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II BRICS WORKSHOP. BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM IN BRAZIL: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY Valéria Judice e Conceição Vedovello Rio de Janeiro, 26 de abril de 2007. Title Summary Introduction Objectives Methodology Theoretical Framework Biotechnology Innovation System Preliminary - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Title
Summary
IntroductionObjectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
II BRICS WORKSHOP
BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM IN BRAZIL: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Valéria Judice e Conceição Vedovello
Rio de Janeiro, 26 de abril de 2007
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Title
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
INTRODUCTION
Research question: How are evolving knowledge flows, interactive learning, entrepreneurial and innovation action within Brazilian biotech?
Reviews of biotechnology evolution - Last 30 years
Knowledge-based industry, multidisciplinary
Different areas: health, agriculture, food processing, environment, new materials , new sources of energy
Brazil:
State of the art scientific developments: genomics, proteomics, pharmacogenomics
Industry – around 300 companies (Biominas / MCT, 2001)
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Title
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
OBJECTIVES
. .
General:
to establish theoretical and empirical elements to analyze biotechnology developments in Brazil within the innovation systems (IS) framework
Innovation system is understood:- As a focusing device to contextualize knowledge creation and diffusion processes
- As policy and development instrument.
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Title
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1) to focus on Brazilian biotechnology IS and explore three sets of elements: - knowledge and technologies, - actors and networks - institutional (policy) aspects;
2) to map the main concentration and irradiation areas of biotechnology development in Brazil (critical geographical areas);
3) to offer common bases to comparisons of biotechnology IS within the BRICS group.
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Title
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
METODOLOGY - DEFINITIONS
Terminology Biotechnology refers to a broad and complex set of
enabling technologies which have in common the use of biological cells or molecules applied in the production of products and services for the development related to life sciences, biology, chemistry, medicine, agriculture and computation sciences (bioinformatics), among others. The bioindustry has diverse applications
Scope Exploratory study – empirical research is focused on the
systemic elements in three states where the strongest and most impacting biotechnology developments have taken place in Brazil: São Paulo; Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro
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Title
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
METHODOLOGY
Literature review, secondary data collected
Primary data collected:
questionnaires to 50 Brazilian companies (in 2001) to 48 companies (2004)
in-depth interviewing 10 company directors, CEOs and managers; case studies preparation (2005,2006)
interviews with scientists and policy makers Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and São Paulo (2006, 2007)
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Title
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Biotechnology innovation systemsperspectives: national, regional, local, technological, sectoral.
National approach:National and sub-national approaches of biotechnology are the most frequent in the literature. Geographical basis for contextualizing technological and sectoral aspects.
Country specific factors in the development of the biotechnology industry
Authors: Senker and van Zwanenberg, 2000, 2001; Mehra, 2001, Bartholomew, 1997, Chaturvedi, 2003, March, 2003; Kaiser and Prange, 2004; Gittelman, 2006; Mets, 2006; Wu, 2006; Marques and Gonçalves Neto, 2007.
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Title
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Sub-national (regional) approach:
Addresses the problem of variety within national borders; analyze sectors, clusters interaction with the regional governance and innovation support infrastructures
Overlapping of regional innovation systems and clustering processes [1] - extensive publications on biotechnology cluster and geographical concentration.
Authors: Prevezer, 1997; Audretsch, 2001; Porter, 2001; Cooke, 2001a, 2003, 2004a; 2004b; Cooke et al, 1997: Koput; Bowie; Smith-Doerr, 2002; Casper; Karamanos, 2003; Feldman; Francis, 2003; Kaiser, 2003; Niosi; Bas, 2003; Kaufmann; Schwartz; Frenkel; Shefer, 2003; De Vol; Wong; Ki; Bedroussian; Koepp, 2004; Nelsen, 2005.
[1] Local Productive Arrangements, LPA in Brazil
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Title
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The sectoral approachDeparts from geographic boundaries and defines the unit of analysis by associating interdependent organizations which operate the same product market, across nations or regions. (Malerba, 2002, 2005)
The technological approachPrivileges the composition of technological competences underpinning innovation across sectors. (Carlsson, 2002)
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Title
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this study: the basis for definition of the biotechnology innovation system
incorporates technological and sectoral innovation systems perspectives
Supplementing the technological perspective with the sectoral perspective makes it possible to subdivide the biotechnological innovation system into sectoral sub-systems (Carlsson and Stankiewics, 2002; Malerba 2002, 2004, 2005).
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Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM
Technologies:- Maturity / emergent- Composition (heteorogeneous/ homogeneous)- Localization (local, global)
Systems:Levels of analysis Technology and knowledgeProducts Technology competences
Boundary delineationWhat is the technology /knowledge field?Boundaries change over timeActor belongs to the system?
