TM 9-867 ( Maintenance and Care of Hand Tools ).pdf

8/12/2019 TM 9-867 ( Maintenance and Care of Hand Tools ).pdf

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WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL

MAINTENANCEAND CARE OFHAND TOOLS

WAR D E P R TMEIENT . APRIL 1945


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WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUALTM 9-867

MAINTENANCEAND CARE OFHAND TOOLS

WIAR DEPARTMENT APRIL 1945


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WAR DEPARTMENTWashington 25, D. C., 19 April 1945

TM 9-867, Maintenance and Care of Hand Tools, is published forthe information and guidance of all concerned.

A.G. 300.7 (20 Nov40.0. 461/60440 RaritanBY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:

G. C. MARSHALL,Chief of Stafi.OFFICIAL:J. A. ULIO,

Major General,The Adjutant General.

DISTRIBUTION: AAF (10); AGF (5); ASF (2); Dept (10); AAFComd (2); Arm & Sv Bd (1); S Div ASF (1);Tech Sv (2); SvC (10); PC&S (1); PE (Ord O)(5); Dist O 9 (5); Dist Br O 9 (3); Reg O 9(3); Establishments 9 (5); Decentralized SubO 9 (3); Gen & Sp Sv Sch (10); USMA (20);A (10); CHQ (10); D (2); B 2, 4-8, 18, 44 (1);R 2, 4-11, 17-19, 44, 55 (1); Bn 2-11, 17-19, 44,55 (1); C 2-11, 17-19, 44, 55 (1); AF (2);W (1); G (1); S (1); F (1).

Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula.


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TM 9-867CONTENTSSection Page

I Introduction ................................... 2II Abrasive Wheels and Oilstones ................... 5III Awls .......................................... 11IV Bits and Boring Tools ........................... 14V Braces and Hand Drills .......................... 24

VI Brushes ........................................ 26VII Calipers ....................................... 29

VIII Chisels ........................................ 33IX Clamps ........................................ 39X Dividers ....................................... 42

XI Files and Rasps ................................ 44XII Hammers, Mallets, Mauls, and Sledges............ 47XIII Hand Grinders ................................. 51XIV Hatchets, Axes, Mattocks, Adzes, and Shovels...... 53

XV Hydrometers ................................... 58XVI Knives ....................................... 59

XVII Levels ........................................ 62XVIII Nippers and Pliers .............................. 64

XIX Planes ........................................ 67XX Punches ....................................... 74

XXI Reamers ....................................... 77XXII Saws .......................................... 79

XXIII Scrapers ....................................... 89XXIV Screwdrivers ................................... 92XXV Shears ........................................ 96

XXVI Soldering Irons ................................ 100XXVII Taps and Dies ............................... 103

XXVIII Vises .......................................... 107XXIX Wrenches ..................................... 109XXX References ..................................... 112

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TM 9-867Section I

INTRODUCTIONPURPOSE AND SCOPE

This manual is published for the information of arms and servicescharged with care of hand tools. It is intended to serve as a guideand ready source of definite information for personnel having someprevious knowledge in the operations covered. Insofar as prac-ticable, descriptive and use-of-tools information is omitted in orderto devote more space to care of tools. The efficiency of a mechanicand the tools he uses are determined to a great extent by the con-dition in which that mechanic keeps the tools. Likewise a mechaniccan be judged by the manner in which he handles and cares fortools. Micrometers, or any other precision tool, must be handledwith a careful, delicate touch and precision, commensurate with theextreme accuracy with which these tools are capable of measuring.It is with joy and great interest that everyone watches a skilledmechanic at his work, and this is largely due to the care and pre-cision with which he uses the tools of his trade. There is a place fo revery tool and he keeps each tool in its place. He carefully wipeshis tools clean and dry before he places them in the tool box. If hedoes not expect to use a tool again for some time he lubricates it toprevent rusting.NOTE: When storing tools under conditions of extreme humidity,moisture or salt air, it may be desirable to use preservative lubri-cating oil (medium) instead of the preservative lubricating oil(special) or engine oil (SAE 10) prescribed in this manual fornormal conditions.

LIST OF TOOLSAbrasive Wheels and Oilstones Braces and Hand DrillsAbrasive wheels BracesOilstones Breast drillsAwls Hand drillsHandled seat aw lBrad awlSaddler's sewing awl BrushesBits and Boring Tools Painter's dustAuger bits Sash toolCountersink bits Steel wireExpansive bitsScrewdriver bits StencilTwist drills - Varnish

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CalipersFirm jointInside and outside microm-etersInside and outside spring

ChiselsBlacksmith'sMachinist'sWoodworker's

ClampsC-typeHand screwHydraulic brake cylinderToolmaker's

DividersSpringWing

Files and RaspsRoundHalf round raspFlatTaper

Hammers, Mallets, Mauls,and Sledges

HammersBell faced clawBlacksmith's cross peenBlacksmith's straight peenDing weightMachinist's ball peenPlain faced clawRivetingSoft face (copper, lead,leather, plastic, rawhide,rubber)Trimmer'sMallets

MaulsSledges

Blacksmith's cross peenBlacksmith's straight peen

Hand GrindersHatchets, Axes MattocksAdzes and ShovelsHydrometersKnives

DrawPocketPutty

LevelsNippers and Pliers

NippersDiagonal side cuttingHeavy typeLight type

PliersAdjustable combinationBrake springFlat-nosedHalf round-nosedRound-nosedSide cuttingTire chain repair

PlanesBench

ForeJackSmooth

BlockPunches

HollowSolidCenterPinPrickTaper

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TM 9-867Reamers

Hand reamersStraightTaperExpansionAdjustable

Power reamersStraightTaper

SawsBackBeadCompassCopingCrosscutDovetailHackKeyholeMiter boxNestedPatternmaker'sRipStairbuilder'sVeneer

ScrapersBearingCarbonFlatThree-cornered

ScrewdriversClutch-headOffsetPhillips typeSpiral ratchetStandard

ShearsBenchBolt cuttersCurved blade tinner'sScroll pivoter snipsStraight blade tinner's

Soldering IronsElectricNonelectric

Taps and DiesTapsNational series hand taps

PipeDiesNational series round dies

Pipe diesSquareFour piece

VisesBlacksmith'sMachinist'sPipeUtility bench

WrenchesAdjustableBoxOpen endPipeSocketSocket head set screw

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TM 9 867Section II

ABRASIVE WHEELS AND OILSTONES

FLARINGCU P

RA PD87173STRAIGHT BEVELED ANGLE FACE RECESSED ONE SIDE OFFSET AND RECESSED

ABRASIVE WHEELSMaintenance

* Handle wheels with care at all times; they break easily.* Do not grind on sides or corners of wheel, unless it is impossible

to grind the job at hand on the face of the wheel. This ruleshould be observed, due to the difficulty of dressing the sidesof the wheel.* When mounting wheel on spindle observe the following pre-cautions:

RA PD 87174Test wheel by tapping with a cellulose face or rubber face hammeror mallet. A ringing sound indicates a satisfactory wheel. A dullthudding sound indicates a cracked wheel. Do NOT use a crackedwheel.

GASKETRA PD 87175

Be sure wheel is equipped with blotter paper gaskets or safetywashers on each side. If safety washers are used, remove paper fromwheel and fit rubber sides next to wheel.

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TM 9-867

Do not force wheel onto spindle. It must slide on easily with 0.003-to 0.005-inch clearance.

RA PD 87177Tighten spindle nut just tight enough so flanges hold wheel firmly.Overtightening may crack wheel.After installing, test wheel for breakage by starting. CAUTION:Stand clear!

* If wheel glazes easily (cutting particles become dull), decreaseits speed or use softer wheel.* If wheel loads easily (pores or spaces between cutting particlesclog with material being ground), increase its speed or usesofter wheel.

TruingRemoval of material from cut-ting face of a wheel so surfaceruns true.

DressingRestoring sharpness of a wheelface which is "loaded" or dulled.

aOn grinding machines, these operations are best done with adiamond dressing tool rigidly supported in a fixed tool post. Abra-sive wheel dressers and abrasive type dressers are used on benchor pedestal grinders.

4-CUTTER TYPE DRE

TUBE TYPE DRESSERRA PD 87178

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TM 9-8671. Set tool as shown, almostin contact with high point ofwheel.2. Start wheel rotating. Start10 TO 15 tool traversing and feed intowheel 0.001 to 0.002 inch atend of each pass until con-tact is made.

TvDIAMOND { + 3. Traverse cutter back andTOOL HOLDER- forth across wheel face, using

0.001-inch feed until soundindicates dresser is cuttingRA PD 87179 all around the wheel.

NOTE: For wet grinding, dress wet. For dry grinding, dress dry.WHEEL DRESSER

GRINDER REST\k J o~ ~~~A'-"'J D J U S T REST AWAY FROM',~'~J V rs 'WHEEL TO PERMIT LEG OF*~ /~ WHEEL DRESSER TO GUIDEON FRONT EDGE OF REST

RA PD 871801. Adjust tool rest to permit wheel dresser to contact abrasive wheelon centerline of wheel as illustrated.2. Start wheel revolving, then support the dresser on tool rest withhandle tilted upward at angle shown in illustration.3. Slowly press the wheel dresser against face of revolving wheeluntil it "bites," then move dresser from side to side across wheelto obtain a straight surface on the wheel. CAUTION: Hold thedresser rigidly enough on tool rest to prevent vibration.4. Smooth wheel by passing an abrasive type dresser back andforth over the face of the wheel as shown below, smoothing with avery light pressure.

ABRASIVE WHEEL DRESSER

RA PD 871817


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TM 9-867Common Misuses and AbusesDo not operate wheel which has worn to a small diameter at samerevolutions per minute as when new. This causes wheel to actexcessively soft and wear fast because of the much reduced speedof grinding surface. Increase revolutions per minute to make up forsmaller size.

Wheels not in use must be stowedin racks. If left on the floor they areapt to get broken.StorageSuspend wheels through their spindleholes in racks in a dry place, or storethem in individual boxes.

