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@WheatPete
1998
◼ Primary herbicide soybeans: Clean Sweep (Post)
◼ Primary herbicide corn: Banvel (Post)
◼ Primary herbicide wheat: MCPA Sodium/2,4-D
Roundup Ready Soybean
5
Market Share – Eastern Canada (%)
4
1216 18
28
42
56
64 64 64 65 65 64 6672
78 79 7670 72
78 79
0
20
40
60
80
Stratus
Roundup Ready Corn
6
Market Share – Eastern Canada (%)
4 7 10 1221
30
40
56
69
80
9094 95 96 96 96 97 97
0
20
40
60
80
100
Stratus
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Cover Crops
No cover crop after wheat Cereal rye + crimson clover cover crop
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
“Fight the Light” rotation
75 cm rows
Spring tilled
18 cm rows
No till
Tall variety
1.8 M seeds/acre
No till
Ryegrass/crimson clover Red clover
Preplant MAP Seed placed MAP
41,000 plants/acre 225,000 plants/acre
Critical period for weed control
3rd 10th
Time of emergenceWeed densityWeed species
Yie
ld (
% o
f W
ee
d-f
ree
ch
eck
)
20
40
60
80
100
Weedy
Weed-free
Weedy Weed-free
Corn Root Response to Weeds
Crown Roots
Weedy Weed-free
Crown root number : 7.0 b 11.6 aTotal root volume (cm3): 1.25 b 1.58 a
Roundup Ready Corn
14
Glyphosate – Application Timing (20 sites)
143141
139 138136
133131
129127
100
110
120
130
140
150
WeedFree
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Corn Leaf Stage
Average of 20 experiments
Yie
ld (
bu/a
c)
Average yield loss = ½ bu/ac/dayHighest yield loss = 3 bu/ac/day
Hamill, AAFC
Sikkema, UG
@WheatPete
Different Approaches….
Greg and Peter go to the restaurant and both order
steak.
Peter, as expected, grabs the steak knife and digs right
in.
Greg grabs the steak and rubs it all over his body…
Cells Needing Input =
Field Name Latitude Longitude
1 Ontario Average 2018 42.625524 -81.47049
Imperial Metric
2 Soil Texture Adjustment: (lb/ac) (kg/ha)
Select soil type Loam 28 32
3 Yield Adjustment:
Enter proven yield (bu/ac) 195 150 168
4 Heat Unit Adjustment:
Enter CHU for your area 3000 7 8
5 Soil Organic Matter Adjustment
Enter Soil Organic Matter (%) 3.8 0 0
6 Previous Crop Adjustment:
Select previous crop Soybeans -27 -30
7 Price Ratio Adjustment: ($N:$corn)
Enter expected corn price ($ / bushel) $4.50
Fertilizer product UAN (28-0-0)
Enter fertilizer price ($ / tonne of fertilizer) $278
Price Ratio and Rate Adjustment 5.60 -4 -4
Total N Recommendation 155 174
8 Enter Starter Band N (lb/ac) 30 34
9 Enter Manure Credit (lb/ac) 0
10 Enter Broadcast N (lb/ ac) 0
11 Additional Planting Time N Required 125 141
OR, if applying N as sidedress:
12 Additional SideDress N Required 100 113
Adjusted N Recommendations Based on Soil N Testing (Sampling June 1 - June 20)
For samples taken into unfertilized ground - avoid planter bands and broadcast N
13 Soil N Test # 1 (Nitrate + Ammonia) PPM 19 100 112
14 Soil N Test # 2 (Nitrate + Ammonia) PPM 12 142 159
GPS Co-ordinates
(click to enter)
General Field Based N Recommendations
Maizex N Tracker Version 4.0
Base N Rate
Planting Window N
Top Up N Rate
Supplemental N – V3 to V12
135 lbs acre0 lbs per acre
30 lbs per acre60 lbs per acre
Base N Rate
Silt Loam, Red clover = 110Loam, Soybean = 166Clay Loam, Corn = 201