Performance Complexities of assessment Emergent systems
System integrationKnowledge flows and networksDiffusion of knowledge, interaction and learning
Figure 1: Biotechnology technological system of innovation
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Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM
BiotechnologyKnowledge base
Public Sector Healthcare
Pharma
Agriculture Food
Energy
Chemistry
Technological:
Regimes
Opportunities
Apropriability
Cumulativeness
System integrationKnowledge flows and networksDiffusion of knowledge, interaction and learning
Figure 2: Biotechnology sectoral system of innovation (and sub-systems)
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BiotechnologyInnovation
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BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM
Figure 3: Key dimensions of Biotechnology Innovation Systems
Companies
Scientific research
Government
Venture capital
Public and private finance and investment
Institutional arrangementsPolicy making
Normative Rules of governance
(regulatory framework: intellectual property )
Cognitive, cultural
Actors and networks Institutional aspects
Exploitation of basic science ( training of HR
and learning)
Integration of heterogeneous knowledge
Exploration of markets potentials and reality
Knowledge and technologies
System integration
knowledge flows and networks
Diffusion of knowledge, interaction, learning
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Title
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Objectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM
1. KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGIES
Exploitation of basic science – knowledge diffusion, learning , training HR
- Evolution of biotechnology research in Brazil from 2002-2004 (CNPq database)
- Comparative data on:Indexed paper biotechnology publication - 1991-2002BRICS (Brazil, India, China, South Africa) and other
(South Korea,Cuba, Egypt)
Biomedical USPTO patents - 1990-2003BRICS (Brazil, India, China, South Africa) and other
(South Korea, Cuba, Egypt)
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Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
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Preliminaryconclusions
BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM
Brazilian Database ( CNPq) – RESEARCH AREAS1
1.Biotecnology
2.Genomics
3.Proteomics
4.Pharmaceuticals
5.Pharmacogenomics
6.Pharmacogenetics
7.Biopharmaceuticals
8.Vacines
9.Molecular diagnostics
10.Plant genetics
11.Biodiversity
12.Biorremediation
13.Animal genetics
14.Imunnology
15.Biomaterials
16.Toxinology
17.Recombinant vacines
18.Stem cells
19.Biodiesel
International publication biotechnology
Patents and product registration biotechnology
Source: CNPq Research Groups Database, 2002 e 2004.
USPTO biomedical patents (1990 to 2003):
South Korea (337) India (178)China (98) Brazil (44) Cuba (29)
South Africa (29) Egypt (10)
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Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
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BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM
2. ACTORS AND NETWORKS
40 to 60% of scientific research; 81% of companies: SP, MG and RJ
São Paulo - Knowledge leadership and the pervasiveness of the genomic network model - the ONSA organization process
Minas Gerais – the opportunity nexus, the anchor company and a biotechnology local productive arrangement (LPA) - Biobrás case
Rio de Janeiro - Constructed advantages of public goods – Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, UFRJ, Bio-Rio
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Methodology
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BiotechnologyInnovation
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BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM
3. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
Strengthening the interaction among actors
Restrictions to consolidation of innovation systems in developing economies
(a) lack of comprehension of aspects that influence or difficult production, dissemination, utilization of information, knowledge and technology within entrepreneurial activities
(b) when obstacles are identified: lack of capacity for overcoming them
(c) lack of national policy design driven to development promotion that require and stimulate innovation in terms of industrial policy.
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Title
Summary
IntroductionObjectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM
BRAZILIAN INNOVATION SYSTEM IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Complexity and sophistication of methods, the employment of multidisciplinary approaches, and high costs involved in financing research.
Differentiated management is required whether biotech is to be made competitive:
Appropriate environment based on strong basic and technological research,
Incentives to the establishment of “start up” enterprises, expertise to transform knowledge into products, services and processes.
Needs of legal framework in order to deal with intellectual property, standardization, control and quality certification, biosafety and bioethics.
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Title
Summary
IntroductionObjectives
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
BiotechnologyInnovation
System
Preliminaryconclusions
BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEM
BRAZILIAN INNOVATION SYSTEM IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Institutional building up and financial support
Decade of 1970 - training of HR; support to scientific and technological institutions, creation of Cenargen
Decades of 1980-1990 - ABRABI, PRONAB; Program on Endemic Diseases (PIDE); Program on Genetics (PIGE); PADCT; RHAE; CBAB; CTNBio ; Bio-Rio; Biominas; Center for Biotechnology-RS, BIOAGRO, TECPAR, (Center for Molecular Biology of Paraná State);
From late 1990’s onwards - Pluriannual Program of the Federal Government (PPA), National Program of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources (Genomic Program);Sectoral Funds for supporting S,T&I , Competitiveness Forum of Biotechnology.
2006-2007 Industrial, Technological and Trade Foreign Policy (PITCE); Biotechnology National Policy – Biotechnology Policy: Protection and Development (MCT and MDIC).
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Objectives
Methodology
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BiotechnologyInnovation
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PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
1. Study is exploratory. It was aimed at establishing theoretical and empirical bases to analyze biotechnology developments in Brazil using the innovation systems (IS) framework.
2. The study was also oriented to provide comparable IS information within the BRICS countries group.
3. Substantial human resources, research and educational infrastructure have been built up in Brazil. However, biotechnology research is concentrated in Southeast, particularly in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Data collected on research groups in the country (CNPq database) showed that the Southeast region is responsible for no less than 40% of biotechnology research to 60%
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PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
3. The organizational patterns of biotechnology industry are established in localized agglomeration areas (clusters and LPAs). About 81% of the companies are in SP, MG and RJ,
4. Collaborative arrangements and alliances involving five main actors: universities; biotech companies; pharmaceutical; government (policy, regulatory aspects), and finance (vc, public and private funding).
4. Small to medium-sized biotechnology-based enterprises, foreign and national pharmaceutical firms are currently in operation in the country.
5. Expanding the system’s capacities in innovation, sustainability and competitiveness in the future are challenges that require a strategic effort by industry, universities, R&D&I, and adequate supporting policy and governmental action in regulatory and financial fronts, as well as other relevant institutional and promotion schemes.
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PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
6. Main challenges involve: continuity of S,T&I policies and programs, investments; improvement of links among public and private actors; improvement of expertise integration; convergence of regulations derived from different Brazilian surveillance agencies and institutions; adjustments of legal framework - international /Brazilian; strengthening of entrepreneurial culture; consistent approach to ethical issues biotechnology.implementing a reasonable approach to biotechnology issues: more technical than political and ideological contents.