OILSTONES

SQUARE TIANGULARRIANGULAR

ROUND EDGE SLIPRA PD 7183Maintenance

* Soak new oilstone in engine oil (SAE 10) before using.* Prevent glazing by application of engine oil (SAE 10) during

use of stone.* Wipe stone clean with wiping cloth or cotton waste after each

use.

RA PD 87182

SOAK IN OIL 0 USE LUBRICANT 0 WIPE AFTER USERA PD 87184

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C4ROLIND


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TM 9-867CleaningWash glazed or "gummed up" stone with dry-cleaning solvent oraqua ammonia. If this treatment fails to completely clean stone,scour it with aluminum oxide abrasive cloth or flint paper attachedto a flat block.DressingTrue uneven surfaces on coarse, medium, or fine oilstones on side ofan old grinding wheel, a grindstone, or as follows: Cover a smoothcast-iron block with waterproof artificial abrasive paper. Place stoneon surface and lap in with water until true.NOTE: Special shape stones canbe formed by making a groove ofmating shape in a cast-iron block.Use waterproof artificial abrasivepaper and water and draw stonethrough groove.

Repairing Broken Oilstone

or

0L~ RR^A PDO 7186Heat pieces on a hot plate todrive all oil from inside stone.

PD 87188Dust broken edges thickly withflake or ground orange shellac.Carefully work shellac into allcracks and openings.

RA PD 87187Scrub pieces with dry-cleaningsolvent or aqua ammonia toremove gum and dirt.

; 5 RA PD 87189Reheat pieces to melt shellac,and clamp together until cooled.Dress stone if joints are uneven.

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DRESSING OILSTC)


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TM 9-867Section IIIA W LS

FERRULE -.HANDLE

BLADECONE /BRAD AWL /

5 PIECEQ OO SADDLER SSEWING AWLRA PD 87194

GRINDING AND TEMPERINGGeneralNormal order for reconditioning an awl blade is to harden, grind,and sharpen. Usually all three operations are not needed. Hardenand temper only if tempered part has been broken off, worn, orground away, or if tool has been overheated. Grind after hardeningand tempering, or if blade has lost its shape from repeatedsharpening.Hardening and TemperingHeat about one and one-half inches of tip of blade to cherry red.Use a gasoline torch, gas furnace, or charcoal fire. Do not overheat.Quench about 3/4 inch of heated tip in clean, cold water to harden.

RA PDHEAT RA PD 87195 QUENCH 87196Quickly rub hardened end with aluminum oxide abrasive cloth oroilstone to brighten it. Watch color return to tip from heatedportion of blade and quench when light straw color arrives at point.Polish blade with aluminum oxide abrasive cloth and crocus cloth.

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TM 9-867Grinding

Grind blade of cone-pointedawl to point. Rotate awl dur-ing grinding to keep point cen-tered. Be careful that the re-volving wheel does not catchthe point and cause damage.Dip blade frequently in wateror wet grind it.SharpeningKeep point sharp by frequentlygiving it a few strokes on an oil-stone. Rotate cone-pointed aw lslightly before each stroke. Donot use too much pressure onthe tool, to avoid ridge markson the surface of the stone.

If grinding a flat-pointed orspecial shaped awl blade, holdblade against abrasive wheel inpositions to preserve or restoreoriginal shape.

RA PD 87199Replacing Handles

Clamp blade in soft-jawed vise and pull or tap old handle fromshank of blade. Pry ferrule from handle.* Tap ferrule onto new handle. Prick punch ferrule to handle.* Tap handle onto shank of blade and remove blade from vise.

FERRULE WSTALLATION12

RA PD 87197 RA PD 87198


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TM 9-867Common Misuses

* Do not use an awl with a loose handle.This often results in injury to the user.Make sure the handle is tight, thus preventing the tang from,injuring the user's hand.

Do not use the awl with a prying or lever action.This results in breakage.Exert force toward the point or cutting edge.

StorageDip awl in rust preventive compound (thin film). To protect thepoint of the awl, insert the point into a small cork, a small, shorttwig from a tree, or a soft wood block. Store in a dry place. Protectblade from contact with metals. Upon removal from storage, washmetal parts with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventivecompound.

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TM 9-867Section IV

BITS AND BORING TOOLS

K BITRA PD 87201

PARTS OF A TWIST DRILLFLUTE

THE POINTRA PD 87202

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TM 9-867GRINDING TWIST DRILLS

GeneralTwist drills may be ground in a drill holder fixture or free hand.Use fixture if available. Both methods are given in the followingpages.Grind drill lips or cutting edges at anangle of 59 degrees, as illustrated below 0 0(50 to 60 degrees for drilling brass orbronze, 68 degrees for extremely hardmaterial). Both cutting edges mustmake same angle with drill axis, and 590 59 0both cutting edges must be of samelength. RIGHT

12oTO 15

'-7 10~ 150 RIGHTRA PD872 4

Grind heel to an angle of 12 to 15 de-grees (9 degrees for drilling extremelyhard material). Failure to provide suffiRIGHTcient clearance is the principal cause RA PD 87203of drills splitting up the web.

95LIPRIGHT ANGLE R A PD 87205

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TM 9-867Some Common Grinding Faults toGuard Against:

FAULTLip angle excessive.

RESULTDrill will not centerproperly becausecone-shaped point isWRONG too flat.

Lip angle too small.

WRON

Point on center butcutting edges groundto different angles.

Cutting edge anglesare equal but lips areof different lengths.

Drills slower and re-quires more powerbecause of longerlength of cuttingedges, and requiresfrequent sharpening.

Only one cutting edgewill do work. This re-

A sults in rapid drillAND B wear and causes holeUNEQUAL to be larger than drill.

AB This throws point andlip off center, causingWRONG strain on drill, ma-chine, and work, andDISTANCES causing hole to be

A AND B' much larger than/ NEQUAL drill.

Insufficient heel angleor clearance.ANGLEUNDER 120

WRON4G

Cutting edges loseeffectiveness. Drillwon't drill and maysplit up center whenpressure is applied.

Excessive heel angleor clearance. ..- c.. l=- Cutting edges likelyto break down due toWRONG excessive bite with in-

RA PD 87206 sufficient support.16


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TM 9-867Using Drill Holder Fixture

*Exact procedure for grinding will vary with make of drill grindingmachine used. General procedure, which applies to conventionaltype machines, is given in the following steps:Adjust machine to desired cutting edge and heel angles. Referto illustrations of lip angle and heel angle (page 15).

Place drill in V-blocks of holder. Turn so cutting edge will con-tact abrasive wheel as drill is fed into wheel.Start motor and advance tailstock until drill makes contact with

wheel.Hold drill in place in V-blocks and swing holder spindle slowly

through its arc. Without changing tailstock adjustment, revolvedrill one-half turn in V-blocks and sharpen other lip of drill insame manner.

_ u ABRASIVE WHEELV-BLOCK

DRILL:. I -

Inspect drill point to see if it has been ground back far enough toeliminate all nicks. Repeat grinding and inspection operations untilperfect appearing points are obtained.Free Hand Grinding

1. Adjust tool rest to a convenientheight for resting back of forehand~'- 6- V-- on it while grinding.

RA Po 87208

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TM 9-8672. Hold drill between thumb and index finger of right or lefthand. Grasp body of drill near shank with other hand.3. Place forehand on drill rest with centerline of drill makingdesired angle with cutting face of wheel and slightly lower shankend of drill as illustrated.

RESTn /

RA PD 87210RA PD 87209

4. Slowly place heel of drillagainst grinding wheel. Thengradually raise shank end ofdrill and twist drill in fingersin a counterclockwise directionwhile grinding wheel approachesthe -utting edge. Exert onlyenough pressure to grind thedrill without overheating. Fre- (quently cool drill in water whilegrinding. RA PD 872115. Check results of grindingwith a gage to determine if cut-ting edges are same length andat desired angle and if heel isground to angle of 12 to 15degrees.

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TM 9-867Thinning WebTo strengthen a drill, the thicknessof web is increased as flute ap-proaches shank. As point is groundback, the web becomes thicker.Ordinarily a web at the point ofgreater than 1/32 to 1/16 of an inchis objectionable. Grind down webon a thin round or bevel edgewheel to obtain web thickness of anew drill of same size. Use care toremove the same amount of metalfrom each flute. A coarse handstonemay be used to obtain the dimen-sion when a grinding wheel of theproper width is not available. Holddrill flat on bench and stroke flute / RA PD 87214away from point. Use care to keepfrom stoning away drill land.

Sharpening Expansive BitsSharpen spurs and cutters on expansive bit per instructions givenfor auger bit, below.

Grinding Screwdriver BitsFor method of grinding screwdriver bits, see section 24, "Screw-drivers."

Sharpening Countersink BitsUse a taper file to sharpen cutting edges of rose countersink bitsas illustrated. Use extreme care to retain original shape of cutters.

RA PD 87215

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TM 9-867SHARPENING AUGER BITS

SHANK

AUGER BI T

SCREW SPUR TWIST RA PD 87216

Sharpening Spurs AUGER :Select an auger bit file or asmall mill file.

RA PD 872'Hold auger bit against a solid surface with shank downillustrated.

spurs, using care to retainoriginal shape of spur. Stop fil-ing when a fine bur appears oncutting edge of spur. Check todetermine if spurs are equal in

RA PD 87219 length.Remove bur from spurs with a light touch of file. RA PD 872

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TM 9-867Do not allow drills to overheat while in use or being sharpened.Heating destroys temper and makes tool worthless. Use propercutting oil or compound when drilling metal other than cast iron.Wet grind drills when sharpening.

WRONG RIGHT RA PDR7775

To drive a drill into a socket orsleeve, do not use a steel hammeror other hard object. This woulddamage cutting edges. First makecertain socket or sleeve and drillshank are clean, then tap drill toseat with a lead or brass mallet.

