Tieu Luan Chat Deo Pe Pp Ps Pvc Ptfe

GV hng dn: Ths L c Giang

Thc hin : H Th Thu Hin

CHT DO

PE - PS - PP - PVC-TEFLON

A. PHN M U
Cht do plastic vi ngha hp dng cho nhng hp cht hu c t nhin v tng hp, c kh nng to hnh hoc l dng cho nhng polime khng c tnh n hi cao nh hay khng c tnh cht kt tinh cao nh t si.Tt c nhng c im ny lm cho cht do tr thnh vt liu khng th thiu c khi gii quyt nhim v k thut phc tp: nh v bn, cch m, khng dn nhit, bn nhit, bn vi cc dung mi hu c v cc mi trng xm thc, chng c th tho mn bt c cc yu cu v thit k.

HDPE: High density polyethylene (polyetylen t trng cao )

LLDPE: Linear low-density polyethylene

(polyetylen mch thng t trng thp)

LDPE: Low-density polyethylene

(polyetylen t trng thp)

ABS: Acrylonitrin butadien styren

PET: Polyethylene terephthalate

Trong bi bo co ny, ti ch tp trung nghin cu v PP, PE, PS, PVC v Teflon. Ni dung nghin cu ca tng loi cht do ch dng li gii thiu tng quan, cc tnh cht c trng, phng php tng hp v mt vi ng dng ca n trong thc t.

Biu v nhu cu cht do nm 2007- 2008 ca th gii


B. CC KT QU NGHIN CU

Polyetylen: PE

Polypropylen: PP

Poly styren PS

Polyvinylclorua : PVC

Polytetrafluroethylene :Teflon (PTFE)


I. Polyetylen: PE
1. Tng quan v i tngMt trong cc cht do ph bin trn th gii (hng nm tiu th ton cu t 78 triu tn ) l Polyetylen.Polyetylen l hp cht hu c gm nhiu nhm etylen CH2-CH2 lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt hidro noc iu ch bng phn ng trng hp monoetilen (C2H4)

2. Cc tnh cht c trng ca PE
a. bn ho hc nhit thng PE bn vng vi H2 SO4 v HNO3 ( nng long) vi HCI ,H3 PO4, HCOOH v CH3COOH c. vi NH3 v cc mui amoni, cc dung dch kim, bn vng vi mi trng HNO3, H2 SO4 c, khng bn vi axitcromic. b. : bn thi tit. PE d b OXH bi xi khng kh, tia cc tm, nh nng mt tri Hin tng ny ngi ta gi l hin tng b lo ha. chng hin tng lo ha ta cho thm mui cng nghip c kch thc 30 m khong 1-2%. c. Tnh cht nhit hc chu lnh ca PE kh cao: 70oC PE mi bt u gin. Tuy nhin nhit nng chy thp.

d. Tnh cht cch in: PE c mc hao tn in mi thp nht.
PE l lai vt liu c tnh cch in cht lng cao, dng trong k thut in tn s cao.Tuy nhin tnh cch in ca PE cng thay i theo nhit .
Ch sPE cao pPE trung apPE h pin tr sut (.cm) 101710171017Tg(tg gc hao tn in mi),tn s 106hz (2-3).10-4(24).10-4(25).10-4 in th nh thng (kV/mm) 45 - 6014 - 6045 - 60

HDPET trng d= 0,95 0,96 Khng ht m, mc hp th nc trong 24h < 0,01% kt tinh 85 95%Sn phm c m ho mm thp (120oC), d gia cngChu ho cht ttCch in ttLc ko t 220 300 kg/cm2, c loitt cng ko t t 600kg/cm2 dn di 200 400%Nhit gin, gy: -80oCLDPEd = 0,92 0,93 (g/cm3)Khng ht mMc hp th nc < 0,02% kt tinh 60 70%Sn phm trong hn PEHD. 110oCLDPE hon ton trng thi v nh hnh, trong sut.im ho mm thp (90oC), rt d gia cng.Chu ho cht ttCch in ttLc ko t 114 150kg/cm2 gin di 400 600%Nhit gin, gy: - 80oC
Nha Polyetylen c nhiu loi: HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, VLDPE, nhng trong th trng ph bin l 2 loi HDPE v LDPE.


