Tire/Pavement Noise and other Surface Characteristics from Highway Pavements

in California

Erwin Kohler

Presented at CONINFRA 2009, Sao Paulo, Brazil

CHILE

Acknowledgements

John Harvey – UCPRCLinus Motumah - Division of Pavements, Caltrans

Propiedades del pavimento vs textura

Projetos UCPRC sobre ruído e textura• UCPRC é a Universidade da Califórnia Pavement

Research Center (Centro Pesquisar Pavimentos)

• Em 2005 começou um projeto para avaliar o ruído e outras características superfície do pavimento

• Temos até 3 anos de medições de ruído e da macrotextura em pavimentos de asfalto

• Estou trabalhando agora no 4º ano da recolha de dados em asfalto e 2º ano en concreto

• Medições acústicas com método “OBSI”

Content1. OBSI method of testing noise

2. Asphalt Pavement Research

3. Concrete Pavement Research

Metodo OBSI

The OBSI methodAASHTO TP 76-08 - Standard Method of Test for

Measurement of Tire/Pavement Noise Using the On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) Method

OBSI Details• It measures the noise near the source, at two locations

(front and rear)

• It captures noise in a range of frequencies and an overall index is calculated

• OBSI uses a standard test tire, and the test speed is 60 miles per hour (96.5 Km/h)

Asphalt Pavements

Quieter Pavement Research

1. What properties/materials impact pavement noise levels and how?

2. How long can the acoustic benefits of the pavement last?

3. How do quieter pavements perform over time with regard to friction, smoothness, traffic loading, and maintenance needs?

Purpose is to answer:

Asphalt sections• Target: 80 pavement sections throughout

California

Pav. Type

Age

Rainfall

Traffic H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L

DIS

T/C

TY/R

TE/K

P

03-P

LA-8

0-1.

4/2.

601

-LAK

-29-

R37

.3/R

37.6

04-C

C-6

80-2

3.9/

24.9

05-S

CR

-152

-7.6

/8.0

04

-Mrn

-101

-0.0

/2.5

(NB&

SB)

04-S

on-1

21-3

.4/7

.3(N

B&SB

)(+)

04-S

Cl-2

37-R

3.8/

7.10

(+)

08-S

Bd-3

8-S0

.0/R

5.0

04-M

rn-3

7-12

.1/1

4.4(

EB&W

B)(+

)01

-MEN

-1-0

.1/1

5.2

(Sta

ntec

/cor

ed)

04-S

Cl-2

37-R

1.0/

2.3

03-S

ac-1

6-6.

9/20

.7

03-P

la-8

0-14

.3/3

3.3

01-M

EN-2

0-R

37.9

/43.

006

-TU

L-99

-42.

0/47

.0

06

-TU

L-63

-19.

8/R

30.1

03

-Sac

-50-

16.1

0/17

.30

10-A

ma-

49-1

4.7/

17.6

07-L

A-71

0-6.

8/9.

706

-Tul

-65-

21/2

9 (S

tant

ec/c

ored

)

04-N

ap-1

28-5

.1/7

.4 (E

.B. o

nly)

04-S

Cl-8

5-1.

9/4.

708

-SBD

-58-

R0.

0/5.

3

01-M

EN-2

0-R

37.9

/43.

004

-SC

l-280

-R0.

0/R

2.7

06-T

UL-

63-1

9.8/

R30

.1

04-M

rn-1

01-1

8.9/

23.1

(NB

only

)04

-Son

-1-0

.0/8

.4 (N

B&SB

)(+)

08-R

iv-1

5-33

.8/3

8.4

05-S

LO-4

6-R

10.8

/R22

.004

-Mrn

-101

-2.5

/8.5

(as-

buit)

10-C

al-4

-0/1

8.8

07-L

A-60

-R25

.4/R

30.5

(sta

ntec

)07

-Ven

-34-

4.3/

6.3

01-M

EN-2

0-R

37.9

/43.

006

-FR

E-99

-10.

7/15

.907

-LA-

138-

60.2

/61.

6 03

-ED

-50-

17.3

/18.

303

-ED

-50-

18.5

/20.

3 (a

s-bu

ilt)

06-K

ER-9

9-R

29.5

/R31

.0 (o

nly

SB)

04-S

OL-

113-

0.1/

18.0

04-S

M-2

80-9

.6/1

0.8

01

-Men

-1-2

0.8/

38.7

(S

tant

ec/c

ored

)04

-Ala

-92-

6.6/

8.8

06-K

ER-6

5-R

0.0/

2.9

(Sta

ntec

/cor

ed)

01-L

ake-

20-4

5.8/

46.5

01-M

en-1

01-3

7.4/

38.8

01-M

en-1

01-5

0.8/

51.

501

-HU

M-1

01-1

11.1

/111

.501

-Men

-20-

21.1

9/21

.69

01-M

en-2

0-22

.18

/22.