Do not place work-supporting blocksof work will snap off drill. Supportsecurely to prevent turning.

WRONG RIGHTRA PD 87225A

far from drill. "Springiness"work near drill and clamp

WRONG RIGHT

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TM 9-867

Do not allow drill to workloose in chuck. This willcause "chucking" and willbur or break drill. Keep drilltight in chuck.

RIGHTRA PD 87228

Never keep drills loose in tool boxes. This practice causes unneces-sary dulling of cutting edges. Keep in a rack or divided box whennot in use.

RA PDWRONG RIGHT 87229

StorageCoat bits and drills with rust preventive compound (thin film)and store in a dry place. Use racks or divided boxes to protectcutting edges from contact with metal. Upon removal from storage,wash with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.

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WRONGRA PD 87227


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TM 9-867Section V

BRACES AND HAND DRILLSTYPICALBREAST DRILL

4 JAWStRATCHETTYPICAL HAND BRACE

TYPICAL SPIRAL HAND DRILL RA PD 87230CARE

Keep holding screws tight at all times. Loose screws may permitloose meshing of gears. This causes teeth to break.

Do not disassemble chuck except when necessary to make repairs,because of danger of losing springs.

Do not let tool rust. Scour off rust with crocus cloth or finealuminum oxide abrasive cloth. Apply lubricating preservative oil(special) or engine oil (SAE 10) lightly to surfaces which tend torust.Keep tool lubricated at all times, in accordance with followinginstructions:

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TYPICALHAND DRILL


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TM 9-867LUBRICATION DATA

TOOL PART LUBRICANTCap bearings GREASE, general purpose, No. 0,or GREASE, O.D., No. 0Handle bearingsRing and ratchetBraceing and ratchet OIL, engine, SAE 10, or OIL,mechanism lubricating, preservative, specialSleeve and jawmechanismGear teethHandle bearings OIL, engine, SAE 10, or OIL,Breast and Drill chuck lubricating, preservative, specialhand drills mechanismSpirals (push GREASE, general purpose, No. 0,type hand drills) or GREASE, O.D., No. 0

Common Misuses and Abuses

WRONGRA D 87231

Do not use tool with bit notfully inserted into chuck.This places a strain on jawsof chuck and may breakdrill. Insert bit fully intochuck. RIGHTRA PD 87232

Do not use a "squeaking" brace or hand drill. A squeak means toolis wearing. Lubricate before using.

SQUEAK

WRONG RIGHTRA PD 87233Storage

For permanent storage, wash tool in dry cleaning solvent to removelubricants. Coat all metal parts of tools with rust preventive com-pound (thin film) and store in a dry place where tool will be safefrom accident.Upon removal from storage, remove rust preventive compoundfrom metal parts by washing with dry cleaning solvent.

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TM 9-867Section VI

BRUSHES

PAINT AND VARNISH BRUSHESCleaning Brush After UsingAfter using brush, squeeze paint or varnish from brush by pressingbrush against inside of container. Do not rub brush across edge ofcan, as that wears and breaks bristles.

RA PD8723526


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TM 9-867Pour small quantity of thinner as prescribed for thinning the par-ticular paint, enamel, varnish or shellac with which the brush hasbeen saturated, into a shallow, wide-mouthed container. Work thinnerthoroughly into brush, making cer-tain the base of bristles or hair insetting has been thoroughly im-mersed.

When brush appears clean, dis- fcard the thinner and refill containerwith clean thinner. Work brush inthis until all traces of pigment dis Kiappear from brush and until bristlesare soft and pliable. Dry cleaningsolvent may be used in an emergencyin place of synthetic enamel or vola- 87236tile mineral spirits paint thinner.Cleaning Hardened Paint from BrushNOTE: Never allow paint to harden on brush. Cleaning is oftenimpossible and always shortens brush life.1. Scrape paint from bristles with a putty knife.2. Soak bristles several hours in linseed oil (clear lacquer thinnerfor lacquer brushes, alcohol for shellac varnish brushes), and cleanas above.Miscellaneous Notes on Brush Care1. Before using a new brush, tap bristles across edge of a board.Remove all loose bristles which will appear at end of brush.2. Never stand brushes, wet or dry,on their bristles; once its bristles"set" in a curve a brush is ruined. RIGHT3. In charging a brush with paint,do not rub bristles over edge of WRONGcontainer to remove excess paint.Tap bristles lightly against insideof container.4. "Break in" new brushes on firstcoats. This will increase their pli-ability and elasticity.5. Always clean brushes after eachuse.

RA PD 872376. Always store brushes properly.27


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TM 9-867Overnight Storage1. Drill small hole in handle ofbrush. 1/2. Suspend paint and enamel >*brushes in linseed oil "keeper"so that bristles and setting are icompletely submerged, but do t ?not allow bristles to touch bot- WRONGtom of container.3. Brushes used with shellac ?5 Ivarnish will be cleaned imme-diately after use, wrapped in Ipaper and kept flat, pending Afurther use. RA PD 87238Indefinite Storage

1. Clean brush thoroughly and immersein linseed oil. Press out most, but notall, of linseed oil.2. Wrap in oiled paper or brown wrap-ping paper and store flat.

RA PD 87239 3. Once every six months, unwrapbrush and treat with linseed oil.NOTE: Brushes used with lacquer or shellac varnish can bewrapped in paper and stored dry.Care DUST BRUSHESBlow dust from brush with compressed air.

Clean soiled or stained brushes with dry cleaning solvent. Presssolvent from bristles and suspend brush by handle until dry.StorageClean brush and wrap in paper. Store brush in flat position.Care WIRE BRUSHESClean brushes in dry cleaning solvent and blow dry with com-pressed air.StorageApply rust preventive compound (light) to bristles. Wrap ingreaseproof wrapping paper and store in a dry place.Common Misuses and AbusesImproper cleaning and improper storage are the most commonabuses of brushes. Clean and store brushes in accordance withinstructions above.

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TM 9-867Section VII

CALIPERS

FIRM JOINT CALIPER(HERMAPHRODITES)

INSIDE MICROMETERCALIPERINSIDESPRINGCALIPER

OUTSIDEMICROMETERCALIPEROUTSIDE SPRINGCALIPER

~,t RA PD 87240General MAINTENANCECalipers are precision instruments and must be used and handledwith care at all times. Wipe perspiration and fingerprints fromthem with a soft cloth; if neglected, this may cause rust. Do notforce threaded parts. Use touch measurement. Do not spring orclamp calipers. Keep in case or wrap in soft cloth when not in use.

RA PD 87241HOW NOT TO USE A MICROMETERLubrication

Oil threaded and moving parts and friction surfaces (firm jointcalipers) with preservative lubricating oil (special). Coat non-operating surfaces with a film of preservative lubricating oil(special).Cleaning, Inspection, and Repair1. Disassemble caliper and wash parts in dry cleaning solvent. Drywith a clean, soft cloth.

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TM 9-8672. Inspect all threaded parts to be sure all dirt is removed. Scarcelyvisible particles may cause uneven thread motion and binding.3. Inspect parts to see if they are rusted, corroded, burred, bent,or worn. Scour with crocus cloth to remove rust or corrosion.Replace parts which are bent, broken, or worn.4. Lubricate parts as instructed above, and reassemble caliper.Repair Bent Firm Joint or Spring CaliperIf leg is bent, place caliper on soft metal block. Straighten bent legto original shape by tapping with brass hammer. Replace bentadjusting screws.

RATCHET STOP-------THIMBLE CAP j

THREAD PLAY ADJUSTMENT NUTFIXED NUT C

MICROMETER SCREW-THIMBLE

-BARREL

-CLAMP RING .

TYPICALMICROMETERCALIPER

CUTAWAY VIEW

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TM 9-867Adjustment of Micrometer CaliperTo compensate for thread wear, screw thimble from barrel. Tightenthread play adjustment nut on fixed nut a fraction of a turn ata time. Test fit of micrometer screw in fixed nut. Repeat tighteningand test until operation is free from both binding and play.NOTE: Some micrometers have an automatic spring-controlledthread play adjustment.Testing MicrometerCaliper 1Clean measuring faces with a soft cloth.Examine faces after cleaning and re-move any lint deposited by cleaningcloth.

2Measure length of micrometer test gageof same length as minimum capacity ofmicrometer. Micrometer should read itsexact minimum capacity. For 0-1 inchmicrometer, screw thimble down untilspindle contacts anvil. Do not forcethimble. Reading should be 0.000 inch.

3Measure length of a micrometer testgage of same length as maximumcapacity of micrometer. Micrometer RA Pa 87243should read its exact maximum capacity.

Check inside micrometers against outside micrometers or gageblocks.If in checking it is found that micrometers do not read correctly,refer to proper authority for adjustment.

Never use inaccurate micrometers.MisusesNever use micrometers with dirty anvil and/or threads.

Dirt on micrometer anvil gives incorrect readings. Dirty threadscause excessive wear and eventually inaccurate readings.Do not carry micrometers in a pocket of work clothes, as dirtfrom the pocket works into the threads.Keep micrometers in a covered box on the job and wipe anviland spindle clean with a soft, slightly oiled rag each time afterusing and before returning them to their places in the box. Keepcover closed to protect micrometers from dirt and grinding dust.

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TM 9-867Section VIII

CHISELS

BLACKSMITH SHANDLEDCOLDCHISE

BLACKSMITH'S MACHINIST'S MACHINIST'S MACHINIST'SHANDLED CAPE DIAMOND COLDHOT CHISEL CHISEL POINT CHISEL CHISEL

CUTTING EDGE BEVEL SHOULDER SOCKET HANDLE

WOODWORKERS CHISEL (BEVEL EDGE BLADE) RA PD 87246CARE (All Types)

Keep chisels properly ground, sharpened, and free from mushroomhead at all times. Scour off all rust or corrosion and protect metalsurfaces with a film of preservative lubricating oil (special) orengine oil (SAE 10). Keep chisels in a rack or box designed toprotect cutting edges from contact with metal.

