Tissue Chapter 4 Link Slide 2 Tissues Tissue: 4 Primary Tissue
Types 1.Epithelial 2.Connective 3.Muscle 4.Nervous
http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/2
0_Simple_Columnar_Epithelial_Tissue.jpg Slide 3 Match Tissue Type
to Function 1.Epithelial 2.Connective 3.Nervous 4.Muscle
A.Supports, protects, binds other tissues together B.Internal
communication C.Contracts to cause movement D.Forms boundaries
between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs,
filters Slide 4 Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium) Two main types (by
location): 1.Covering and lining epithelium 2.Glandular epithelium
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/g
oblet%20cells%20.jpg Forms boundaries b/w different environments
Slide 5 Functions of Epithelial Tissue Protection Absorption
Filtration Excretion Secretion Sensory reception Slide 6
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 1.Cells have polarity 2.Are
composed of closely packed cells 3.Supported by a connective tissue
reticular lamina (under the basal lamina) 4.Avascular but
innervated 5.High rate of regeneration Slide 7 Classification of
Epithelia Ask two questions: 1.How many layers? 1 = simple
epithelium >1 = stratified epithelium Slide 8 Classification of
Epithelia 2.What type of cell? Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Note: if
stratified, name according to apical layer of cells! Slide 9
Overview of Epithelial Tissues For each of the following types of
epithelia, note: Description Function Location Slide 10 Simple
Epithelia Single cell layer (usually very thin) Concerned with:
Absorption Secretion Filtration NOT concerned with: protection
Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudo
stratified columnar Slide 11 Simple Squamous Epithelium Description
Function Location Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium
forming part of the alveolar (air sac) walls (125x). Note:
ENDOTHELIUM AND MESOTHELIUM Slide 12 Description Function Location
(b) Simple cuboidal epithelium Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal
epithelium in kidney tubules (430x). Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Slide 13 (c) Simple columnar epithelium Photomicrograph: Simple
columnar epithelium of the stomach mucosa (860X). Simple Columnar
Epithelium Description Function Location Slide 14 (c) Simple
columnar epithelium Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Description Function Location Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (570x). Slide
15 Stratified Epithelium 2+ cell layers Regenerate from below More
durable than simple epithelia Major role: Protection Slide 16
Stratified Squamous Epithelium Description Function Location
Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium lining the
esophagus (285x). Slide 17 Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Description Function Location Slide 18 Stratified Columnar
Epithelium http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/115414/large/C0051252-
Stratified_columnar_epithelium,_urethra-SPL.jpg Description
Function Location Slide 19 Transitional Epithelium Description
Function Location Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining
the urinary bladder, relaxed state (360X); note the bulbous, or
rounded, appearance of the cells at the surface; these cells
flatten and become elongated when the bladder is filled with urine.
Slide 20 Glandular Epithelia Gland: one or more cells that secretes
and aqueous fluid Classified by: Site of product release Endocrine
Exocrine Relative number of cells forming the gland Unicellular
Multicellular Slide 21 Glands Endocrine Ductless glands Secrete
hormones that travel through lymph or blood to target organs
Examples: Thyroid Gland, Pituitary Gland Covered in Ch. 16 Exocrine
Secrete products into ducts Secretions released onto body surfaces
(skin) or into body cavities Examples: mucous, sweat, oil, and
salivary glands More numerous! Slide 22 Unicellular Exocrine Glands
Goblet cell and Mucous cell Mucin -> mucous Slide 23
Multicellular Exocrine Glands Composed of a duct and a secretory
unit Classified according to: 1.Duct type Simple Compound
2.Structure of secretory units tubular alveolar tubuloalveolar
Slide 24 Figure 4.5 Compound duct structure (duct branches) Simple
tubular Example Intestinal glands Simple branched tubular Example
Stomach (gastric) glands Compound tubular Example Duodenal glands
of small intestine Compound alveolar Example Mammary glands Simple
alveolar Example No important example in humans Simple branched
alveolar Example Sebaceous (oil) glands Compound tubuloalveolar
Example Salivary glands Tubular secretory structure Alveolar
secretory structure Surface epitheliumDuctSecretory epithelium
Simple duct structure (duct does not branch) Slide 25 Modes of
Secretion Merocrine Products are secreted by exocytosis pancreas,
sweat and salivary glands Holocrine Products are secreted by
rupture of gland cells sebaceous (oil) glands Slide 26 Connective
Tissue Most abundant and widely distributed tissue type Four main
classes 1)Connective Tissue Proper 2)Cartilage 3)Bone Tissue
4)Blood See Table 4.1 Slide 27 Major Functions of Connective Tissue
1)Binding and Support 2)Protection 3)Insulation 4)Stores reserve
fuel 5)Transports Slide 28 Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Connective tissues have: Mesenchyme as their common tissue of
origin Varying degrees of vascularity Cells separated by nonliving
extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers) 3 Structural
Elements Ground substance Fibers Cells Slide 29 Structural Elements
of Connective Tissue Ground substance Medium through which solutes
diffuse between blood capillaries and cells Components:
Interstitial fluid Adhesion proteins ( glue ) Proteoglycans Protein
core + large polysaccharides Trap water -> viscosity Slide 30
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Fibers
Collagen (white fibers) Strongest and most abundant type Provides
high tensile strength Elastic (yellow fibers) Networks of long,
thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch/recoil Reticular Short,
fine, highly branched collagenous fibers Slide 31 Structural
Elements of Connective Tissue Cells (see table 4.1) Mitotically
active and secretory cells = blasts Fibroblasts, chondroblasts,
osteoblasts, hematopoietic stem cells Mature cells = cytes
Chondrocytes, osteocytes Other cell types Fat cells, white blood
cells, mast cells, and macrophages Slide 32 Figure 4.7 Macrophage
Fibroblast Lymphocyte Fat cell Mast cell Neutrophil Capillary Cell
types Extracellular matrix Fibers Collagen fiber Elastic fiber
Reticular fiber Ground substance Slide 33 Connective Tissue:
Embryonic Mesenchymeembryonic connective tissue Gives rise to all
other connective tissues Gel-like ground substance with fibers and
star- shaped mesenchymal cells Slide 34 Connective Tissue Proper
Types: Loose connective tissue Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense
connective tissue Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic Slide 35
Loose Connective: Areolar Description Function Location
Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, a soft packaging tissue
of the body (300x). CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER Slide 36 Loose
Connective: Adipose Description Function Location Photomicrograph:
Adipose tissue from the subcutaneous layer under the skin (350x).
