacks to the south near Sidi Breghisc threatened to encircle them. Closer to thecoast, the 5th New Zealand Brigade advanced straddling the escarpment but they couldmake no headway against the Italians. By 15 December, the British had moved up additionalunits in the south consisting of all the spare Infantry Tanks while in the north, the NewZealanders were joined by the Polish Brigade. Add to this a wide flanking move by theremainder of the 4th Armoured Brigade and the stage is set for the final chapter in theCrusader Battles. NOTE: the British artillery in this scenario is a mess of cross attachmentsand, because of the Brigade System, most have no spotters. It is recommended that thisscenario be played with the "Indirect Fire and Air Strikes by the Map" optional rule. [Size:medium, Length: 14 turns]

Notes: In this scenario, and the two that follow, the British begin the post Crusader clean-upefforts. At Gazala they are attempting to pursue the retreating Axis using what ever troopsthey could scrape together. For this reason it is an organizational hodge-podge. It is bestplayed from the British side against the AI and can be a little harrowing if too much of theItalians are activated by contact. The key is to capture point 208 while preventing the panzersfrom taking point 204. This accomplished, the Polish Brigade should then be able to bringvictory against the Italian Infantry.

#30_Bardia_31DecTitle: Assault on Bardia (31 December 1941 - 2 January 1942)Description: Bardia, 31 December 1941: The Italian defenses at Bardia had been build in the

years prior to the war along the same lines as those at Tobruk. They had not, however, beencompleted to the same degree and had been significantly under maintained. This, and thefact that the garrison was almost exclusively Italian, was the reason that British plannersselected Bardia as the first of the Axis frontier garrisons that would be reduced. By lateDecember 1941, the more mobile elements of the British 8th Army were pursuing theGermans and Italians across the desert to Agedabia, leaving the 2nd South African Divisionto look after the frontier. But a number of other formations were left behind as well, due to thefact that the British supply system could not maintain them forward of Tobruk, and thismeant that the Bardia attack would be blessed with an excess of artillery support. The SouthAfrican attack was planned to minimize casualties and was to be broken into two phases.While the New Zealand Cavalry demonstrated in the north, the 3rd SA Brigade, supported bytanks and artillery would break into the defenses from the south, reaching a line runningalong the escarpment by dark. The next day, the 4th SA Brigade, supported by additionaltanks, would attack through them, driving to the city itself. The operation went much

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according to plan except that the Germans were able to execute a local counterattack thatoverran the Headquarters of the Kaffrarian Rifles. But this only delayed the unavoidable andthe garrison surrendered early on 2 January. One of the more notable references in thedocumentation of this battle is the actions of the Polish Artillery. It seems that their hatred ofthe Axis ran so deep that command elements were unable to force them to practice any typeof fire discipline. When ever they received an allocation of ammunition, they fired non-stop tillit was gone. NOTE: a large amount of artillery was collected by the British for this attack and,because of the Brigade System, most have no spotters. It is recommended that thisscenario be played with the “Indirect Fire and Air Strikes by the Map” optional rule. [Size:medium, Length: 22 turns]

Notes: This scenario was designed for play as the British against the AI and at first looks to be areal cake walk, plenty of time, plenty of artillery, and fixed Italian defenders. But the realobjective of this scenario is to minimize casualties and a British player that throws his troopsin without coordination will be throwing victory away.

#31_Sollum_11JanTitle: Assault on Sollum [Hypothetical] (11 January 1942)Description: Halafya Pass, 11 January 1941: One of the mainstays of Rommel’s defensive

arrangements was the Axis frontier positions. They covered the coastal area, centered onHelfaya Pass, and extended over 30 kilometers inland. British and Indian efforts to reduce thewestern end of the line proved costly and future plans to capture the strongpoints by forcewere delayed. It was decided to being forward the inexperienced 2nd South African Divisionfrom it’s garrison position at Marth Maruth thus releasing the Indians and New Zealanders forother duty. The South Africans were instructed to keep the Axis forces bottled up but not toavoid excessive casualties. The Axis positions had been provisioned for an extended siegesituation but it was believed that they could hold no more than a few weeks. But six weeksafter the start of Crusader, with only limited resupply by air and submarine, they were stillholding out. The westernmost positions had been abandoned and this meant that the entiregarrison was dependent on the water sources at Halfaya and Sallum. On 11 Janruary theSouth Africans executed an operation to capture lower Sallum and this ultimately enticed theItalian Commander to negotiate surrender, much to the annoyance of Major Bach andGerman troops. This scenario starts concurrently with the opening of the Sallum attack butassumes that the objective was the complete destruction of the Axis forces. NOTE: a largeamount of artillery was collected by the British for this attack and, because of the BrigadeSystem, most have no spotters. It is recommended that this scenario be played with the “Indirect Fire and Air Strikes by the Map” optional rule. [Size: medium, Length: 14 turns]