GRINDING WOODWORKER'S CHISELGeneralGrinding is necessary when cutting edge is nicked, when bevel isworn too blunt to sharpen on an oilstone, or when bevel is roundedout from incorrect sharpening. Before reshaping cutting edge of achisel by grinding, there are two important things to remember:

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TM 9-8671. Bevel may be slightly concave or perfectly straight. It mustnever be rounded out.

BEVEL ISCONCAVE ORSHAPE OFGRINDINGWHEEL BEVEL ISFLAT ORPERFECTLYSTRAIGHT BEVEL ISROUNDED OUTBY IMPROPERGRINDING ORSHARPENING

RA PD872472. Bevel should be about twice the thickness of chisel near cuttingedge.

LENGTH OF BEVEL IS BEVEL IS TOO LONG BEVEL IS TOO BLUNT.APPROXIMATELY BUT MAY BE PREFERRED CHISEL WILL NOT CUTTWICE THE THICKNESS WHEN CUTTING SOFT INTO WOOD EASILY.OF CHISEL WOOD. CUTTING EDGE WILL IT IS HARD TO WHETNICK AND DULL EASILY OR SHARPEN

IRC'PD 87248ProcedureCAUTION: While grinding, keep chisel cool by frequently dippinginto water to prevent burning or softening of the steel.1. Square cutting edge and remove nicks if necessary.2. Adjust rest on grinder to position which will give correct bevel.3. Reshape bevel by moving chisel from side to side to grind allparts of bevel evenly and to keep grinding wheel true.4. Check bevel to make sure it is straight across and at right anglesto sides of chisel.

RESHAPE CHECK

NOTE: Special holding fixtures are available. Their use greatlysimplifies grinding of chisel type tools.34

Url dinelifili I m


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TM 9-867SHARPENING WOODWORKER'S CHISEL

WhettingAlways whet chisel after grinding. Once chisel is ground, it can bekept sharpened for a long time by whetting as often as necessary.1. Clean oilstone and place enough oil on it to wet surface.2. Place chisel on stone as shown in illustration to obtain correctangle.3. Hold chisel firmly and moveit back and forth along entirelength of stone.CAUTION: Avoid wearing agroove in stone. Move chiselevenly over entire stone.4. Place flat side of chisel onstone as illustrated and removewire edge.5. Repeat stoning of bevel and RA PD 87250flat until chisel is sharp.

StroppingFor an extremely keen edge, finish with a few strokes on a leatherstrap, or by stropping first on one side and then on other on asoft wood block.

SOFT WOOD BLOCK _ STROP SIDES ALTERNATELYTEN OR TWELVE TIMESUNTIL WIRE EDGE ISREMOVED

RA PD 87251REPAIRING MUSHROOMED HEAD

(Woodworkers' Chisel)MUSHROOMED HEAD

HANDLE

DOTTED LINE SHOWSORIGINAL SHAPERA PD 87252

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TM 9-867Chisel heads become battered or mushroomed after considerableuse. To make a permanent repair:1. Remove handle from chisel. Saw handle off at point of contactwith head.2. Turn end of handle down to about v%-inch diameter for about3/8 inch.3. Cut leather or fiber washers to fit snugly over tip cut on endof handle. Be sure outside diameter of washers slightly exceedsoutside diameter of handle. Cut enough washers so their total thick-ness equals or slightly exceeds height of tip on end of handle.

./ RA PDw ? P87253~~~~~~872534. Glue washers onto end of handle. Clamp until glue dries.5. Grind, sand, or cut washers down to conform to shape of handle.

REPLACING HANDLE(Woodworkers' Chisel)1. Pull old handle from socket. If handle is broken off in socket,drill it out.2. Shape end of new handle until it is a snug fit in socket.3. Place blade in soft-jawed vise and tap handle to seat in socket.

MAINTENANCE OF BLACKSMITHS' ANDMACHINISTS' CHISELSGrinding

The cutting angle of a chisel isdetermined according to the hard-ness and toughness of the mate-rials being cut. An included cut-ting edge angle-of 70 degrees doeswell for most work. While chiselsused on hard or tough metal re-quire greater strength backing upthe cutting edge, an angle up to90 degrees may be used for thispurpose. The cutting angle can bedecreased somewhat from 70 de-grees for cutting softer metals.

36

ANGLE A ISUSUALLY 700.IT IS SOMETIMESGROUND ATUP TO 90 FORCUTTING EXTREMELYHARD METAL

CUTTINGEDGESLIGHTLYCURVED

RA PD 87254


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TM 9-867Set rest to secure desired bevel angle. Move chisel head from sideto side a little during grinding to slightly curve cutting edge. Turnchisel over to grind other bevel. Keep bevels same size or cuttingedge will not be centered. Dip chisel frequently in water to pre-

serve temper. NOTE: After several grindings, cutting end of chiselmay be too thick. Such chisels can be heated and reforged, tem-pered, and ground.Hardening and TemperingMachinists' ChiselsHeat whole chisel to cherry red in a gas furnace or charcoal fire.Grasp chisel in center with tongs. Dip cutting end in clear, coldwater to a depth of about 1Y4 inch. Turn chisel over and dip headend about 1 inch. Quickly polish hardened ends with a file, oraluminum oxide abrasive cloth. Watch color return from heatedcenter section of chisel to ends. Redip cutting end every time endbecomes purple. Redip head end every time it becomes blue. Whenred disappears from chisel, dip whole tool.

CHISEL I TONGS

GRASP CHERRY REDWATER IN CHISEL IN CENTERWELL FILLED 1 . 0 AND DIP STRAIGHTCONTAINER DOWN

RA PD 87255Removing Mush-roomed End FromMachinists' ChiselsIt is dangerous to use a metal-cutting chisel with a mush-roomed head. Grind head tooriginal shape. Harden chisel RA PDafter removing mushroom. 87256Replacing Handles on Blacksmiths' ChiselsFollow procedure given under Hammers, Mallets, Mauls, andSledges (section 12).Common Misuses and AbusesDrawing temper or burning during sharpening.

Exerting too much pressure against the wheel during sharpening37


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TM 9-867causes excess heat at the cutting edge of the chisel. When and if thetemperature of the cutting edge goes above the temper drawingheat, it causes the cutting edge to lose the hardness required forcutting edges. If the cutting edge of the chisel colors to blue or paleblue, the loss of temper has taken place. Exerting light pressure andfrequent cooling in water while grinding is the proper preventivemaintenance. If the cutting edge becomes too soft due to too muchheat in grinding or too frequent grinding, the chisel must be hard-ened and the temper drawn in order to restore the proper hardness.Storage (All Types of Chisels)Apply rust preventive compound (thin film) to chisels before stor-age and protect cutting edge from contact with metal or abrasives.Store in a dry place. After removal from storage, wash metal partswith dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.

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TM 9-867Section IX

CLAMPS

TOOLMAKER'SCLAMP

HYDRAULIC BRAKE CLAMPRA PD 87257

MAINTENANCEGeneral-All ClampsThese are relatively heavy-duty but simple tools. Maintenancerequirements are few:

Keep screws lubricated with small quantity of preventive lubri-cating oil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10). Excessive lubricantinterferes with use of tool. Keep metal surfaces free of rust. Scouroff rust or corrosion with crocus cloth or aluminum oxide abrasivecloth. Coat surfaces with preservative lubricating oil (special) orengine oil (SAE 10).

Varnish hardwood jaws of hand screw clamps whenever finishbecomes damaged extensively enough to leave wood without protec-tive coating.

Replace all parts broken or damaged beyond repair.LUBRICATESCREWS REMOVERUST VARNISHWOOD

RA PD 8725839


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TM 9-867Replace C-Clamp Screw or Jaw1. Pry open crimped portion of swivel head and remove head fromball on end of screw. Turn the screw out of iaw.

C-CLAMPDISASSEMBLED2. Using new parts as needed, turn the screw into position throughits boss at end of jaw. Slip swivel head onto ball on end of screwand crimp head sufficiently to hold it on ball.Replace Handle on Hand Screw Clampor Toolmaker's ClampFile off peened ends of pin which attaches handle to screw. Driveout pin. Unscrew or drive handle from screw. Screw new handle inposition on screw with pinholes in handle and in screw alined. Tapin and peen pin.Replace Jaw, Screw or Insert onHand Screw Clamp or Toolmaker's Clamp1. Remove handles in accordance with instructions above. Turnboth screws from the two jaws. Lift inserts (if any) from jaws.

-JAW JAW-

SCREWS_ -:90MUf~

INSERTi HANDLE

3 --- P- INSERT

RA PD 872602. Using new parts as necessary, place inserts (if any) in positionin jaws. Turn both screws into position in the two jaws. Installhandles on screws.

40

PI N

t AHANDLEA

RA PD 87259


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TM 9-867Common Misuses and AbusesDo not use a wrench or bar in tightening clamps. Too muchpressure may warp, bend, or break them. Tighten clamps by hand.When applying great pressure, observe clamps for indication ofundue strain.

WRONG RIGHTRA PD 87261

Do not cock clamp to tighten. This procedure may warp, bend,or break clamps. Keep jaws parallel.


Storage (All Clamps)Coat clamps with rust preventive compound (thin film) and storein a dry place. After removal from storage, wash metal parts withdry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.

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TM 9-867Section X

DIVIDERS

SPRING DIVIDERS

WING DIVIDERSRA PD 87263

MAINTENANCEGeneralWipe fingerprints and moisture from dividers after use to preventrusting or corroding. Keep in case or wrap in soft cloth when notin use.LubricationOil threads, pivots, and other surfaceslubricating oil (special).Sharpening PointsSharpen divider points with asmall oilstone moistened withlight oil. Keep points towardinside of legs so points willmeet when dividers close. Holddividers stationary and strokewith stone. Give stone a slightrotating movement to preventflat spots.Installing Pivot onSpring DividersInsert a block between legsabove screw. Squeeze legs to-gether to spread spring.

sparingly with preservative

RA PD 87264

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TM 9-867Common Misuses and AbusesDo not use dividers as an awl or for any other purpose than scribingarcs or circles, or for checking measurements. Dividers are precisiontools and must be handled and used carefully to preserve theiraccuracy.

