Title: Methods of studying cells (1)

Year 12 Biology

Title: Methods of studying cells (1)

Success Criteria GCSE Specification Reference

- Explain the principles of magnification and resolution - Describe what cell fractionation is - Explain how ultracentrifugation is

3.2.1.3

Misconceptions Keywords

- The light microscope is the best instrument to visualise cells - Magnification and resolution are the same thing - Higher magnification means higher resolution

electrons, magnification, resolution, cell fractionation, ultracentrifugation

Exam Question Links Reach/Revision Opportunities/Videos

- Short: http://degarel.exampro.net/ - Extended: http://virymib.exampro.net/

- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfLgNysfadY

Prior Learning Practical Opportunities

- Have studied the light and electron microscope at GCSE - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5c7AmsM4Bdo

http://degarel.exampro.net/

http://virymib.exampro.net/

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfLgNysfadY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5c7AmsM4Bdo

Year 12 Biology

Title: The electron microscope (2)


- Explain how electron microscopes work - Explain the differences between a transmission EM and a scanning EM - Describe the limitations of the transmission and the scanning EMs

3.2.1.3


- EM pictures can 'see' colour - EM images look like textbook diagrams

photomicrograph, scanning, transmission



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZKiN_wk9UA


- Have studied the light and electron microscope at GCSE - -

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5c7AmsM4Bdo




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZKiN_wk9UA


Year 12 Biology

Title: Microscopic measurements and calculations (3)


- Explain how to calibrate an eyepiece graticule - Explain how to measure cell size using an eyepiece graticule - Learning how to calculate the size or magnification of a specimen from drawings and photographs

3.2.1.3


- You can only measure using a microscope in nanometres - - -

eyepiece graticule, stage micrometer


- Short: http://degarel.exampro.net/ - Extended: http://virymib.exampro.net/ -

- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZKiN_wk9UA - -


- Have studied the light and electron microscope at GCSE - -

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5c7AmsM4Bdo -




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZKiN_wk9UA


Year 12 Biology

Title: Eukaryotic cell structure (4)


- Describe the structure and functions of the eukaryotic organelles - Describe the structure and function of the cell wall in plants, algae and fungi - Describe the structure and function of the cell vacuole in plants

3.2.1.1


- The nucleus is not made up of any other parts - Most organelles are surrounded by a single membrane

ultrastructure, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, double membrane



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqIux4fqrEw


- Most human and animal cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. - Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell. Plant cells often have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.





https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqIux4fqrEw

Year 12 Biology




3.2.1.1



ultrastructure, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, double membrane












Year 12 Biology




3.2.1.1



ultrastructure, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, double membrane,












Year 12 Biology

Title: Cell specialisation and organisation (7)


- Discuss the advantages of cellular differentiation - Describe how cells are arranged into tissues - Describe how tissues are arranged into organs - Describe how organs are arranged into organ systems

3.2.1.1


- Specialised cells must contain different genes to others - In terms of cells, plants are not as organised as animals

genes, tissues, organs, organ systems



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqbkTT63yeE


- Have studied simple cell examples of specialisation and differentiation - N/A




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqbkTT63yeE

Year 12 Biology

Title: Prokaryotic cells and viruses (8)


- Describe the structure of prokaryotic cells - Distinguish prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells

3.2.1.2


- Viruses are living organisms - Prokaryotes have a nucleus

capsule, plasmids, capsid, nucleic acids



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SV516aoYOs


- A bacterial cell consists of cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall – the genes are not in a distinct nucleus. - Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogens. White blood cells help to defend against pathogens by ingesting them, producing antibodies and antitoxins.

- N/A




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SV516aoYOs

Year 12 Biology

Title: Mitosis (9)


- Describe what mitosis is - State when DNA replication takes place - Explain the important of mitosis

3.2.2


- Daughter cells always have the same genetic makeup of the parent cell - Chromosomes are able to move themselves around the cell - Prokaryotes and viruses can also undergo mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase


- Short: http://rebegio.exampro.net/ - Extended: http://eaoucyn.exampro.net/

- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0k-enzoeOM - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2ZfH3Jp5p8


- In body cells the chromosomes are generally found in pairs. Body cells divide by mitosis. When a body cell divides by mitosis, copies of the genetic material are made then the cell divides once to form two genetically identical body cells. Mitosis occurs during asexual reproduction or growth or to produce replacement cells.

- N/A

http://rebegio.exampro.net/

http://eaoucyn.exampro.net/


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0k-enzoeOM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2ZfH3Jp5p8

Year 12 Biology

Title: The Cell Cycle (10)


- Describe the three stages of the cell cycle - Describe what happens during interphase - Explain how mitosis is controlled - Describe how cancer and its treatment relate to the cell cycle

3.2.2


- Cells are always dividing - Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the same process

nuclear division, cytokinesis, cancer, chemotherapy


- Short: http://rebegio.exampro.net/ - Extended: http://eaoucyn.exampro.net/

- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0k-enzoeOM - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2ZfH3Jp5p8


- In body cells the chromosomes are generally found in pairs. Body cells divide by mitosis. When a body cell divides by mitosis, copies of the genetic material are made then the cell divides once to form two genetically identical body cells. Mitosis occurs during asexual reproduction or growth or to produce replacement cells.