Notes: Similar to #30, this scenario was designed for a British player against fixed defenders.The situation regarding casualties is also similar but the situation isn’t nearly as rosy. Most ofthe defenders are German and the defenses are more spread out. The biggest decision iswhat to do about Halfaya. Attacking it releases a large number of good German troops butnot doing so renders the 2nd South African Brigade virtually useless.

#32_Crusader_19Nov_CampaignTitle: Operation Crusader - Armor Phase (19-23 November 1941)Description: Mishefa, 19 November 1941: The Crusader Battles can be divided into four distinct

phases and the first of these was clearly dominated by the tank. Though both sides usedterrain and territorial objectives to control the action but the destruction of enemy armor wasthe only objective that mattered. This campaign covers the actions from the opening Britishmoves through the multi-layered battles between Sidi Rezegh and the frontier. As the battleopened, the British had the edge with 490 tanks in 7th Armoured Division to 260 in the twoGerman Divisions. But German tactics, specifically their use of combined arms, made themthe clear winners of the armored battle. By 23 November, 7th Armoured Division was downto 114 tanks while German strength was 160. Add to this the destruction of the 5th SouthAfrica Brigade and most of the 7th Support Group, and the prospects of a British victory were

Page 27

indeed very slim. [Size: large, Length: 38 turns]Notes: This campaign covers the opening rounds and offers a good opportunity for the Britishto avoid their historic mistake of splitting up their armor. Protect your supply lines but go all outfor Sidi Rezegh and Tobruk, that’s where the real concentration of Victory Points is. On theGerman side the possibilities are wide open since the infantry can usually hold their own for thefirst few days. Your panzers are then free to act but note that they can only react to situationsthat can reach is a fairly short move. Avoid wide dispersals and large flanking moves.

#33a_Crusader_24Nov_CampaignTitle: Operation Crusader - Infantry Phase (24-27 November 1941)Description: Bir el Chleta, 24 November 1941: The second phase of the Crusader Battles was

dominated by the British infantry, and their supporting Infantry Tanks, and three actions priorto 24 November would pave the way for this to occur. The first was the capture of the SidiOmar strongpoint by the 7th Indian Brigade which provided the secure position that wouldbreak-up the German Panzer attack when it arrived. The second important action was thestrong Tobruk sortie which threatened the main axis supply routes around the Tobrukfortress. The third, and most important, move was made by the New Zealand Division whichadvanced on Tobruk from the east in complete disregard of their unsecured supply situationand the Panzer Divisions operating on the plateau just to the south. This phase alsocontained Rommel’s ill-conceived “dash-to-the-wire. Correctly believing that the 7thArmoured Division had been neutralized, Rommel believed that a thrust to the frontier wouldsend the British into full flight. But while the Panzers were racing across the desert, battlingto reestablish contact with the frontier positions, the New Zealanders were methodicallydriving to link-up with the Tobruk garrison. Both sides also missed significant opportunities tologistically cripple their opponents. The Germans came dangerously close to the string ofBritish supply Depots located in the southern desert and similarly, the New Zealanders werewell within range of the German depots along the Via Balbia. NOTE: this scenario is set-upwith the dash-to-the-wire already in progress. [Size: large, Length: 29 turns]

Notes: Phase Two goes to the infantry and the slugfest in front of Tobruk. Both sides can stillcause damage from their mobile forces in the desert but the impact of this is limited, the 7thArmoured is really too weak and the DAK is really too far away from the center of gravity.