WRONG ~~~~~~RAD87266Do not lay dividers on bench when not in use. They may bedamaged by other tools. Keep them in case or wrapped in cloth

and stored in a safe place.


StorageApply rust preventive compound (thin film). To protect the points,insert them into small corks, small short twigs, or soft wood block.Store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash with drycleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.

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TM 9-867Section XI

FILES AND RASPS

-HANDLE

TANG .- FERRULEHEEL

EDGE

FACE

FLAT V_ HALF RA PDPOINT ROUND TAPER ROUND 87268Care MrAINTENANCEPreserve sharpness of files. Keep them in a rack. If necessary tocarry files in a tool box, wrap them individually in cloth or paper.Keep files dry to prevent rusting. Do not use rust preventive com-pound. Do not abuse files. They are brittle and extremely dangerousif hammered or used as pry bars.Installing Handle

CAUTION: It is dangerous to use a file without a handle.1. Select handle to fit tang. If neces-sary to use handle having hole toosmall for tang, heat same size tangof an old file and insert in handle toburn hole to proper size (snug fit).2. Wet tang of file and insert it in han-dle. Tap back end of handle on a flatsurface until file is properly seated.Do not hammer file into the handle.NOTE: Several types of "screw-on"handles are available. If using handleof this type, install as directed by _handle manufacturer. RA PD 87269

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TM 9-867Removing HandleHold file with left hand. Holdhandle with right hand. Pull filefrom handle while rapping ferruleend of handle against edge ofbench. '!!!!/NOTE: If removing "screw-on"type handle, remove in accord- RAPDance with handle manufacturer's - 87270instructions.

Cleaning Files1. The cutting action of a fileproduces small particles or chips FILINGScalled filings. These particles fre- ~WORKquently wedge between the teeth RA PD 87271of file and impair the free cuttingaction. Frequent cleaning isnecessary to obtain maximumefficiency of file. BR U

MOTION PARALTO TEETH

2. Brush filings from betweenteeth of file with wire brush. Pushbrush in a direction parallel withteeth.

~~ "~~~~A PD87272

3. Remove remaining particles from teeth by using a narrow stripof soft metal such as brass or copper. A soft metal will not damageteeth.

CLEANING PIN(SOFT METAL)

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TM 9-867Common Misuses and AbusesDo not strike file against vise or other object to clean it. Thispractice ruins file teeth and may break file. There is danger fromflying particles if file breaks. Clean file with a file card and pin.


Never use a file without a handle. It is dangerous. Install handlebefore using file for any job, no matter how small.

,k-E:- RA PDRIGHT 87275Do not use excessive pressure while filing. This results in cloggingfile and stripping teeth. Use a long, steady, uniform stroke. Holdhandle with right hand. Hold end of file between thumb and firstfinger of left hand.

\\~~~~~ -

RA PDWRONG RIGHT 87276StorageBe sure files and rasps are clean and dry. Do not use lubricants orrust preventive compounds. Wrap them individually in waterproofbarrier wrapping paper. Place in racks or box in a manner whichwill make it impossible for faces or edges of files to contact eachother.

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TM 9-867Section XII

HAMMERS, MALLETS, MAULS, and SLEDGES

HAMMER HAMMER

BALL-PEEN SOFT METAL ORHAMMER PLASTIC HAMMER

PLAIN FACED RIVETINGCLAW HAMMER HAMMER

WOODEN DOUBLE FACEMALLET SLEDGE

CAIGeneral

DING WEIGHTHAMMER

TRIMMER SHAMMER

CROSS PEENSLEDGE

BELL-FACED CLAW HAMMER

STRAIGHT PEENSLEDGE RUBBERMALLETRA PD 87277

tE OF HEADSPrevent rust formation by carefully wiping steel hammer heads dryafter exposure to moisture. When it is known in advance that toolwill be exposed to moisture, spread a film of preservative lubricatingoil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10) over head.

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TM 9-867Frequently inspect hammer type tools to see if handle is tightin head and to see if face is in satisfactory condition.

Replacing Handle1. Remove old handle fromhead. If handle is tight, sawoff old handle next to neck ofhammer head. Do not saw thehandle off so close to the headthat the saw teeth will touchthe head while sawing, thusdamaging the set of the saw.A hacksaw may also be used.

2. Drill a hole in old handleas illustrated.

3. Drive old handle from headand secure wedges. (Note posi-tion of wedges.)4. Shape new handle to fithead. Use rasp or spoke shave.

5. Insert new handle to headto determine fit.6. Assemble for tight fit bystriking end of handle withmallet to seat head firmly onhandle.

RA PD 8727848

-'eo

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TM 9-8677. Check results to determine ifhandle fits properly.8. Saw off the projecting por-tion of handle close to hammerhead and cut slits for wedges.Avoid having saw teeth touchthe head during sawing.

9. Drive wedges into handle. Ifwooden wedges are used, re-place old wedges or make newones from straight grain softwood.

.1

RA PD 8727910. File or grind end of handle even with head. Use wood rasp ifwooden wedges are used. Grinding may be employed if metalwedges are used.

RA PD 87280

Tightening HandleIf wedge comes loose, remove it and install larger wedge. If wedgeremains tight in handle, but handle loosens, drive thin hardwood oriron wedge into handle beside original wedge. A loose handle can betemporarily repaired by soaking in water. If unable to tighten,replace handle.Grinding FaceIncorrect or abusive use of hammer type tools frequently results inuneven face wear. To reshape worn faces:

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TM 9-8671

Determine if face should be plainor bell shaped by examining un-worn portion of face or by com- WORNparing with unworn tool of same FACEtype. 2Grind face to original shape. Fre-quently immerse head in waterto prevent burning. Do not re-move more stock than necessary.

3 RESTOREDOn mallet type tools, grind equal FACEamount of material from bothfaces to preserve balance.RA PD 87281Common Misuses

Do not strike a hardened steel surface with a hammer.This misuse is a serious safety hazard. Small pieces of sharp,hardened steel break from the hammer and also from the hardenedsteel. This has been responsible for many serious eye injuries. It

may also cause damage to the work and/or the hammer.Use a soft hammer in striking any hardened steel. If a softhammer is not available, place a piece of copper, brass, fiber, orwood on the hardened steel. Strike the soft material and not thehardened steel.StorageCoat steel heads with rust preventive compound (thin film) andstore in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash metal partswith dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.

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TM 9-867Section XIII

HAND GRINDERS

1L

ENCLOSEDGEAR CASE(OIL TIGHT)

RA PD 87282

CLEANINGDrain lubricant from enclosed type gear cases. Flush out with

dry cleaning solvent. Drain. gear case completely after flushing.Refill with correct grade of lubricant as specified.Wash exterior surfaces and open type gears with dry cleaningsolvent. Scour corrosion from surfaces with crocus cloth.

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TM 9-867LUBRICATION

Lubricate grinders in accordance with following chart:PART LUBRICATION LUBRICANTPART PERIOD LUBRICANTPERIOD

Enclosed gear cases Weekly OIL, engine, SAE 30(oiltight)Enclosed gear cases Weekly GREASE, general purpose,(grease type) No. 0Open gears Daily

OIL, engine, SAE 10, or OIL,Handle bearings Daily lubricating, preservative,Pivot pins Daily specialExterior nonwearing OIL, lubricating, preserva-surfaces tive, specialCommon MisusesCareless handling. Tools of this type will not stand rough handlingand continue to operate satisfactorily.

Do not strain working parts beyond capacity. Do not throw intobox loosely with other tools.

WRONG RGHTRA PD 87283

StorageFor indefinite storage, drain lubricants and wash tool in dry cleaningsolvent. Dry thoroughly, relubricate and fill gear cases, and spreadrust preventive compound (thin film) over all parts. Wire smallattaching parts to valve grinders to prevent their loss. Store in a dryplace. Mobile field units should check tightness of all screws andnuts before and after storing, and should wrap sufficiently to keepout all dust and to protect grinder.

Upon removal from prolonged storage, wash rust preventive com-pound from grinder with dry cleaning solvent.52


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TM 9-867Section XIV

HATCHETS, AXES, MATTOCKS, ADZES, and SHOVELS

BROAD HATCHET

MATTOCK CARPENTER'S ADZE SHIP ADZE SHOVEL

RA PD 87284

Hatchets and Axes1

Remove nicks by holding hori-zontally against abrasive wheel.Move back and forth acrossstone.

2Grind cutting edge of hatchetto bevel indicated. Grind ax asdescribed below. Frequently coolin water to preserve temper.Move from side to side acrossface of grinding wheel.

53

GRINDINGREMOVE NICKSBY GRINDING

RA PD 87285


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TM 9-867AdzesRemove handle and grind to CORRECT HATCHET BEVELSsame level as when grinding ahatchet to hew to a line. Bevelon handle side only.MattocksFollow procedure for grindinghatchet, and grind to originalbevel.Correct Ax BevelsCareless grinding will ruin anyax by either destroying the RA PDtemper through heat caused by 87286friction, or by making the edge FOR GENERAL FOR HEWINGso thin it will not stand up under USE TO A LINEthe force of a swinging blow. Do not use a high speed dry grindingwheel. An ax ground on a dry wheel will surely be ruined. Grindslowly on a wheel kept very wet.

When regrinding, start to grind from 2 to 3 inches back from thecutting edge and grind to about /2 inch from edge. Work for fan-shape effect, leaving reinforcement at corners adequate for suffi-cient strength. Then "roll off" on a convex bevel as shown in thecross-section illustration of an axbit at right. This illustration is CORRECT AXE BEVELSexact gage "life size" and shapeof properly ground cutting edge. __

Remove all .scratches with GROUND WITHwhetstone or hone. A scratch on CONVEXhighly tempered steel will fre- _ - _quently cause material to break RIGHTwhere it is scratchedr

GROUND GROUNDCONCAVE _ _ _ STRAIGHT

WRONG WRONGRA PD 87287

The illustration above shows This illustration shows the cutthe most frequent mistake in ting edge ground with a longregrinding. It is ground con- straight bevel, better than thecave-the wrong way-leaving concave bevel, but still withoutinsufficient support behind the sufficient reinforcement back ofedge to withstand any ordinary the edge.blow. It will break very easily.