68

H H H

L H H

H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L

1-4 years 5-8 years

H L H L H L H L

<1 year 1-4 years 5-8 years <1 year

F mixes

<1 year 1-4 years 5-8 years <1 year 1-4 years 5-8 years <1 year 1-4 years 5-8 years

RAC-O RAC-GOGAC DGAC

Asphalt Pavements SectionsTotal number of sections

2006 762007 712008 65

By mix typeOGAC: 18 (Open Graded Asphalt Concrete)RAC-O: 20 (Rubberized AC Open Graded)RAC-G: 13 (Rubberized AC Gap Graded)DGAC: 18 (Dense Graded AC)Other: 7 (BWC, F-mixes, Euro gap graded, MB)

Represent entire population of AC pavements

Data collection

Condition Survey

Permeability

Friction (microtexture)

Collect Cores

Pavement/ tire noise

Smoothness (IRI)

Macrotexture

Thickness

Air Void Content

Aggregate Gradation (sizes)

Sound absorption

Traffic closureTraffic speed Laboratory

Cores #1 and #2

Cores #3 and #4

Cores #9 and #10

Cores #11 and #12

Core #3

Core #4

Core #5

Core #6Friction and

permeability zones

Center of the laneWheelpath

Direction of traffic

25m between cores

3.6m

150m long test section

Cores #5 and #6

Cores #7 and #8

Detail segment

Work in a traffic closure

Traffic Control: Caltrans Maintenance

Condition survey: cracks & distresses, pictures

Cores: drill, extract, label, backfill

Friction: BP (& DFT)

Permeability: epoxy seal, place, pour water, time

Sorted by type & noise level

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110R

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-OR

AC

-O

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

RA

C-G

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

OG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

DG

AC

EU

Gap

Gra

ded

EU

Gap

Gra

ded

RU

MA

C-G

GR

UM

AC

-GG

Typ

eDM

BB

WC

RA

C-O

-F-m

ixR

UM

AC

-GG

-90

mm

BW

CB

WC

RU

MA

C-G

G-4

5m

mR

UM

AC

-GG

-90

mm

Typ

eG-M

B-9

0m

mB

WC

Typ

eG-M

B-4

5m

mR

UM

AC

-GG

-45

mm

RA

C-O

-F-m

ixT

ypeD

-MB

-90m

mT

ypeD

-MB

-90m

mT

ypeG

-MB

-45

mm

Typ

eDM

BT

ypeD

-MB

-45m

mB

WC

Typ

eD-M

B-4

5mm

Typ

eG-M

B-9

0m

mT

ypeG

-MB

-90

mm

Typ

eG-M

B-4

5m

mR

AC

-O-F

-mix

RU

MA

C-G

G-4

5m

mR

UM

AC

-GG

-90

mm

Typ

eDM

BT

ypeD

-MB

-90m

mR

AC

-O-F

-mix

Typ

eD-M

B-4

5mm

RA

C-O

-F-m

ixR

AC

-O-F

-mix

OB

SI

RAC-O RAC-G OGAC DGAC Other

OBSI vs Pavement Age & by Mix Type• no AC section older than 8 years has OBSI <100 dB(A)

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Pavement Age

OB

SI

DGAC | RAC-G | OGAC | RAC-O

• OBSI results in California on all sections by year

100.8 101.2102.1

103.6

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

Year of testing

OB

SI

2006 2007 2008

All asphalt sections

Asphalt Pavements 3-year Results

Concrete Pavements

Concrete Pavements• From early Arizona and California database:

– “at least in the US, the absolute level of quiet PCC does not approach that of quiet AC”

• The concrete pavement industry responded with testing and building test sections

• 4 “families” of concrete pavements - Diamond Grinding - Drag

- Longitudinal Tining - Transverse Tining

State-wide AC & PCC OBSI studies• Range of climates, traffic levels, pavement types

AC PCC

Comparison of PCC and AC• Cumulative distributions of OBSI levels• PCC: CP Tech Center, from several states, custom equipment,

shorter interval• AC: UCPRC, only California, AASHTO TP-76 equipment, 5 seconds

Concrete Pavements

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110

Overall OBSI (dBA)

Cu

mu

lativ

e D

istr

ibu

tion

.

Diam-G

Drag

Longit T

Transv T

Asphalt Pavements

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110

Overall OBSI (dBA)

Cu

mu

lativ

e D

istr

ibu

tion

.RAC-O

OGAC

RAC-G

DGAC

Conclusions• Diamond ground surfaces are the quietest PCC.

• It is important to establish goals for tire/pavement noise. A noise level of 100.0 dB(A) measured at 60 mph seems reasonable.

• The UCPRC study shows that after two years, the average noise from about 70 sections has increased from 100.8 dB(A) to 102.1 dB(A). This is an increase of 1.3 dB(A) over a two-year period.

• It must be noted that many RAC-O sections that are less than 8 years old are still between 98 and 100 dB(A).

Thanks

Erwin Kohler

+56 (2) 581-3940 ekohler@dynatest.com