#33b_Crusader_24Nov_CampaignTitle: Operation Crusader - Infantry Phase [Hypothetical] (24-27 November 1941)Description: Bir el Chleta, 24 November 1941: The second phase of the Crusader Battles was

dominated by the British infantry, and their supporting Infantry Tanks, and three actions priorto 24 November would pave the way for this to occur. The first was the capture of the SidiOmar strongpoint by the 7th Indian Brigade which provided the secure position that wouldbreak-up the German Panzer attack when it arrived. The second important action was thestrong Tobruk sortie which threatened the main axis supply routes around the Tobrukfortress. The third, and most important, move was made by the New Zealand Division whichadvanced on Tobruk from the east in complete disregard of their unsecured supply situationand the Panzer Divisions operating on the plateau just to the south. This phase alsocontained Rommel’s ill-conceived “dash-to-the-wire. Correctly believing that the 7thArmoured Division had been neutralized, Rommel believed that a thrust to the frontier wouldsend the British into full flight. But while the Panzers were racing across the desert, battlingto reestablish contact with the frontier positions, the New Zealanders were methodicallydriving to link-up with the Tobruk garrison. Both sides also missed significant opportunities tologistically cripple their opponents. The Germans came dangerously close to the string ofBritish supply Depots located in the southern desert and similarly, the New Zealanders werewell within range of the German depots along the Via Balbia. NOTE: this scenario is set-upwith the German Panzer Divisions in the positions they occupied at dusk on 23 Novemberand provides the German player with a much greater freedom of operation. [Size: large,Length: 29 turns]

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Notes: This is Phase Two with the panzers in the center of the action. The German can avoidRommel’s dash (folly) to the wire and can really punish the British infantry.

#34_Crusader_28Nov_CampaignTitle: Operation Crusader - Finale (28 November - 3 December 1941)Description: ed Duda, 28 November 1941: The third, and climatic, phase of Crusader Battles

was centered around the Tobruk salient. The garrison sortie had commenced on 21November but had encountered stiff resistance and had suffered severe casualties. Over thenext week, fighting in the bridgehead would continue to flare up but little progress was made.It wasn’t until the weight of the New Zealand Division, attacking from the east, was brought tobear that real success against the besieging German and Italian was scored and the link-upaccomplished. But the arrival of the German Panzers, returned from the frontier, threatenedthe New Zealanders from the rear and plans were even drawn up to withdraw them into thefortress. What ensued, however, was a fierce struggle that not only bled the New ZealandDivision white but also reduced German armor strength to dangerously low levels, levels thatwould prove inadequate to resist the reconstituted 7th Armoured Division. [Size: large,Length: 46 turns]

Notes: The slugfest in front of Tobruk continues with some attempts at interference by thearmor of both sides. This one breaks down into two separate actions, the Tobruk front thatmatters and the desert front that doesn’t.

#35_Crusader_4Dec_CampaignTitle: Operation Crusader - Withdrawal (4-7 December 1941)Description: Bir el Gubi, 4 December 1941: The final phase of the Crusader Battles occurred

after Rommel finally came to the realization that he no longer had the strength to hold theBritish at bay. The Germans had turned back the New Zealand Division, again isolating theTobruk garrison, but had been unable to retake ed Duda or to reestablish contact with Bardiaand the frontier. The Panzers had received a much needed day of rest but prospects forregaining any real offensive capability were slim and German armor strength amounted toonly 49. The situation with the British, however, was entirely different. After the 24 Novemberretreat in near panic, the 7th Armoured Division had rested in the southern desert and hadrecovered to a strength of 146 tanks. Additionally, the 2nd South African Division had alsobeen moved forward to the frontier and had relieved the 4th Indian Division for more offensiveoperations. Thus the British held the final edge and as 30th Corps attacked out of the desertand Rommel began the retreat to save what was left of his army. [Size: large, Length: 30turns]

Notes: This one will rarely develop along historical lines as there really isn’t a compellingreason for the Germans to withdraw. But since the panzers aren’t really needed near Tobrukthey are free to rush to the aid of the Italians in the desert. This is a tough one for the British.

#36_Crusader_Full_CampaignTitle: Operation Crusader (19 November - 7 December 1941)Description: Tobruk, 19 November 1941: This campaign covers the entire action of the

Crusader Battles and will invariably bear little resemblance to the historic actions. Playersare free to chart their own course, avoiding the historic mistakes and undoubtedlyexperiencing many new ones. [Size: very large, Length: 158 turns]

Notes: Like all campaigns games, the possibilities are endless.