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TM 9-867ShovelsNOTE: If shovel is bent, ham-mer it straight on a flat block oranvil before grinding. Do not useheat while straightening a shovel.Hold shovel in a horizontal posi-tion against an abrasive wheeland grind to outline indicated insketch. Grind blunt bevel alongcutting edge. Cool shovel inwater at frequent intervals duringgrinding to preserve temper.

CORRECTCUTTINGEDGEBEVEL

PA PD 87288

SHARPENINGStraight-edged `Hatchet Type ToolGrasp tool as indicated in sketch andplace on a lightly oiled oilstone. Tilttool so bevel lies flat on stone. Exertslight pressure on tool. Hold right RA PD 87290wrist rigid (no sidewise twist), andmove tool back and forth on stone a few times. If tool is groundwith a double bevel, turn tool over and repeat operation.Curved-edgedHatchet Type Tool1. Hold tool stationary. Placestone flat on bevel. Apply lightpressure and move stone with acircular motion.2. Place stone on other bevel (ifany) and repeat operation. Ifonly one bevel is used, placestone flat on other side of toolhead and remove wire edge witha circular motion.

STONE BEVELCUTTING aEDGE

DOUBLE BEVEL SINGLE BEVELRA PD 8729

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TM 9-867

RA PD 87292ShovelsPlace smooth file flat on bevel as illustrated. Apply pressure tofile on forward stroke. Lift file clear of shovel on back stroke.

REPLACING HANDLESHatchets, Axes, and AdzesProcedure is identical with that given for hammers, mallets, mauls,and sledges (section 12).MattocksTap butt of handle on a solid surface to loosen head. Slide headfrom butt of handle. Insert new handle, butt first, through head andslide into approximate position. Rap head end of handle on floorto tighten head on handle.ShovelsCut or grind off peened heads of rivets which attach shovel tohandle. Drive out rivets and pull handle from shovel. Insert newhandle into position in shovel. Drill rivet holes through handle.Insert and peen rivets.Common Misuses (Hatchets, Axes,Mattocks, and Adzes)Do not strike heavy blows when tool is very cold. Breakage mayresult because frost makes steel brittle. Warm ax before using incold weather.

WRONG

=i -eRA PD 87293

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"

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TM 9-867Do not use tools as mauls or wedges. Breakage across or under

the eye often results. Use tools only for use intended.

WRONG RIGHT

RA PD 87294Common Misuses (Shovels)Do not use shovel as a pry bar. Handles break easily. Avoid unduestrain on handle. A

WRONG RA PD 87295Never return

will harden andafter using.

shovel to storage without proper cleaning. Dirtshovel will rust. Always clean shovels thoroughly

StorageCoat metal surfaces with rust preventive compound (thin film) andstore in a dry place in racks or boxes with cutting edges protected.Upon removal from storage, wash rust preventive compound frommetal parts with dry cleaning solvent.

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TM 9-867Section XV.

HYDROMETERS

IIIStorageStore in a cool place protecte,from direct sunlight. Wrap float i:lens tissue paper and pack hydrometer securely to prevent damage

58

CleaningWash body and float with soapand water. Use care when wash-ing float to keep from injuringmarkings. Battery acid depositswhich do not yield to soap andwater, can be removed with asolution of hot water and soda.Care in UseProvide a well-protected con-tainer positioned in a handyplace near battery bench.Handle with extreme care andreplace to storage position whennot in use. Clean grease frombulb and tip with carbon tetra-chloride or soap and water.Flush with water and wipe dry.

dn

RA PD87297I


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TM 9-867Section XVI

KNIVES

FOLDING HANDLE DRAW KNIFE

RA PD 87298

GRINDINGNOTE: Do not grind small knives such as saddler's or electrician'sknives except to shape a broken blade. Sharpen them on an oilstone.Putty KnifeHold knife perpendicularlyagainst edge of abrasive wheel TOP VIEWto "square up" worn blade. Dipin water often to preserve SIDE VIEWtemper. Keep blade at rightangles to surface of wheel andmove from side to side duringgrinding.Do not grind away more stockthan necessary. Remove wireedge and smooth end on oil-stone.

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TM 9-867Draw KnifeA draw knife may be ground with a single bevel or a double bevel.Grind to same bevel as originally ground as revealed by inspectionof unworn portions at ends of cutting edge. Bevels may be straightor slightly concave. Never grind bevels convex. Make bevel approxi-mately twice the width of blade at point where bevel starts.Grinding procedure follows:1. Adjust rest at midpoint ofwheel. Run knife back and forthfull length of blade maintainingoriginal shape, until nicks areremoved.2. Adjust rest toward top ofwheel to provide correct bevel.Run knife back and forth fulllength of blade until bevel issecured.3. If double bevel is sought, turnknife over and grind second bevel.CAUTION: Be sure to dip knifein water frequently to preventburning and subsequent loss oftemper.

RIGHTSTRAIGHT

BEVEL

RIGHTCONCAVEBEVEL

WRONGCONVEXBEVEL

CORRECT BEVEL LENGTHRA PD 87300

RESTORE BEVEL

RA PD87301SHARPENING

Small KnivesSharpen on a medium or fine oil-stone moistened with a few dropsof oil. Apply blade to stone withback tilted slightly from stone. Holdblade obliquely across face of stoneand rub briskly back and forth.Repeat on other side of blade. Re-move wire edge by stropping on apiece of leather or canvas.

60

:: y'DE f^ itiC? A_;-

RA PD 87302

68


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TM 9-867Draw KnifePlace a medium or fine oilstone on a block sufficiently high tocause draw knife's handles to clear bench. Moisten oilstone with afew drops of clean light oil. Place knife blade on stone and tiltknife so bevel lies flat on stone. Rub blade on stone in a circularmotion so entire length of bevel contacts stone. If blade has adouble bevel, turn knife over and repeat operation. Remove wireedge by stropping on a piece of leather or canvas.

RA PD 87303

Common MisusesDo not use tool with prying or lever action.

Blade ends and/or sharp thin edges will break if strained beyondbreaking point.

Undue straining will loosen rivets and joints.Handle carefully and use only for purposes intended.

StorageCoat all metal parts of knives with rust preventive compound(thin film) at time of storing. Store in a dry place with cuttingedges protected from contact with metals or abrasives. Uponremoval from storage, wash metal parts with dry cleaning solventto remove rust preventive compound.

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TM 9-867Section XVII

LEVELS

5PLUMB LEVEL

STRIDING LEVELRA PD 87304

CARE OF LEVELSTest1. Place level on a true horizontal surface and note level indication.Reverse level end for end. If bubble appears on one side of hairlineon first reading and on other side for second reading, level is outof adjustment.

A B

B 1. LEVEL TEST A

2. Place plumb level against atrue vertical -surface and noteplumb reading. Twist level one-half turn about its vertical axisand again take reading. If bubbleappears on opposite sides of hair-line in the two readings, plumblevel is out of adjustment.

2.PLUMBTEST

RA PD87305

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TM 9-867AdjustmentADJUSTABLE LEVELS (METAL OR WOOD CONSTRUC-TION): Turn adjustment screw or nut to move spirit tube indirection indicated by test. Repeat adjustment and test untilbubble centers on cross hair (single hairline level) or until bubbleis centered between cross hairs (double hairline level).NONADJUSTABLE METAL-FRAMED LEVELS: Remove screw,bolt or rivet which attaches low end (as revealed by tests) of spirittube to frame. Shim up low end of tube with shim stock andattach tube to frame. Test level. Repeat adjustment and testuntil fault is corrected.NONADJUSTABLE WOOD-FRAMED LEVELS: Carefully dig outplaster of paris bed which attaches spirit tube to frame. Place levelon a true horizontal or vertical surface (depending on whetherlevel or plumb spirit tube is being adjusted). Using fine calcinedgypsum for a tube bed, position spirit tube so bubble centers onhairline. Allow gypsum to set before moving level.

RA PD 87306Common MisusesRough handling. A level is a precision tool, therefore it must beused and handled with extreme care to preserve its accuracy. Donot drop. Do not strike. Place level carefully against work.

StorageCoat metal parts with rust preventive compound (thin film) attime of storage. Place tool in a rack or box which will protect itfrom accidental breakage. Store in a dry place. Upon removal fromstorage wash metal parts with dry cleaning solvent to removerust preventive compound.

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TM 9-867Section XVIII

NIPPERS AND PLIERS

!0 A t

TYPICAL TIRE CHAIN ADJUSTABLE HALF ROUND- FLAT-NOSEDNIPPERS REPAIR PLIERS COMBINATION NOSE PLIERS PLIERSPLIERS

BRAKE SPRING PLIERS

ROUND-NOSED PLIERS DIAGONAL CUTTING NIPPERS OR PLIERSRA PD 87307MAINTENANCE

Grinding and SharpeningNOTE: Many modern side cutting pliers and nearly all nippersare designed so they can be reground. Some older models will notclose if material is ground from cutting edges.

Examine pliers to see if design will permit them to close com-pletely if material is ground from cutting edges. Do not attemptto sharpen pliers not designed to be ground.

Grind cutting edges so ground bevel is at approximately rightangles with inside machined bevel. Grind same amount of stockfrom both jaws but no more than necessary to remove nicks. Cooloften in water to preserve temper.