Planting Window N
Top Up N Rate
Supplemental N – V3 to V12
135 lbs acre0 lbs per acre
30 lbs per acre60 lbs per acre
210 Yield, $4.50 Corn,$.45 N, 3000 CHU
@WheatPete
Location
Background P and K treatment
ANOVA
P >F
P<20
K<120
P>20
K<120
P<20
K>120
P>20
K>120
bu/ac
Elora (5 yrs)
Bornholm (5 yrs)
Lucan (3 yrs)
Ridgetown (4 yrs)
Average
17 site-yrs
ALL starters
Mean separation within location statistically significant at P=0.05 @cropdoc2 #SWAC17
Wheat Yield Response Background Fertility
@WheatPete
Location
Background P and K treatment
ANOVA
P >FP<20
K<120P>20K<120
P<20
K>120P>20
K>120
bu/ac
Elora (5 yrs) 60 c 73 b 68 bc 82 a <0.001
Bornholm (5 yrs) 72 c 80 a 74 bc 78 ab <0.001
Lucan (3 yrs) 83 b 97 a 80 b 95 a <0.001
Ridgetown (4 yrs) 90 b 107 a 95 b 111 a <0.001
Average
17 site-yrs
ALL starters 73 b 87 a 76 b 89 a <0.001
High P+K starter
only 80 b 90 a 84 b 91 a <0.001
Wheat Yield Response Background Fertility
Mean separation within location statistically significant at P=0.05 @cropdoc2 #SWAC17
@WheatPete
Base Fertility
◼ 11 bushel/acre wheat
◼ 4 bushel/acre soybean
◼ 13 bushel/acre corn
◼ 4 bu/ac wheat starter on seed
◼ 0 bu/ac soybean starter
◼ 10 bu/ac wheat starter
Genetics! Wheat….
Updated: November, 2018
y = 1.0504x - 2031.8
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Yie
ld b
u/a
c
137.5
163.5
100
150
200
2003-2007 2013-2017
bu/ac
5-yr average
5-yr average
+19%
Ontario corn yield increase past 10 years
OMAFRA StatisticsAdapted from Horst Bohner
@cropdoc2
38.3
45.7
30
35
40
45
50
2003-2007 2013-2017
bu/ac
5-yr average
5-yr average
+19%
OMAFRA StatisticsAdapted from Horst Bohner
Ontario soybean yield increase past 10 years
@cropdoc2
Progress in Corn Yields
Elora Performance Trials
1990 = 117 average, 140 highest
2006 = 209 average, 234 highest
2016 = 226 average, 255 highest
@WheatPete
Photosynthesis…
◼ C3 plants
◼ Photorespiration
◼ Glycolate (toxic)
◼ Tobacco
◼ 40% Biomass increase….
@WheatPete
Treatments
18
Treatments
18
Uniform Spacing
and Emergence
Uniform Emergence
With Double
Uniform Spacingwith Late Emerger
(10 Days)
@WheatPete
Emergence
DayNo Cover Clover Plant Green
# plants # plants # plants
1 10.5 10.5 7.2
2 8.5 8.0 8.1
3 9.6 7.2 8.8
4 2.3 4.3 3.6
5 1.3 1.2 2.4
Late 0.6 1.2 1.3
Total 32.9 32.4 31.4
Average 6 sites Johnson McClure 2017
@WheatPete
Growth
Average 6 sites Johnson McClure 2017
Day No Cover Clover Plant Green
Leaf Tip Leaf Tip Leaf Tip
1 10.1 10.1 9.8
2 10.0 9.9 9.2
3 9.7 9.6 9.1
4 9.4 9.2 9.0
5 8.9 8.5 7.2
Late 8.9 7.8 7.2
@WheatPete
YIELD!
Emerg (Day)No Cover Clover Plant Green Ave Ave
Yield Yield Yield Yield (g) %loss
1 153 160 157 157
2 143 150 147 147 6.4
3 138 142 143 141 10.1
4 121 133 145 133 15.2
5 92 96 97 95 39.5
Late 86 82 86 85 46.0
Average 6 sites Johnson, McClure 2016, 2017
Impact of Planting Depth on Corn Emergence Timing
0
20
40
60
80
100
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
1.5" Depth 3.0" Depth
S. Late M. Late On Time
Emergence
Days After
First
Emergence% Pod Loss
On Time 0-3 0%
Moderately Late 4-7 38%
Severely Late 8-9 50%
Emergence
Days After
First
Emergence
Numbe
r of
Pods
Estimated
Yield
On Time 0-3 80 62 bpa
Moderately Late 4-7 50 35 bpa
Severely Late 8-9 40 28 bpa