#36s_Crusader_Full_CampaignTitle: Operation Crusader [Supply] (19 November - 7 December 1941)Description: Tobruk, 19 November 1941: This campaign covers the entire action of the

Crusader Battles and will invariably bear little resemblance to the historic actions. Players

Page 29

are free to chart their own course, avoiding the historic mistakes and undoubtedlyexperiencing many new ones. . NOTE: This scenario is for use with the optional ExplicitSupply rules. [Size: very large, Length: 158 turns]

Notes: This scenario is identical to #36 except that it includes the detailed supply system.

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS:

Agar-Hamilton, J. A. I.; and Turner, L. C. F.; The Sidi Rezeg Battles 1941; Oxford University Press, Capetow n, 1957.

Arct, Bohdan; Polacy w walkach na Czarnym Ladzie; Interpress, Warszaw a, 1974.

Bates, P. W., Supply Company (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939-45); War History Branch,Wellington, N.Z., 1955.

Bender, Roger James and Law , Richard D.; Uniforms, Organization and History of the Afrikakorps; R. James Bender Publishing,Mountain View CA, 1973.

Bharucha, P. C.; The North African Campaign 1940-1943 (Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War1939-45); Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, Calcutta, 1956.

Bieganski, Witold; Szczurami Tobruku ich zwali: z dziejow walk polskich formacji wojskowych w Afryce Polnocnej w latach1941-1943; Ludow a Spoldzielnia Wydaw nicza, Warszaw a, 1988.

Burdon, R. M. 24 Battalion (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); War History Branch, WellingtonNZ, 1953.

Büschleb, Hermann; Feldhern und Panzer in Wüstenkrieg. Die Herbstschlacht "Crusader" im Vorfeld von Tobruk, 1941;Neckargemünd, Vow inckel, 1966.

Carver, Michael; Tobruk; B.T.Batsford, London, 1964.

Chamberlain, Peter, and Ellis, Chris; British and American Tanks of World War II; Arco Publishing, New York, 1969.

Chamberlain, Peter, and Doyle, Hilary; Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two; Arms & Armour, London, 1978

Clarke, Dudley; The Eleventh at war, being the story of the XIth Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) through the years 1934-1945;London, 1952.

Cody, Joseph F.; 21 Battalion (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939-45); War History Branch,Wellington, 1953.

Cody, Joseph F.; 28 (Maori) Battalion (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939-45); War History Branch,Wellington, 1956.

Cody, Joseph F.; New Zealand Engineers, Middle East (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939-45);War History Branch, Wellington, 1961.

Cooper, F. W.; The Police Brigade; 6th S.A. Infantry Brigade, 1939-45; Cape Tow n, 1972.

Cumpston, John Stanley; The Rats remain; Tobruk siege, 1941; Grayflow er Productions, Melbourne, 1966.

Das, Chand, N.; The Rajputana Rifles: Brief History; New Delhi, 1995.

Page 30

Daw son, W. D.; 18 Battalion and Armored Regiment (Official history of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939-45); WarHistory Branch, Wellington, 1961.

Erskine, David; The Scots Guards, 1919-1955; W. Clow es, London, 1956.

Farndale, Martin; History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery – Volume 5 - the Years of Defeat, 1939-41; Brassey’s, London, 1996.

Green, Jack; Mare Nostrum; Jack Green, Watsonville CA, 1990.

Green, Jack and Massignani, Alessandro; Rommel’s North Africa Campaign, September 1940 - November 1942; CombinedBooks, Conshohocken PA, 1994.

Geibel, Adam; Bir el Gobi, 19 November 1941; Axis Europa Journal (Vol. III, Number III, Issue 13), Milw aukee WI.

Graham, Andrew ; Sharpshooters at war; the 3rd, the 4th and the 3rd/4th County of London Yeomanry, 1939 to 1945; London,1964.

Hall, Timothy; Tobruk 1941, The Desert Siege; Methuen, Sydney, 1984.

Harrison, Frank; Tobruk, The Great Siege Reassessed; Sterling Publishing, New York, 1996.

Hattersley, Alan Frederick; Carbineer; the history of the Royal Natal Carbineers; Gale and Polden, Aldershot, 1950.

Henderson, Jim; 22 Battalion (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); War History Branch,Wellington NZ, 1958.

Hingston, Walter George; The Tiger Kills, The Story of the Indian Divisions in the North African Campaign; HMSO, 1944.

Hughes, David; The British Armies in World War Two, An Organizational History, Volume One: British Armoured and CavalryDivisions; Nafziger, 1999.

Humble, Richard; Crusader: Eighth Army's Forgotten Victory, November 1941-January 1942; Leo Cooper, London, 1987.

