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Some Areas of Time Reform
Year Round School
Extended School Day
Four Day Weeks
Block Scheduling
All Day Kindergarten
Quality of time in school
Year-Round Schooling
U.S. TOTALS = U.S. TOTALS = 384 School Districts totaling 384 School Districts totaling 3,206 school in all!3,206 school in all! OHIO TOTALS = OHIO TOTALS =
7 districts in Ohio; 27 schools7 districts in Ohio; 27 schools
Less than 4% of all schools in Less than 4% of all schools in nationwide, butnationwide, but
it’s 4 times the number of it’s 4 times the number of students in year-students in year-
round schools 10 years agoround schools 10 years ago
Traditional vs. Year-Round
Origins of School Year
“Year-Round” is a misleading term
Students in most American year-round school districts spend the same amount of days in class as students in traditional calendar schools – the days are just arranged differently.
PROS PROS Year-Round Year-Round SchoolingSchooling
Students and teachers Students and teachers are refreshed by more are refreshed by more frequent breaks frequent breaks (better attendance) (better attendance)
Not as much review in Not as much review in the fallthe fall
ESL students do not ESL students do not fall behind because fall behind because they are not exposed they are not exposed to Englishto English
Students requiring Students requiring academic support academic support don’t have to wait don’t have to wait to go to summer to go to summer school. school.
Increase academic Increase academic achievement scoresachievement scores
CONSCONSYear-Round Year-Round SchoolingSchooling
Too hard to fight Too hard to fight traditiontradition
Increased Increased maintenance and maintenance and operational cost operational cost
Higher pay for Higher pay for teachersteachers
Scheduling issues Scheduling issues can harm familiescan harm families
Sports teams and Sports teams and competitionscompetitions
Only adopt in Only adopt in elementary schoolselementary schools
LEADERSLEADERSYear-Round Year-Round SchoolingSchooling
Other Other industrialized industrialized nations: nations:
Germany ~ 240 daysGermany ~ 240 days
Japan ~ 243 days Japan ~ 243 days
China ~ 251 daysChina ~ 251 days
National National Association for Association for Year-Round Year-Round Education (NAYRE)Education (NAYRE)
http://www.nayre.org/
Minnesota Minnesota Association for Association for Year-Round Year-Round Education (MAYRE)Education (MAYRE)
Extending the School Day
What is the first thing we should do to help our children learn? Answer: Give them more time at school each day.
In the United States, the typical school day lasts 6 hours. In contrast, other nations provide up to 8 hours of schooling a day OR MORE!
PROSPROSExtending the Extending the School DaySchool Day
More More TIMETIME::
– InstructionInstruction– StudentsStudents– CurriculumCurriculum– IndividualizeIndividualize
……Less STRESS!Less STRESS!
Less time for Less time for “wasted” time “wasted” time outside of schooloutside of school
Increase student Increase student achievementachievement
Working parentsWorking parents
CONSExtending the School Day
BURN OUT!BURN OUT!
~ Kids~ Kids
~ Students~ Students
~ Teachers~ Teachers
The costs of The costs of extending the extending the school time are school time are disproportionate disproportionate to any resulting to any resulting instructional instructional gain.gain.
LEADERExtending the School Day
KIPP – Knowledge is Power ProgramFounders: Mike Feinburg and David Levin
They maintain that a major problem facing the U.S. today They maintain that a major problem facing the U.S. today is lack of sufficient time to learn.is lack of sufficient time to learn.
KIPP is a special group of charter schools.KIPP is a special group of charter schools.
Reformers recognize that they are competing for Reformers recognize that they are competing for children’s time and attention and the competition is fierce. children’s time and attention and the competition is fierce.
KIPP keeps kids so involved with school that they have KIPP keeps kids so involved with school that they have limited time to do anything else. limited time to do anything else.
Students aren’t the only one held to these standards, Students aren’t the only one held to these standards, parents and teachers are as well. parents and teachers are as well.
http://www.kipp.org/#
Four Day WeekParticipating Schools:
In Kentucky: Webster County schools, Jackson School DistrictEast Grand, ColoradoSaratoga, ArkansasVarious rural districts in the mountains or desert of the west.