Phn loi PE theo t trng

Loi 4: 650 - 750% PEVLD ( very low density) c = 0.90.91g/cm3 (tng ng PP tinh khit).

Loi 5: PE-C (thay th mt s H trong PE bng clo): clorua ho nhm tng bm dnh cho PE.

Nhnh cha 10 C

Loi 1: 400 - 600% PELD (lowdensity) t trng thp = 0.920.93 g/cm3

C 2-6 C

Trn 1000C c 4-10 nhnh

Loi 2: 200 - 400% HDPE ( hight density) = 0.95 0.96g/cm3

1000C th c 10-35 nhnh ngn mi nhnh c 2-3 C (nhnh ngn c gin di ln nht)

Loi 3: PELLD (linear LD) c = 0.920.94g/cm3


TNG HP PE
Phn ng trng hp etylen thnh PE c th thc hin theo c ch gc hoc ion.PE c tng hp bng hai phng php: phng php trng hp p sut cao v phng php trng hp ionic p sut cao, hoc p sut thp.

Polietylen p sut cao c gi tt Polietylen cao p:

56.unknown

NG DNG CA PE


II. Polypropylen: PP

1. Tng quan
Polypropylen l mt loi polyme, l sn phm ca phn ng trng hp Propylen. Cng thc phn t: (C3H6)xT trong: PP v nh hnh l 0,85 g/cm3;PP tinh th l 0,96 g/cm3. gin di l 250 700%; bn ko di l 30 40 N/mm2.PP c ngha trong k thut khi c phn t lng t 80000 -200000 vC im nng chy: -165oCCng thc cu to:

2.Tnh cht

2.1: Tnh cht v nhit
t0nc = 160 - 1700C. Nu khng c tc dng ti trng t bn ngoi th cc sn phm ca PP c th gi nguyn dng ti 1500C PP chu lnh km( -5 -150C b gin ) Khong nhit lm vic thch hp ca PP (-5 400C)
2.2: Tnh cht ha hc

Vi nhit bnh thng PP khng tan trong cc dung mi, n ch trng n trong cacbua thm hoc cacbua c clorua ha.

Nhng nhit trn 80oC th PP bt u tan trong hai loi dung mi trn . PP hu nh khng tan trong du thc vt.

bn ho cht: Polymer c kt tinh ln > polymer c kt tinh b. PP thc t xem nh khng ht nc, mc ht m < 0,01%


2.3: Tnh cht c hcPP cng hn rt nhiu so vi PE. bn c hc ca PP ph thuc rt mnh vo tc cht ti. PP chu lnh km hn PE, d b oxi ha.
t0 = 200C k = 5660N/mm2

t0 = 1200C k = 89N/mm2

E = 670 - 1190N/mm2

dai va p 3,3 Ncm/cm2

cng Brinen 63N/mm2


3. Phng php tng hp
c iu ch di tc dng ca h xc tc cationic (TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)) trong dung mi hexan -80oC, p sut phn ng l 30 bar, p sut ny c iu chnh nh iu chnh tc a nguyn liu propylene v s dng thit b tng p.
87.unknown

ng PP. c dng trong ng dn nc sinh hot


Mt s cht liu lm t PP


III. Polystyren (PS)
Polystiren c bit n nm 1845 khi t nng styren trong ng thu tinh nhit 200C, tng hp c nh nhit phn cc hydro cacbon th loi nha ny mi c tp trung nghin cu. PS L loi v nh hnh cho nh sng lt qua 90% PS knh.Mono styren(vinyl benzol hoc phenyl etylen ):Cng thc cu to PS:
CH = CH2