Jarrett, G. B.; West of Alamein; Sentry Books, Northridge CA, 1971.

Jentz, Thomas L.; Tank Combat in North Africa, The Opening Rounds; Schiffer, Atglen PA, 1998.

Jentz, Thomas L.; Panzer Truppen 1; Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, PA, 1996.

Jentz, Thomas L.; Rommel’s Funnies; Darlington Productions, Darlington MD, 1997.

Joslen, H. F.; Orders of Battle, Vol. I and II; HMSO, London, 1960

Klein, Harry; Springboks in Armour: The South African Armoured Cars in World War II; Purnell & Sons, Cape Tow n, 1965.

Kriebel, Rainer; Inside the Afrika Korps, The Crusader Battles, 1941-1942; Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg PA, 1999.

Liddell Hart, Basil Henry; The tanks; the History of the Royal Tank Regiment and its Predecessors, Heavy Branch, Machine-GunCorps, Tank Corps, and Royal Tank Corps, 1914-1945; Cassell, London, 1959.

Mancinelli, G.; La prima controffensiva italo-tedesco in Africa Settentrionale (15 febbraio - 18 novembre 1941); Stato Maggioredell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico, Roma, 1974.

Manzetti, Ferruccio; Seconda offensiva britannica in Africa settentrionale e ripiegamento italo-tedesco nella Sirtica orientale(18 novembre 1941-17 gennaio 1942); Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico, Roma, 1949.

Martin, Thomas Alexander; The Essex Regiment, 1929-1950; London, 1952.

Page 31

Maughan, Barton; Tobruk and El Alamein (Australia in the War of 1939-1945); Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1966.

McGuirk, Dal; Rommel’s Army in Africa; Motorbooks Interrnational, Osceolw WI, 1993.

Miller, Ward A.; The 9th Australian Division Versus the Africa Corps: An Infantry Division Against Tanks - Tobruk, Libya, 1941;Combat Studies Institute, Ft Levenw orth KS, 1986.

Montanari, Mario.; Le Operazioni in Africa Settentrionale, Vol. II - Tobruk (Marzo 1941-Gennaio 1942); Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico, Roma, 1985.

Moorhead, Alan; The Desert War; Hamish Hamilton, London, 1965.

Munoz, Antonio J. Italian 132nd Armored Division Ariete; Axis Europa Journal (Vol. III, Number III, Issue 13), Milw aukee WI.

Murphy, W. E.; 2nd New Zealand Division Artillery (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); WarHistory Branch, Wellington NZ, 1966.

Murphy, W. E.; Point 175: The Battle of Sunday of the Dead (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939-45); War History Branch, Wellington, 1954.

Murphy, W. E.; The Relief of Tobruk (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939-45); War History Branch,Wellington, 1961.

Nafziger, George F.; The Afrika Korps, An Organizational History, 1941-1943; Nafziger Publishing, Pisgah OH, 1997.

Nafziger, George F.; Italian Order of Battle World War II, Vol. 1 and 2; Nafziger Publishing, Pisgah OH, 1996.

Neihorster, Leo W.G.; German World War II Organizational Series, Vol 3/I and 3/II; Neihorster, Canada, 1990/1992.

Neillands, Robin; The Desert Rats: 7th Armored Division 1940-1945; Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London, 1991.

Orpen, Neil D.; History of the Transvaal Horse Artillery, 1904-1974; Johannesburg, 1975.

Orpen, Neil D.; Salute the Sappers; Johannesburg, 1982.

Orpen, Neil D.; War in the Desert (South African Forces World War II); Purnell, Cape Tow n, 1971.

Pitt, Barrie; The Crucible of War, Western Desert 1941; Jonathan Cape Ltd, London, 1980.

Platz, William E.; Desert Tracks: British Armor Camouflage and Markings in North Africa; Baron Pub, 1978

Playfair, Ian Stanley Ord; The Mediterranean and Middle East; H.M.S.O., London, 1954.

Praval, K. C.; The Red Eagles, A History of the Fourth Division of India; Vision Books, New Delhi, 1982.

Pringle, D. J. C.; 20 Battalion and Armored Regiment (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); WarHistory Branch, Wellington NZ, 1957.

Quilter, D. C.; "No dishonourable name"; the 2nd and 3rd battalions Coldstream Guards, 1939-1946; S.R. Publishers, EastArdsley, England, 1972.