- N/A

http://rebegio.exampro.net/

http://eaoucyn.exampro.net/


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0k-enzoeOM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2ZfH3Jp5p8

Year 12 Biology

Title: Structure of cell surface membrane (11)


- Describe the structure of the cell surface membrane - Describe the functions of the various components of the CSM - Explain the fluid-mosaic model of cell membrane structure

3.2.3


- Phospholipids have a variety of head and tail numbers - Phospholipids are different on varying organelles

plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer, fluid-mosaic model


- Short: http://lewigun.exampro.net/ - Extended: http://cepayeh.exampro.net/

- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEY9Bie92aM - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD1eS4


- N/A - N/A

http://lewigun.exampro.net/

http://cepayeh.exampro.net/


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEY9Bie92aM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD1eS4

Year 12 Biology

Title: Structure of cell surface membrane (12)


- Describe the structure of the cell surface membrane - Describe the functions of the various components of the CSM - Explain the fluid-mosaic model of cell membrane structure

3.2.3


- Phospholipids have a variety of head and tail numbers - Phospholipids are different on varying organelles

plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer, fluid-mosaic model



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEY9Bie92aM - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD1eS4


- N/A - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAxlOaINKi8




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEY9Bie92aM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD1eS4

Year 12 Biology

Title: Diffusion (13)


- Explain what diffusion is and why it occurs - Explain what affects the rate of diffusion - Distinguish between facilitated diffusion and diffusion

3.2.3


- All particles move from high to low concentration - Each particle moves in a particular and predictable pattern - Protein channels have active sites

facilitated, protein channels, carrier proteins



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/exchange/diffusion - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgN76naeA1Q


- Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from a region where they are of a higher concentration to a region with a lower concentration. - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAxlOaINKi8




https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/exchange/diffusion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgN76naeA1Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAxlOaINKi8

Year 12 Biology

Title: Osmosis (14)


- State the water potential of pure water - Describe the effect of solutes on water potential - Explain how water potential affects water movement - Explain what happens when animal and plant cells are placed into pure water

3.2.3


- Osmosis is the movement different particles - Some water potential numbers can be positive

water potential, solution, solute, solvent, kinetic energy



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qv91V_qkUHk


- Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution through a selectively permeable membrane that allows the passage of water molecules.

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SN8QvXMRd_w - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAxlOaINKi8




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qv91V_qkUHk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SN8QvXMRd_w


Year 12 Biology

Title: Osmosis (15)


- State the water potential of pure water - Describe the effect of solutes on water potential - Explain how water potential affects water movement - Explain what happens when animal and plant cells are placed into pure water

3.2.3


- Osmosis is the movement different particles - Some water potential numbers can be positive

water potential, solution, solute, solvent, kinetic energy



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qv91V_qkUHk


- Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution through a selectively permeable membrane that allows the passage of water molecules.

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SN8QvXMRd_w - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAxlOaINKi8




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qv91V_qkUHk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SN8QvXMRd_w


Year 12 Biology

Title: Active transport (16)


- Explain the process of active transport - Describe the conditions required for active transport

3.2.3


- Protein channels have active sites - Protein channels can carry a variety of materials across the membrane

ATP, co-transport, sodium-potassium pump



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgN76naeA1Q


- Substances are sometimes absorbed against a concentration gradient. This involves the use of ATP from respiration. The process is called active transport. Active transport enables cells to absorb ions from very dilute solutions.

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAxlOaINKi8




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgN76naeA1Q


Year 12 Biology

Title: Co-transport and absorption of glucose (17)


- Describe the part villi and microvilli play in absorption - Explain how the products of carbohydrate digestion are absorbed in the ileum - Explain the roles of diffusion, active transport and co-transport in the process

3.2.3


- Villi and microvilli are the same structure microvilli, co-transport, carrier molecule



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Fp91-ostBE






https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Fp91-ostBE


Year 12 Biology

Title: Co-transport and absorption of glucose (18)


- Describe the part villi and microvilli play in absorption - Explain how the products of carbohydrate digestion are absorbed in the ileum - Explain the roles of diffusion, active transport and co-transport in the process

3.2.3


- Villi and microvilli are the same structure microvilli, co-transport, carrier molecule



- https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/cells - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Fp91-ostBE






https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Fp91-ostBE


Year 12 Biology

Title: Introduction to biological molecules (19)


- Explain bonding and the formation of molecules - Describe polymerisation and state what macromolecules are - Describe condensation and hydrolysis - Describe metabolism