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER Slide 37 Loose Connective: Reticular
Description Function Location Photomicrograph: Dark-staining
network of reticular connective tissue fibers forming the internal
skeleton of the spleen (350x). CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER Slide 38
Dense Connective: Dense Regular Description Function Location
Photomicrograph: Dense regular connective tissue from a tendon
(500x). CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER Slide 39 Dense Connective: Dense
Irregular Description Function Location Photomicrograph: Dense
irregular connective tissue from the dermis of the skin (400x).
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER Slide 40 Dense Connective: Elastic
Description Function Location Photomicrograph: Elastic connective
tissue in the wall of the aorta (250x). CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
Slide 41 Connective Tissue: Cartilage Stands up to both compression
and tension No nerve fibers, avascular 80% water Chondroblasts
produce new matrix Chondrocytes mature cartilage cells Found in
small groups in lacunae Slide 42 Hyaline Cartilage Description
Function Location Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from the
trachea (750x). CARTILAGE Slide 43 Elastic Cartilage Description
Function Location Photomicrograph: Elastic cartilage from the human
ear pinna; forms the flexible skeleton of the ear (800x). CARTILAGE
Slide 44 Fibrocartilage Description Function Location
Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of an intervertebral disc (125x).
Special staining produced the blue color seen. CARTILAGE Slide 45
Connective Tissue: Bone Description Function Location
Photomicrograph: Cross- sectional view of bone (125x). Slide 46
Connective Tissue: Blood Description Function Location
Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1860x); two white blood
cells (neutrophil in upper left and lymphocyte in lower right) are
seen surrounded by red blood cells. Slide 47 Nervous Tissue
Description Function Location Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x) Slide
48 Muscle Tissue Highly cellular, well vascularized Movement Types
1.Skeletal 2.Cardiac 3.Smooth Slide 49 Skeletal Muscle Description
Function Location Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 460x).
Notice the obvious banding pattern and the fact that these large
cells are multinucleate. MUSCLE TISSUE Slide 50 Cardiac Muscle
Description Function Location Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle
(500X); notice the striations, branching of cells, and the
intercalated discs. MUSCLE TISSUE Slide 51 Smooth Muscle
Description Function Location Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth
muscle (200x). MUSCLE TISSUE Slide 52 Epithelial Membranes
Cutaneous membrane (skin) Mucous membranes Mucosae Line body
cavities open to the exterior (e.g., digestive and respiratory
tracts) Serous Membranes Serosaemembranes (mesothelium + areolar
tissue) in a closed ventral body cavity Parietal serosae line
internal body walls Visceral serosae cover internal organs Slide 53
Figure 4.11b Mucosa of nasal cavity Mucosa of lung bronchi Mucosa
of mouth Esophagus lining (b) Mucous membranes line body cavities
open to the exterior. Slide 54 Figure 4.11c Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium (c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed
to the exterior. Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal
pleura Visceral pleura Slide 55 Steps in Tissue Repair Inflammation
Organization and Restored Blood Supply Regeneration and Fibrosis
Slide 56 Figure 4.12, step 1 Scab Blood clot in incised wound
Epidermis Vein Inflammatory chemicals Inflammation sets the stage:
Severed blood vessels bleed and inflammatory chemicals are
released. Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white
blood cells, fluid, clotting proteins and other plasma proteins to
seep into the injured area. Clotting occurs; surface dries and
forms a scab. Migrating white blood cell Artery 1 Slide 57 Figure
4.12, step 2 Regenerating epithelium Area of granulation tissue
ingrowth Fibroblast Macrophage Organization restores the blood
supply: The clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores
the vascular supply. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that
bridge the gap. Macrophages phagocytize cell debris. Surface
epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue.
2 Slide 58 Figure 4.12, step 3 Regenerated epithelium Fibrosed area
Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair: The fibrosed
area matures and contracts; the epithelium thickens. A fully
regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue
results. 3 Slide 59 Developmental Aspects Primary germ layers:
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm Formed early in embryonic
development Specialize to form the four primary tissues Nerve
tissue arises from ectoderm Muscle and connective tissues arise
from mesoderm Epithelial tissues arise from all three germ
layers