26.unknown

Mt s tnh cht
a. ha tan.Rt d tan trong dung mi, tan trong cc dung dch cacbon thm, cacbua c clorua ha, xeton, estePS c phn t lng cao kh tan hn PS c phn t lng thp b. bn ha. PS l loi vt liu c bn ha hc tt nh c s bo ha ca cacbon trong mch cacbon cng vi s c mt ca gc phelnyl lm cho PS c bn hon ho vi nhiu dung dch hot ha. c. Tnh cht v nhit. bn nhit ca PS theo Mactanh l 800C cn theo Vic l 105 - 110oC .Nhit lm vic ti a trong mt khong thi gian lin tc ca PS l 70 - 75oC d.Tnh cht cch in. Cu trc mch ca PS hon ton l cacbua hydro nn to cho PS tnh cch in cc k hon ho.

e. Tnh cht c hc.Tnh cht c hc ca PS ph thuc vo mc trng hp hay phn t lng Gii hn bn ko ph thuc vo tc cht ti trng vi tc cht ti nh cho ta nhng gi tr bn nh.PS l loi cht do cng, gin nn gin di nh gin di tng rt mnh khi t0 80oC v PS bt u mm v dn dn dnh nh cao su. Khi nhit tng th modun gim. khi toC > 80oC th modun = 0.
= 1,05 - 1,06 (g/cm3)

k = 35 - 59 (N/mm2)

u = 56 - 133(N/mm2)

n = 80 - 112 (N /mm2)

E = (28 - 35).10-4(N/mm2)

= 120 - 200 (KN.cm/cm2)

HB = 140 - 160 (KN/mm2)


Phng php tng hp
PS c to thnh t phn ng trng hp stiren bng phng php trng hp gc vi cht khi u l peoxit. Phn ng uc tin hnh bng phng php nh tng hay trng hp khi:

Sn xut cc sn phm

trong ngnh in

ng dng

Sn xut cc sn phm

trong ngnh may mc

Trong cc ngnh khc


IV. Polyvinyl clorua (PVC)
Polivinyclorua l mt loi nha tng hp bng cch trng hp vinylclorua monome (MVC)
Hin nay PVC l loi nha nhit do c sn xut v tiu th nhiu th 3 trn th gii( sau polyetylen-PE v polypropylen-PP).
PVC dng bt mu trng. PVC tn ti hai dng l huyn ph (PVC.S - PVC Suspension) v nh tng (PVC.E - PVC Emulsion). PVC.S c kch thc ht ln t 20 - 150 micron. PVC.E nh tng c mn cao.

Tnh cht.
a Tnh ho tan ca PVCi vi PVC c n 500 d tan trong axeton este, RH c clorua ha. Nu n cao hn mc ha tan b hn ch. b. Phn t lng v phn tn. PVC c khuych tn cao ( n = 100 2500 mt xch). n >1000 chim 70% c tnh c l ha hon ho. Cht lng sp tt n 1000 chim 30% th sn phm c tnh c l km. Cht lng sp km c Tnh n nh nhitPVC l vt liu nhy nhit v t 140 th bt u phn hy, n t = 170 th qu trnh phn hy nhanh cho ta HCl v sm mu tng dn t trng vng => da cam => nu => en d. Tnh phi hp vi loi nha v cht ho do. PVC c th phi hp c vi mt lot cc polyeste mch si hoc mch ancid

Phng php tng hp
T acetylen: Ngy nay khng cn s dng do i t vi than qu tn km. T ethylen: QT s xy ra theo 2 bc. B1: Clo ho ethylen to ra 1,2-ethylen-diclorua(EDC); B2: Nhit phn EDC thnh MVC v axit clohyric HCl. Lung HCl d s dng oxy clo ho ethylen vi s c mt ca cht xc tc:


S qu trnh sn sut MVC kt hp oxyclo ho ethylen


ng dng

Lnh vc xy dng

k thut in t

sn xut t, xe my

sc kho con ngi


Cc lnh vc ng dng ca PVC trn th gii


Cc lnh vc ng dng ca PVC Vit Nam


V. teflon
(PTFE - polytetrafluroethylene (-CF2-CF2-)n)
1. Tng quan v i tng:Teflon c pht hin ln u tin bi Roy J. Plunkett (1910-1994) vo nm 1938 v n c bit n nh mt sn phm thng mi c hng DuPont tung ra th trng t nm 1946. y l mt ha cht hu c cha fluor, c tnh cht chu nhit v khng kt dnh.N to ra mt polyme c rt nhiu c tnh tt m cc loi cht do khc khng c c nh: bn nhit cao, tnh cch in cao, khng bt chy, h s ma st nh, chng mi mn caoHin nay xut hin cc loi Teflon sau: PTFE (c), Hoctaflen TF (c), Teflon (Dupon M), Ftaroplat (Nga). PTFE c th sn xut dng bt si ti xp, (Teflon*) c th dng ht mn phn tn vi kch thc ht 0,1 0,3m hoc dng dung dch huyn ph mu vng trng (mu sa) 50 60% polyme.

2. Cu trc ho hc ca Teflon
V Cu trc, c nhiu loi Teflon: Nha Teflon PTFE l mt polymer ca cc monome tetrafloetylen vi cng thc: (CF2-CF2)n Cc Hexafloetylen tetrafloetylen thuc loi co-polyme FEP: [CF (CF3)-CF2 (CF2-CF2)n]m Perfloankyloxy-polymer, PFA c li th nh Teflon PTFE vi cu trc: [CF (OR)-CF2 (CF2-CF2)n]m OR i din cho mt nhm perfloankyloxy.

3. Tnh cht vt tri ca nha Teflon3.1. ha tan v bn ha: Nha Teflon khng tan trong bt k mt loi dung mi no v rt bn vi cc ha cht3.2. kt tinh: kt tinh t l thun vi t trng. T trng ca Teflon phn kt tinh l 2,3g/cm3 cn phn v nh hnh l 2,05 grafit/cm3. Teflon l polyme dng tinh th, kt tinh ca n vo khong 80 85%. 3.3. bn nhit v bn c hcNha Teflon rt bn nhit v c tnh chng chy tt. Vt liu nha Teflon chu c nhit n 300oC.Nha Teflon c h s ma st thp v i lng ny khng ph thuc vo nhit . Do nha Teflon c kh nng chng bm dnh tt.3.4.Tnh cht in mi: Hng s in mi ca nha Teflon rt thp nn Teflon l mt trong nhng cht in mi tt nht trong k thut in.

Mt s tnh cht khc
T trng, g/cm3:2,14 2, 25 dai va dp, KG.cm/cm2:>20 bn, N/mm2: Khi ko (khng nhit luyn): Khi un Khi nn:14 - 2516 3111 - 14Bin dng di tng i, %250 500 cng Brinel, KG/mm2:3 4H s ma st Vi thp khng r 1X18H9T:0, 04 0,08H s dn nhit, kcal/m.gi, oC>400H s dn n di: T - 60 n 10 oC T - 10 n 20 oC T 20 n 120 oC T 120 n 280 oC8.10-58.10-511.10-515.10-5in tr ring th tch, m.cm, khng nh hn1017in tr ring b mt, m, khng nh hn1017in th nh thng tn s n 1019hz1,9 2,2Tang gc hao tn in mi tn s n 1010hz0,0002 0,0003

4. ng dng trong i sng
Cht trng b mt cho dng c nh bp

C. KT LUN

D kin sn lng PP v PE trong tng lai

Sn phm PE v PP s tng sn lng trong nhng nm ti

D bo sn xut PE v PP trong nm 2030 theo mc s pht pht thi

Trong giai on 2010-2020, gi ca PP s c mc tng thp hn gi PE.


Ch tch ca PlasticsEurope l Wilfried Haensel cho rng: Cht do s ng vai tr quan trng hn na trong cuc cch mng cng ngh tng lai. Hin nay, cht do c mt trong hu ht cc sn phm xung quanh chng ta; t my tnh, in thoai di ng, t, nh ca, my bay cho n cc tm pin mt tri u u chng ta cng nhn thy cht do..."


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Tieu Luan Chat Deo Pe Pp Ps Pvc Ptfe