Routledge, N. W.; History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery - Vol. 4 Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914-55; Brassey’s, London, 1994.

Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh; The Indian Armor, History of the Indian Armored Corps (1941-1971); Vision Books, New Delhi, 1987.

Schmidt, H. W.; With Rommel in the Desert; Ballantine, New York, 1967.

Schreiber, G., Stegemann, B., Vogel, D.; Germany and the Second World War; Volume 3 - The Mediterranean, South-east

Page 32

Europe, and North Africa, 1939-1941; Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.

Serle, R.P.; The Second Twenty-fourth Australian Infantry Battalion of the 9th Australian Division: a History; Brisbane, 1963.

Smith, E. H.; Guns against tanks; L Troop, 33rd Battery, 7th New Zealand Anti-tank Regiment in Libya, 23 November 1941(Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939-45); War History Branch, Wellington, 1948.

Stevens, G. R.; Fourth Indian Division; McLren and Sound, Toronto, 1947.

Taysen, Adalbert von; Tobruk 1941: der Kampf in Nordafrika; Rombach, Freiburg, 1976.

Tessin, Georg; Verbande und Truppen der Deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939-1945; BiblioVerlag, Osnabruck.

Trye, Rex; Mussolini’s Afrika Korps: The Italian Army in North Africa 1940-1943; Axis Europa Books, Bayside NY, 1999.

Trucker, Francis Ivan Simms; Approach to Battle, A Commentary: Eighth Army, November 1941 to May 1943; Cassell, London,1963.

U.S. War Department; Handbook on German Military Forces; Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1995.

U.S. War Department; Handbook on the British Army; TM30-410, 1943.

U.S. War Department, Military Intelligence Service; The British Capture of Bardia (December 1941 to January 1942) ASuccessful Infantry-Tank Attack; Washington, 1942.

U.S. War Department, Military Intelligence Service; The Development of German Defensive Tactics in Cyrenaica - 1941;Washington, 1942.

U.S. War Department, Military Intelligence Service; The Libyan Campaign, November 1941 to January 1942; Washington, 1942.

Wake, Herew ard; Swift and bold; the story of the King's Royal Rifle Corps in the Second World War, 1939-1945; Gale andPolden, Aldershot England, 1949.

MAPS:

Generalstab das Heer, Abteilung für Kriegskarten- und Vermessungsw esen; Libyen : 1:100,000; Berlin, 1941-1942.

Generalstab das Heer, Abteilung für Kriegskarten- und Vermessungsw esen; Ägypten 1:100,000 (Nordwest-Küste):Sonderausgabe; Berlin, 1941-1942.

United Kingdom, War Office, General Staff, Geographical Section; Cyrenaica 1:100,000; London, 1940-1943.

NATIONAL ARCHIVES:

Capture German Records [Record Group 242]:Series Rolls Organization Description

T-78 324 OKH Italian OOB dataT-78 404 OKH German OOB dataT-78 446 OKH British OOB dataT-84 273-276 Rommel PhotosT-313 423 Pz.Armee.Afrika Operational dataT-313 425-426 Pz.Armee.Afrika Operational dataT-313 430 Pz.Armee.Afrika Operational dataT-313 447/884 Pz.Armee.Afrika Operational dataT-313 477/737 Pz.Armee.Afrika Operational dataT-313 477/749 Pz.Armee.Afrika Operational dataT-314 2 DAK Operational data

Page 33

T-315 664 15.Pz Operational dataT-315 767 21.Pz Operational data

IDENTIFIED BUT NOT CONSULTED (couldn’t find copies):

British Histories:Barclay, C. N.; The history of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers in the Second World War; London, 1952.

Bickers, Richard Tow nshend; The Desert Air War, 1939-1945; London, 1991.Brow n, A. G.; A History of the 44th Royal Tank Regiment in the War of 1939-45; Brighton, 1965.Cow per, Lionel Ilfred; The King's Own; the Story of a Royal Regiment; Oxford University Press, 1957.Davy, George Mark Osw ald; The Seventh and Three Enemies; the Story of World War II and the 7th Queen's Own Hussars;

Cambridge, 1953.Doherty, Richard; Only the Enemy in Front (Every Other Beggar Behind--): the Recce Corps at war, 1940-1946; London, 1994.Fergusson, Bernard; The Black Watch and the King's Enemies; Thomas Y. Crow ell, New York, 1950.Gunning, Hugh; Borderers in Battle; the War Story of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, 1939-1945; Berw ick-upon-Tw eed,