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TM 9-867

CORRECTLY GROUND CUTTING EDGESNOTE: Jaws on some pliers will not open wide enough to permitgrinding. On such pliers, press out recessed taper pin or removespecial bolt and nut which attach the two halves of pliers togetherand separate jaws for grinding. Peen pin well when assemblingpliers which are pinned together.CleaningWash pliers in dry cleaning solvent and wipe dry with a cleancloth. Clean dirt from serrated jaw faces with a wire brush. Whencompletely dry, lubricate pivot pin with one or two drops ofpreservative lubricating oil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10).Renewing Jaw Face SerrationsPlace the pliers in a vise protectedwith soft jaws and renew serrationwith a four- or five-inch three-cornered file. If the jaws of thepliers can be separated and themechanic has access to a small sur-face grinder, new serrations can beground. Diamond dress a narrowwheel to an included angle of 60 RA PD 87309degrees (30 degrees on each side of centerline) and grind theserrations with each jaw held separately in a grinding vise.

GRINDING WHEEL

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TM 9-867Common MisusesDo not use pliers on a nut.This batters nut and plier jawserrations unnecessarily. Use awrench on nuts.

Do not use pliers as a pry bar.Handles may bend or break.Use tools only for purpose fo rwhich they are designed.

WRONG

WRONG

RA PD 87311StorageAt time of storage, apply rust preventive compound (thin film).Store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash with drycleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.

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TM 9-867Section XIX

PLANES

GRINDING PLANE IRONSGeneralIrons must be ground when cutting edge is nicked, when bevel isworn too blunt, when bevel is rounded out, or when cutting edgeis worn to improper shape.1. Cutting edges should be straight on smooth and block planeirons, slightly curved on jack plane irons, andon fore plane irons. very slightly curved

SMOOTH ORBLOCK PLANE IRON

, tROUND CUTTING EDGECORNERS PERFECTLYSLIGHTLY STRAIGHT

FORE PLANEIRON

90X1 32 IN.0 itCUTTING EDGE VERYSLIGHTLY CURVED(1/32 IN. BULGE)

JACK PLANEIRON

90 1 16 IN 90 '

CUTTING EDGE CURVEDSLIGHTLY(1/16 IN. BULGE)RA PD 8731367


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TM 9-8672. Bevel may be straight or slightly concave. It must never berounded out.

RIGHT RIGHT WRONGBEVEL IS BEVEL IS BEVEL ISCONCAVE OR FLAT OR ROUNDED OUTSHAPE OF PERFECTLY BY INCORRECTABRASIVE STRAIGHT GRINDING ORWHEEL SHARPENING

RA PD 873143. Bevel should be about twice the thickness of iron near cuttingedge.

RIGHT WRONG WRONG

RA PD 87315ProcedureCAUTION: While grinding, keep plane bit cool by frequentlydipping into water to prevent burning or softening of the steel.Keep the fingers near the grinding edge while grinding to feel anddetermine if plane iron is becoming too hot.1. Square cutting edge, and remove nicks as necessary.2. Adjust rest on grinder to a position which will give correct bevel.3. Grind by moving iron from side to side to grind all parts ofbevel evenly, and square with the edges.

SQUARE RESHAPE CHECK

ADJUST TOPREST VIEWRA PD 87316

NOTE: Special holding devices are available for sharpening planebits. Their use simplifies the grinding.SHARPENING PLANE IRONS

GeneralAlways sharpen iron after grinding. During use of plane, sharpeniron as often as necessary to keep a keen edge.

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TM 9-867Procedure1. Grasp iron with both hands, palms downward. Place iron bevelon lightly oiled stone with iron at bevel angle.2. Apply light pressure to iron and rub back and forth over surfaceof stone. Do not alter angle of iron to stone during process. Roundoff corners enough to allow for depth of cut.3. After whetting bevel side, turn iron over and hold perfectly flaton stone. Give it two or three strokes to remove wire edge.

BEVELFLAT ONSTONE

WHETTING BEVEL REMOVING WIRE EDGE RA PD 87317

Regrinding Chip CapThe chip cap is made of soft steel and the sharp edge is easilydented or marred, thus requiring regrinding.1. Separate the chip cap and plane iron and remove the chip capscrew.2. Grind the lower surface of the curved end on the side of agrinding wheel.

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TM 9-8673. Grind only as required to remove nicks.4. Finish grind surface, and remove wire edge on an oilstone.

REMOVING WIRE EDGEABOUT 100 /

FSHING$~' SURFACEALTERNATE

RA PD 87319SETTING IRON

(Jack, Fore, and Smooth Planes)GeneralJack, fore, and smooth planes havedouble plane irons. A chip cap issecured to iron by a set screw. This DOUBLEchip cap breaks the shaving as soon PLANE IRtNas possible after it is cut. Depth of cutis regulated by a depth screw. Set chip IRONcap back farther for a coarse chip orshaving than for a fine one. Never CHP CAPallow chip cap corners to extend beyondHIP CAPcutting edge of plane iron; it mustalways be back of cutting edge. A blockplane, having a single plane iron, has RA PD 87320no chip cap.Procedure1. Test fit of chip cap on iron. It must fit without gapping toprevent shavings from forcing themselves between chip cap andiron. If not a close fit, sharpen chip cap on an oilstone. Hold chipcap so as to preserve original angle while sharpening.2. Enter cap set screw into slot in iron. Adjust cap to /4 inchfrom cutting edge of iron, and parallel with cutting edge. Tightenset screw.3. Adjust "set" (distance between cutting edge of iron and edgeof chip cap) by lightly tapping end of blade opposite cutting edge.Proper sets are:

To Work To Work Hard orType of Plane Soft Wood Crossgrained WoodJack plane 1/6 in. 1/32 to 1/64 in.Fore plane '16 in. 1/32 to 1/64 in .Smooth plane 1/32 in. 1/32 to 1/6 in.

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TM 9-867ADJUSTING FROG

GeneralFrogs must be set square with plane sides and set forward withsufficient clearance for chips to pass through without clogging.

FROG

RA PD 87321

Common Misuses to AvoidNever lay plane face down. The blade mayAlways lay plane on edge when not in use.

be nicked or dulled.

RA PDRIGHT 87322

Do not plane with grain of wood sloping down. The wood is likelyto tear and jam the plane. Always have grain of wood slopingupward in direction of planing stroke.

WRONG RIGHT RA PD 87323

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TM 9-867Do not plane "head on." This practice quickly dulls the iron.Place plane on wood at a slight lateral angle.

WRONG RIGHT RA PD87324

Do not drag blade on wood on return stroke. This dulls the blade.Tilt plane at an angle sufficient to cause blade to clear the work,or lift plane completely.

I

WRONG RIGHT RA PD 87325

Do not attempt to do work with the wrong type plane. Suchprocedure is wasteful of material, time, and energy. Use planesfor purposes indicated in following table:Plane Use Remarks

To true surface orFore edge o lumber for Hold plane firmly, right handplane accurate work, on handle, left hand on knob.To smooth roughsurfaces whereSmooth straight edges and Hold plane firmly, right handplane sides are not re- on handle, left hand on knob.quired.To make close joints, Use with one hand. Make lightBlock to cut across the cuts with short strokes towardplane grain or edges of center of work. Do not run oversmall lumber. edge of work.A substitute for foreJack or smooth plane. Hold plane firmly, right handplane Does not do as pre- on handle, left hand on knob.cise work.

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TM 9-867LubricationKeep irons and screw threads coated with a thin film of preserva-tive lubricating oil (special).StoragePlane irons should always be withdrawn fully into the plane bedwhen tool is stored. Before storing, coat all metal parts of planeswith rust preventive compound (thin film). Store planes in boxesor in racks in a manner to protect cutting edges of irons fromcontact with wood, metals, or abrasives. Store in a dry place. Uponremoval from storage, wash metal parts with dry cleaning solventto remove rust preventive compound.

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TM 9-867Section XX

PUNCHES

TAPER PUNCH

HOLLOW PUNCH PRICK PUNCH

CENTER PUNCH

PIN PUNCH 9RA PD 87326GRINDING AND SHAPING

Blunt End PunchesGrind pin punch, taper punch, or other blunt end punch so endis perfectly flat and at right angles to centerline of punch.

RIGHT WRONG WRONG WRONGEND IS FLAT END IS FLAT END IS END ISAND AT BUT NOT AT ROUNDED HOLLOWEDRIGHT ANGLE RIGHT ANGLE OR BULGED OUT OR -

TO PUNCH TO PUNCH CURVEDAXIS AXIS INWARD1. Set rest horizontal and at centerof grinding wheel.2. Start wheel and feed punch intogrinding surface of wheel at rightangles to surface.3. Twist punch during grinding toget flat end on punch.4. Cool punch frequently in water )to preserve temper. RA PD 873275. Do not grind away more metalthan necessary to get a satisfactoryend.

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TM 9-867Cone-pointed PunchesCenter punches and prick punches are ground to cone points.Correct point angle for center punches is about 90 degrees. Rightpoint angle for prick punch is approximately 30 degrees. Theseangles may be altered for special work.

.... \300

CENTER PUNCH 9 PRICK PUNCH

RA PD 87328 RA PD 87329Correct Punch Point AnglesAdjust rest so punch meets faceof wheel at desired angle (seeillustration). Rotate punch duringgrinding to make point symmetri-cal. Dip punch in water at fre-quent intervals to avoid "burning."Do not grind away more materialthan necessary to secure satisfac- RA PD 87330tory point.Repairing Mush-roomed HeadGrind to original shape. Alwaystemper punch after repairingmushroomed head or it will quick- RA PD 87331ly mushroom again.TemperingPunches must be hardened and tempered if point has been groundback past hardened section, if punch has been heated, or if mush-roomed head has been removed. Procedure for hardening andtempering is exactly like that described for machinist's chisels(section 8).

Common Misusesto AvoidNever use a punch whichhas a mushroomed head. XThere is danger of in-jury from flying pieces.Grind head to original

RA PD shape and temper punch RIGHTWRONG 87332 before using. RA PD 87333

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Do not use a cone-pointedpunch to drive out a pin. Thepunch may spread the pin andruin the work. Use a pin punchor taper punch to do this work.