Pros:
Pros: Saves on Expenses
Buses:Jackson uses 520 gallons of diesel per day. A savings
of 20% on fuel took place.Webster County saved $150,000 on transportation,
overtime, workers’ compensation, and pay for substitutes.
An additional $167,000 was saved by cutting a few jobs and changing bus routes.
Pros: Saves on Expenses
Extra Activities:Saratoga, Arkansas saved enough to implement
tutoring on the fifth day (which was Monday for them)Teachers were paid by the hour and was on a
voluntary basis.Students were chosen based on the lowest 50th
percentile on the standardized test.At first, bus transportation was not offered and
turnout was slimFor the second semester, enough money had been saved
to provide transportation and attendance increased.
Pros: Saves on Expenses
● Jackson uses the fifth day as half a day for teacher in-service.
Teachers were able to meet and plan.
Pros: Saves on Expenses
Out-of-school benefits
Teachers and students called off less. This improved student attendance and reduced spendature on substitute teachers.
Both teachers and students could plan doctor’s appointments, … on this day.
Pros: Saves on Expenses
The school day was only increased by 90 minutes. Younger students had extended recess and snack times. Students had more time for lessons and to work on homework. Parents found that it was better to find sitters for all day on one day than two hours everyday of the week. One school board voted to return to a five day school week. At the next election, every member of the board was voted out. The public tends to support this, once they understand it.
Cons:Most states advocate more school days, not less.
A four day week would not fit into this criteria
Many districts believe that a four day week would not provide any benefits to the students. Students need more instructional days, not less.
Some districts are planning ahead for diesel fuel increases in order to be on the safe side.
Block SchedulingWhat is Block Scheduling?
The restructuring of the school day from traditional seven or eight 50-minute periods to four 90 minute periods. Who is implementing Block Scheduling?
Various schools throughout the United States and Canada.
Ex. Ontario high schools; Appleton, Wisconsin School
District; Pierre, South Dakota
History of Block SchedulingIn 1959, J. Lloyd Trump proposed eliminating the traditional high school schedule and instituting classes of varying lengths in accordance with the instructional needs of students. The Trump Plan allowed for a class to meet for a 40-minute lecture, a 100-minute lab, and a 20-minute help session each week, whereas other classes could be short periods of 20 or 30 minutes. Trump encouraged teachers using his design to experiment with a variety of instructional strategies.
History of Block SchedulingIn 1990, Michael Fullan reiterated the idea that the traditional high school schedule had become a powerful myth, ceremonially adopted whether or not it was efficient or effective. Even today, despite awareness of problems with the traditional schedule, the power it exerts causes some educators to resist any change in the schedule and others to choose to return to an unblocked format.
History of Block SchedulingIn 1993 Tom Donahoe argued that restructuring should include the formal rearranging of the use of time in schools in order to promote an active culture that would improve student learning. He believed that this would bring about the creation of new kinds of American schools. One year later, the National Commission on Time and Learning published its report, Prisoners of Time, which warned that schools must be reinvented to focus on learning, not time. The Commission recommended using block scheduling to give teachers the time to engage students in active instruction.
ProsScience teachers prefer the block scheduling for extra
teaching and labs.Less time is spent in the halls switching classes.
More time is available for student-teacher interaction.Unless teachers try to cover twice the material within
the 90 minutes, there is less stress for the teachers.Statistically fewer failing grades.More time is allotted for off-site work experiences.The drop out rate is reduced.
ConsJunior/Senior High counselors are reporting on having to
deal with more problems with scheduling.Students are not retaining the information so the Appleton,
Wisconsin School District made a 20% cut in the curriculum.The students do not have the attention span needed for this
length of time.In most situations, students learn a years worth of curriculum in
a semester. In addition, time passes before they are re-introduced to the subject matter.
One 90 minute class has 10% less time than two 50 minute classes.
Difficulty making up work when school is missed.
History of All Day Kindergarten
Kindergarten was generally all day until...
World War IIDue to...
Lack of SpaceShortage of teachersHeightened birth rate
Kindergarten transformed from all day to half day.
There became a renewed interest in all day kindergarten with the success of programs such
as...