England, 1948.Hastings, Robin Hood William Stew art; The Rifle Brigade in the Second World War, 1939-1945; Gale and Polden, Aldershot

England, 1950.How ard, Michael Eliot; The Coldstream Guards, 1920-1946; Oxford University Press, London, 1951.McCorquodale, D.; History of the King's Dragoon Guards, 1938-1945; Glasgow , 1946.Medley, Robin H.; Cap Badge: the Story of Four Battalions of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire regiment (TA): 1939-1947; Leo

Cooper, London, 1995.Pitman, Stuart; Second Royal Gloucestershire Hussars; Libya--Egypt, 1941-1942; London, 1950.Rissik, David; The D.L.I. at War: the History of the Durham Light Infantry, 1939-1945; Durham, England, 1953.Shears, Philip James; The Story of the Border Regiment, 1939-1945; London, 1948.Underhill, W. E.; The Royal Leicestershire Regiment, 17th Foot: a History of the Years 1928 to 1956; Glen Parva Barracks, 1958.Verney, Gerald Lloyd; The Desert Rats; the History of the 7th Armoured Division, 1938 to 1945; London, 1954.

Indian Histories:Knight, Charles Raleigh Bruère; Historical records of the Buffs, East Kent Regiment, 3rd foot, Formerly Designated the Holland

Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment ... 1572-1948 (Vol 3); London, 1951.Qureshi, Mohammed Ibrahim; The First Punjabis: History of the First Punjab Regiment, 1756-1956; England, 1958.Betham, Geoffrey, Sir; The Golden Galley: the Story of the Second Punjab Regiment, 1761-1947; Oxford University Press,

1956.Law ford, James Philip; Solah Punjab: the History of the 16th Punjab Regiment; Aldershot, Gale and Polden, Aldershot England,

1967.Sethna, A. M; Traditions of a Regiment: the Story of the Rajputana Rifles; New Delhi, 1982.Birdw ood, F. T; The Sikh Regiment in the Second World War; London, 1948.Abhyankar, M. G.; Valour Enshrined; a History of the Maratha Light Infantry, 1768-1947; Bombay, 1971.Filose, A. A.; King George's Own, Central India Horse; the Story of a Local Corps (Vol 2); Edinburgh, 1950.

New Zealand Histories:Sinclair, Donald Wallace; 19 Battalion and Armoured Regiment Battalion (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World

War 1939-45); War History Branch, Wellington NZ, 1954.Ross, Angus; 23 Battalion and Armored Regiment (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); War

History Branch, Wellington NZ, 1959.Puttick, E.; 25 Battalion (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); War History Branch, Wellington NZ,

1960.Norton, Frazer D.; 26 Battalion (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); War History Branch,

Wellington NZ, 1952.Kay, Robin; 27 (Machine Gun) Battalion (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); War History

Branch, Wellington NZ, 1958.Loughnan, R. J. M.; Divisional Cavalry (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); War History Branch,

Wellington NZ, 1963.Stevens, William George; Problems of 2 NZEF (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45); War History

Branch, Wellington NZ, 1958.New Zealand Army Board; Return to the Attack; the New Zealand Division in Action in Libya; Second New Zealand

Expeditionary Force, Wellington, Army Board, 1944.

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Australian Histories:Donovan, P. F.; Waltzing Matildas: the Men and Machines of the 2/9th Australian Armoured Regimental Group in Australia and

Borneo 1941-1946; Donovan and Associates, 1988.Martindale, R. J. ; Martindale, R. L.; Blokes from the Cav: Personnel of 9th Australian Division Cavalry Regiment & 2/9th Australian Cavalry (Commando) Regiment; Sydney, 1993.Allchin, Edmund Franklin; Purple and Blue: the History of the 2/10th Battalion, A. I. F. (The Adelaide Rifles) 1939-1945; Griffin

Press, 1958.Graeme-Evans, Alex; Of Storms and Rainbows: the Story of the Men of the 2/12th Battalion A.I.F.; Hobart, Tasmania, 1989.Fearnside, G.H.; Bayonets Abroad: A History of the 2/13 Battalion, AIF in the Second World War; Sydney, 1953.Austin, Ronald J.; Let enemies beware! "Caveant hostes": the History of the 2/15th Battalion, 1940-1945; McCrae, Australia,

1995.2/17 Battalion History Committee; “What we have - we hold”: A History of the 2/17 Australian Infantry Battalion, 1940-1945;

Balgow lah, 1990.Atkins, Russell; Gippsland to El Alamein (2/23rd Battalion); Narre Warren, Victoria, 1994.Christensen, George,; That's the way it was: the History of the 24th Australian Infantry Battalion (A.I.F.) 1939-1945; 24th Battalion

(A.I.F.) Association, Melbourne, 1982.Masel, Philip; The Second 28th; the Story of a Famous Battalion in the Ninth Australian Division; Perth, 1961.