StorageCoat punches with rust pre-ventive compound (thin film),and store in a dry place. Uponremoval from storage, washwith dry cleaning solvent toremove compound.

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TM 9-867Section XXI

REAMERS

HAND

POWER REAMER

EXPANSION REAMER

ADJUSTABLE REAMER RA PD 87336MAINTENANCE

Reamers, being precision cutting tools used for accurate sizing ofholes, must be used, handled, and stored with every precaution toprevent denting, marring, or damage to the cutting edges.

Reamers must not be thrown into a tool box or allowed to liearound unprotected on the bench.Wrap reamers in slightly oiled cloths, using preservative lubricat-

ing oil (special), when they are not in use on the bench or in toolcrib storage.Partitioned boxes or drawers make excellent tool crib storage.Each reamer must have its own storage space.

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TM 9-867Adjustable Reamer CareAdjustable reamers should not be adjusted beyond the maximumsize for which the reamer was made.

When using removable blade reamers, make sure the adjustmenthas been properly made. The blades must be properly tightenedbetween the adjusting nuts. Any looseness may cause breakageduring use.Misuses of ReamersTurning a reamer backward to remove it from the work.

This results in dulling cutting edges, necessitating grinding toresharpen. Grinding reamers makes them cut undersize. Alwaysturn forward (clockwise) with a reamer, using the same rotation fo rremoving as for cutting.Turning a hand reamer with machine power.

This practice often breaks reamers, due to use of too much power,jamming or fitting, and clogging. Avoid using hand reamers withpower.CleaningBlow clean with air, wipe with a clean rag, and wrap in a ragslightly dampened with oil.StorageCoat reamers with rust preventive compound (thin film) and storein a dry place. Store in racks or divided boxes to protect cuttingedges from contact with metal. Upon removing from storage, washwith dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.

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TM 9-867Section XXII

SAWS

c ~KEYHOLE..L -aCOMPASS

NAIL SAWRA PD 87337

CLEANING AND OILING(All Types of Saws)

Saws should be kept dry at all times. When necessary to use sawunder unfavorable weather conditions, wipe moisture from bladeafter using. Always oil blade with a clean cloth dampened withpreservative lubricating oil (special) after using saw. Do not permitblade to rust. Clean off all signs of rust from blade with crocuscloth. Apply oil to blade after cleaning off rust.

SHARPENING WOOD-CUTTING SAWSGeneralThere are two general types of teeth used on wood-cutting handsaws. Saws having one type of teeth are called rip saws and areused for cutting with the grain of wood. Saws having the othertype of teeth are called crosscut saws. They are used to cut acrossthe grain of wood. Before attempting to sharpen saws, a clearpicture of the shape of these teeth is necessary.835846 0 - 49- 6 79


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TOP VIEW OF RIP TEETH

TEETH OF RIP SAW

TOP VIEW OF CROSSCUT TEETH

TEETH OF CROSSCUT SAW

Compare the teeth illustrated and note the difference. Rip sawteeth are shaped and filed to cut like chisels. Crosscut saw teethare shaped and filed to cut like knives.Sharpening a saw consists of four steps: jointing, shaping, setting,and filing. These are covered below. Do them in the order given.Jointing a Saw (Rip or Crosscut)WHY JOINT A SAW? Allteeth of a saw must be the sameheight. Points or cutting edgesmust be in a straight line. Lowteeth do not cut. High teeth digin and cause a saw to jump orbuckle. A saw is jointed byfiling down high teeth so they THIS RIP SAW NEEDS JOINTING WHICHare same height as low teeth. IS THE FIRST STEP IN SHARPENINGNote uneven teeth in illustra- RA PD 87339tion.How to Joint a SawPlace a mill file flat upon teeth with length of file parallel to lengthof saw. Run file over full length of saw until file touches tops ofall teeth.

SHOP-MADE WOODENGUIDE FOR HOLDINGJOINING FILE

RA PDJOINING A HAND SAW 8734080

TM 9-867

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TM 9-867CAUTION: Check to see that all teeth are in a straight level lineas in following illustration.

Shaping Teeth (Rip or Crosscut)1. After teeth have been jointed,they must then be evenly spacedand of same size and shape aswhen saw was new. Determinehow teeth look when new byexamining unused teeth near buttof saw. SAME SAW AS ILLUSTRATED2. Place file well down in gullet ON PREVIOUS AGEand file straight across saw atright angles to blade-never other-wise. If teeth are of unequal size,press file against largest toothuntil center of flat top made byjointing is reached. Move to nextgullet and file until tooth hasbeen brought to a point. Some'times width of flat top indicatesa new gullet should be carefullyfiled.3. It is sometimes necessary torepeat process of jointing andshaping to assure a perfect job RIP TEETH SHAPED AND READY TO SETThe teeth now shaped and of RA PD 87341even height are ready to set.Setting Saw Teeth (Rip or Crosscut)General. Saw teeth must be "set" or bent outward to right andleft alternately. This causes saw to cut a kerf sufficiently wide tokeep blade from bending or sticking in cut. Never set teeth morethan one-half the depth of teeth. Teeth may be set with or withouta saw set. Both methods are given below. Use the saw set ifavailable.Using Saw Set. Place a saw set on saw so guides are over teeth withanvil behind tooth to be set. Adjust anvil in frame to give desired set(not over one-half the depth 1 BLADE OFof teeth). Press the saw set FLUNGER-- SAWhandles together. This causesplunger to press tooth againstanvil and bends it to the angleof bevel of the anvil. Similarlyset every second tooth. Reversesaw set and set alternate teethsame amount in opposite di- RA PD 87342rection. ANVIl (BEVELED AT TOP FRONT EDGE)

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TM 9-867Without Saw Set. Prepare a steel BEVELor hardwood block similar tosketch. Dimensions shown areminimum; block may be larger.Angle of the bevel must be deter-mined by examination of the sawto be set; however, angle A must RA PD 87343be not less than 146 degrees orsaw teeth will break off when set.Place saw on block as shown insketch. Clamp saw and blocktogether. Place a blunt end punch PUNCHon tooth to be set. Strike punchsmartly with a hammer to settooth. Similarly set every second SAW BLADEtooth which is over block. Moveblock along to set remaining BLOteeth. Apply block to other side LOCKof saw to set alternate teeth. RA PD 87344

FILING THE RIP SAWNumber of teeth per inch determines point size of saw; for example,a saw having eight teeth per inch of blade is an 8-point saw. Forfiling 4y/2, 5-, or 6-point saw, use a 7-inch slim taper file; fo r9- and 10-point saws, use a 5- or 5X2-inch slim taper file.

CLAhMrP HANDLE

4 FILEBLADE RA PD 87344A

FIRST POSITION FOR FILING RIPSAW

1. Joint saw lightly as an aid to filing.2. Place saw in filing clamp with handle at the right. Bottom oftooth gullets should be Y inch above jaws of clamp. If more ofblade projects, file will chatter or screech. This will dull filequickly. Start at point of rip saw indicated in above illustration.Pick out first tooth set toward you. Place file in gullet to left ofthis tooth. Hold file level and at angle indicated (right angle). Fileshould set well down in gullet. Study unworn teeth near handle-factory shaped teeth are an excellent guide.

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TM 9-867-'FILE

o 'er~~~1 N\

POSITION OF FILE BETWEEN TEETH AMOUNT OF TOOTH FILED AWAY INFIRST POSITIONRA PD 87345

File should cut on push stroke. It files back of tooth to left andfront of tooth to right at same time. File teeth until one-half of flattops, made as a guide, are cut away. Lift file from gullet and skipnext gullet to right. Place file in second gullet toward handle.Repeat filing operation at same angle as before, and continueskipping one gullet until you reach handle end of saw.3. Turn saw blade around in clamp, placing handle of saw to left.Take position indicated in following figure.

HANDLEI

SECOND POSITION FOR FILING RIPSAW

Place file in gullet to right of firstthe first of gullets you skippedwhen filing other side of saw. Atcorrect angle (right angle), fileuntil you cut away other half offlat top and teeth are shaped topoints. Continue this operationin every second gullet until youreach saw handle. All teethshould be same height and shape.

tooth set toward you. This is

AMOUNT OF TOOTH FILED AWAYIN SECOND POSITIONRA FD 87347

FILING CROSSCUT SAWCrosscut saw filing is exactly the same as rip saw filing with onehighly important exception-the angle at which file is held. A cross-cut saw is filed so teeth have a 45-degree bevel. Handle end of fileis held about 15 degrees below the horizontal. Study followingillustrations.

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TM 9-867

450FS CLAMPFIRSTPOSITION x =- T-..... = ._..A..]LFILE BLADE

/,IEHANDLE FILE

450_

/ i/.~ m. SECONDHANDLELADE MPOSITIONHANDLE BLADE CLAMP \

FILE

FILING CROSSCUT SAWRA PD 87348

After one side of saw is filed, turn it around and file other side.Never file all teeth from same side, as this causes saw to run to oneside.NOTE: Variations in bevel in crosscut saw for work on medium orhard woods are desirable, but only experience will indicate whatis best.

Additional Filing Hints1. Tighten clamp securely to reduce vibration.2. Use file recommended for work.3. Adjust stroke so file is eased into gullet.4. File at rate of about 60 strokes per minute-no more.5. Use long, steady, uniform stroke.6. Raise file on return stroke.7. Exert enough pressure on file to keep it cutting on forward

stroke. Do not slide file.8. Shape teeth with a worn file. Sharpen with a new one.

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TM 9-867REPLACING HANDLES

(Most Types of Saws)Remove the special screws and nuts which attach handle to blade.Slide handle off blade. Position new handle on butt end of bladewith screw holes in handle and blade alined. Install the specialscrews and nuts which attach handle to blade.Common Misuses (Wood-cutting Saws)Do not lay saws on floor or place loose in a tool box. Such treat-ment may lead to

Documents

TM 9-867 ( Maintenance and Care of Hand Tools ).pdf