In the 1960’s and 1970’s…
Head Start
Why Is All-Day Kindergarten Important?
Students are coming to kindergarten unprepared…Some don’t know the names of lettersSome cannot count to 20Some don’t know colors or shapes
Also there are…Gaps between low income and higher incomeGaps between racial groupsGaps between English speaking and non-
English speaking households
ParentsLower child care costs
Opportunity for lower-income families to enroll in quality early education program
Less difficulty scheduling child care and transportation
Can get involved more in classroom and communicate with teacher
TeachersReduced ratio of transition time to learning time
More time spent with students individually
More time getting to know and communicating with parents
More time to assess students and individualize their education
Fewer total students
Students...Academically
More independent learning
More classroom involvement
Explore subjects in depth
Flexible, individualized learning environment
Individual, small group interaction with teacher
Students...● Socially
More productivity in working with peers
More likely to approach the teacher
● Emotionally
Express less withdrawl
Express less anger
Express less shyness
An Effective Kindergarten Program Must...
integrate new learning with past experiences in project work through mixed
ability and mixed-age grouping
involve children first hand with objects, other children, and adults
emphasize language development
work more with parents to share information and enhance parent-teacher partnerships
offers a balance between small group, large group, and individual activites
develop social skills
Interview With A Teacher
● Danielle Baltzer, Former First Grade Teacher
“When we switched to all-day kindergarten, the students were better prepared to begin first grade. They could handle staying in school for the entire day because they were used to it. They also were ready to begin reading.”
Colleen Skirtich, Kindergarten teacher
“With all-day kindergarten, the children ALL were ready to enter first grade – even the children who began the year at an academic disadvantage. Now, with the Ohio State Standards, it is difficult to fit in all the materials in only a half-day school day.”
It Costs An Average of....
An additional $500,000 to run an All Day
Kindergarten Program for one year.
Present Quality Lessons Brain Research (Dr. David Sousa)
Look at Learning Modalities
1/2 Visual1/3 Kinesthetic1/5 Auditory
Present lessons involving all 3!
Primacy-Recency EffectChunk Activity into 3 sections
(Example 40 minute lesson)
Prime Time 1
Teach new materialsStudents learn best20 minutesTeacher led
Down-Time
7 minutesStudents working Students learn least Student led
Prime Time 2
13 minutesTeach 2nd most important Students learn 2nd mostTeacher or student led
Common Planning TimeBenefits
Teachers can discuss lessons and “iron out kinks” before the lessons are presented.
Teachers can design thematic units so material is repeated throughout the various content areas.
The teachers can discuss the students, their grades, and what strategies work best for each student.
ResourcesYear Round School and
Extended School Day
http://minecu.govt.nz/print_doc.cfu?layout=document&documentid.htmlhttp://edutopia.org/magazine/ed1article.php?id=art_1313&issue=jun_05http://www.ericdigest.org/pre-922/year.htm http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/july-dec01/year-round.html
Matthews, Jay. (2005) Let's Have a 9-Hour School Day. The Washington Post: Washington D.C.
http://www.pbs.org/makingschoolswork/sbs/kipp/time.html
Resources
●Http://news.kypost.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051004/ NEWS02/510040380/1014 http://content.educationworld.com/a_admin/admin073.shtmlhttp://www.kentucky.com/mld/kentucky/news/12719269.htmhttp://www.jefflindsay.com/Block.shtmlhttp://www.pdkintl.org/kappan/kque0011.htm
–4 Day Week and –Block Scheduling
Resources
●http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200211/13_pugmiret_alldayk/ ●http://www.detnews.com/2001/schools/0103/03/schools-194865.htm ●http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content3/full.day.kinder.p.k12.3.html ●http://www.thisweek-online.com/2004/September/24mp191k.html ●http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0129/p01s03-ussc.html ●http://ceep.crc.uiuc.edu/eecearchive/digests/2001/clark01.html ●http://www.nwrel.org/request/dec2002/textonly.html#studies●htt[://www.teachersworkshop.com/twshop/sousa.html●http://www.ed.gov/pubs/SER/index,html#USES%20OF%20TIME●http://www.ed.gov/pubs/SER/UsesofTime/index.html
All Day Kindergartenand Quality of Time