3.1.1


- Polymers are only made from alkenes, such as the formation of plastics covalent, ionic, hydrogen, polar, hydrolysis


- Short: http://HUJEMIF.exampro.net - Extended: http://YAXOAEV.exampro.net

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0 - https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/essential-substances


- The glucose produced by plants during photosynthesis may be converted into insoluble starch for storage - Some glucose in plants and algae is used to produce fat for storage, and cellulose which strengthens the cell wall and proteins

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlnSInGuHCw

http://hujemif.exampro.net/

http://yaxoaev.exampro.net/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/essential-substances

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/essential-substances

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlnSInGuHCw

Year 12 Biology

Title: Carbohydrates and monosaccharides (20)


- Describe how carbohydrates and constructed - Describe the nature of monosaccharides - Describe how to carry out the Benedict's test for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars

3.1.2


- Prefixes are of no use when name molecules - There is one type of glucose - Benedict's can test for all sugars

monomer, polymer, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, Benedict's



- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmWHM9jVTlU - https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/carbohydrates






https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmWHM9jVTlU

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/carbohydrates



Year 12 Biology

Title: Carbohydrates - disaccharides and polysaccharides (21)


- Explain how monosaccharides are linked together to form disaccharides - Describe how a-glucose molecules are linked to form starch - Describe the test for non-reducing sugars - Describe the test for starch

3.1.2


- Only hydrolysis reaction involve water - Similar monomers, when joined together, produce similar polymers

condensation, glycosidic, reducing, iodine



- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmWHM9jVTlU - https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/carbohydrates






https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmWHM9jVTlU




Year 12 Biology

Title: Starch, glycogen and cellulose (22)


- Explain how a-glucose monomers are arranged to form the polymers of starch and glycogen - Explain how b-glucose monomers are arranged to form the polymer cellulose - Explain how the molecular structures of starch, glycogen and cellulose relate to their functions

3.1.2


- Cellulose would make a good storage material - Starch and glycogen would make a good structural material

osmosis, starch, glycogen, cellulose



- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFgQ1byNn1c - https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/carbohydrates






https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFgQ1byNn1c




Year 12 Biology

Title: Lipids (23)


- Describe the structure of triglycerides and how this relates to their function - Describe the roles of lipids - Describe the structure of phospholipids and how this relates to their structure - Describe the test for a lipid

3.1.3


- Water-loving and water-hating are good terms to use - All fats are unhealthy when consumed - Fats and oils have identical compositions

triglycerides, phospholipids, water potential, polar, hydrophobic/philic


- Short: http://KUEEBUU.exampro.net - Extended: N/A

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIRMqVxbt8k - https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/lipids


- Some glucose in plants and algae is used to produce fat for storage, and cellulose which strengthens the cell wall and proteins - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlnSInGuHCw

http://kueebuu.exampro.net/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIRMqVxbt8k

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/lipids

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology/biological-molecules/lipids


Year 12 Biology

Title: Proteins (24)


- Explain how amino acids are linked to form polypeptides - the primary structure of proteins - Explain how polypeptides are arranged to form the secondary structure then the tertiary structure of ap protein - Explain the quaternary structure of a protein is formed - Describe the test for proteins

3.1.4.1


- Condensation and hydrolysis reactions are similar - You need to heat the Biuret reagent to test for proteins

amino acid, peptide bond, amino group, carboxyl group, polypeptide


- Short: http://EEGYQUK.exampro.net - Extended: http://BISIFAG.exampro.net

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ip4D8ZZenHI - https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/biological-molecules/proteins


- Protein molecules are made up of long chains of amino acids. These long chains are folded to produce a specific shape that enables other molecules to fit into the protein - Proteins act as structural components of tissues such as muscles, hormones, antibodies and catalysts

- N/A

http://eegyquk.exampro.net/

http://bisifag.exampro.net/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ip4D8ZZenHI

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/biological-molecules/proteins


Year 12 Biology

Title: Proteins (25)


- Explain how amino acids are linked to form polypeptides - the primary structure of proteins - Explain how polypeptides are arranged to form the secondary structure then the tertiary structure of ap protein - Explain the quaternary structure of a protein is formed - Describe the test for proteins

3.1.4.1


- Condensation and hydrolysis reactions are similar - You need to heat the Biuret reagent to test for proteins

amino acid, peptide bond, amino group, carboxyl group, polypeptide


- Short: http://EEGYQUK.exampro.net - Extended: http://BISIFAG.exampro.net

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ip4D8ZZenHI - https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/biology-level-revision/biological-molecules/proteins


- Protein molecules are made up of long chains of amino acids. These long chains are folded to produce a specific shape that enables other molecules to fit into the protein - Proteins act as structural components of tissues such as muscles, hormones, antibodies and catalysts

- N/A

http://eegyquk.exampro.net/

http://bisifag.exampro.net/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ip4D8ZZenHI



Documents

Title: Methods of studying cells (1)