Trigellis-Smith, S.; Britain to Borneo: a history of 2/32 Australian Infantry Battalion; Sydney, 1993.Combe, Gordon; The Second 43rd Australian Infantry Battalion 1940-1946; Adelaide, 1972.

Glenn, John G.; Tobruk to Tarakan: the story of the 2/48th Battalion A.I.F.; Australia, 1987.Osborn, Gordon S.; The Pioneers: unit history of the 2nd/1st Australian Pioneer Battalion Second A.I.F.; Beverly Hills, N.S.W.,

1988.Ward-Harvey, K.; The Sappers' War with Ninth Australian Division Engineers, 1939-1945; Neutral Bay, N.S.W., 1992.O’Leary, Shaw n Hamilton; To the Green Fields Beyond: the Story of 6th Australian Division Cavalry Commandos; Sydney,

1975.

South African Histories:Birkby, Carel; The Saga of the Transvaal Scottish Regiment, 1932-1950; Cape Tow n, 1950.Combrinck, Jacobus Arnoldus; Die Geskiedenis van regiment President Steyn, 1934 tot 1976; Dissertation: Thesis

(M.A.)--Universiteit van Suid-Afrika, 1983. Monick, Stanley; Clear the Way ('Faugh-a-ballagh'): the Military Heritage of the South African Irish 1880-1990; Johannesburg,

1991.McKenzie, Angus G.; The Dukes; a History of the Duke of Edinburgh's own rifles, 1855-1956; Cape Tow n, 1956.Martin, Arthur Clive; The Durban Light Infantry: the History of Durban Light Infantry (Vol 2); Durban, 1969.Simpkins, B. G.; Rand Light Infantry; Cape Tow n, 1965.Goetzsche, Eric; Rough But Ready: an Official History of the Natal Mounted Rifles and its Antecedent and Associated Units, 1854-1969; South Africa, 1969.Orpen, Neil D.; Cape Town Highlanders, 1885-1970; Cape Tow n, 1970.New man, J. H.; 6th Battery Natal Field Artillery S.A.A.: A Saga of Gunners in the Western Desert, 12th August 1941-13 June

1942; South Africa, 1990.Tungay, Ronald W.; The Fighting Third (3d South African Infantry Brigade); Cape Tow n, 1948.Duffus, Louis; Beyond the Laager; London, 1947.

Italian Histories:Cioci, Antonio; Il Reggimento "Giovani Fascisti" nella campagna dell'Africa settentrionale, 1941-1943; Bologna, 1980.Di Nicola, Andrea; Da Tolone a Vittorio Veneto : storia del I Battaglione M "IX Settembre" : i legionari dell'Onore; Solfanelli, 1995.

Dunning, Chris; Courage Alone – The Italian Air Force 1940-43; ?, ?.Pagin, Alpheo; I ragazzi di Mussolini : la battaglia di Bir el-Gobi, 2-7 dicembre 1941 (also as: Mussolini's boys : la battaglia di

Bir el Gobi); Milano, 1990 (1976).Porro, Felice; L'aviazione nella guerra di Libia: (la V Squadra Aerea dal giugno 1940 al 5 febbraio 1941); Roma, 1948.U.S. War Department; Handbook on Italian Military Forces; TM30-420, 1943.

German Histories:Aberger, Heinz-Dietrich; Die 5. (lei.)/21. Panzer-Division in Nordafrica 1941-1943; Preussischer Militar-Verlag, Germany, 1994.Kurow ski, Franz; Die Geschichte des Panzer Regiment 5; Germany, 1975.Marw an-Schlosser, Rudolf; Rommels Flak als Pak: das Flak-Regiment 135 als Ruckgrat des deutschen Afrikakorps; Weilburg

Verlag, Germany, 1991.

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