Achieving Nation’s Competitiveness

Through Science, Technology, and Innovation

Yanuar Nugroho

Deputy Chief of Staff for Analysis and Strategic Issues

On Sicial, Cultural, and Ecological Affairs

Executive Office of the President, Republic Indonesia

yanuar.nugroho@ksp.go.id

Solo, 9 August 2016

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Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (1/5)

Clarity on Science & Technology policy framework underpins the Innovation System in the UK

Clear vision

Clear direction

Clear priority

Clear institutional setup

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VISION REGARDING RESEARCH AGENDA HAS TO

FIRST BE DEFINED

Learning from European Research Area – ERA (Green

Paper 04.04.07)

1. ERA Vision:

The European Research Area will deeply root

knowledge in society and free Europe’s knowledge

potential in all its dimensions: people, infrastructures,

organisations, funding, knowledge circulation and

global cooperation (p.9)

2. Making ERA vision reality

1. Promoting mobility of researchers

2. Developing research infrastructures

3. Strengthening research institutions

4. Sharing knowledge

5. Optimising research programme and priorities

6. International cooperation

GRAND CHALLENGES SHOULD THEN BE

DESIGNED TO STIMULATE RESEARCH STREAMS

GRAND CHALLENGES

“… are of sufficient scale and scope to capture the

public and political imagination, create widespread

interest among scientific and business communities

and NGOs and inspire younger people. They must be

capable of acting as an important tool for percolating

attention at all levels of society all the way down to

civil society and the public at large.” (EUR 23326,

2008:37)

CRITERIA for the GC:

1. Is it relevant to address at the EU level?

2. Is there a clear research dimension contribution?

3. Is it feasible as an economic or social investment?

problem of embeddedness

Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (2/5)

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GRAND CHALLENGES SHOULD THEN BE

DESIGNED TO STIMULATE RESEARCH STREAMS

(continued)

PRIORITIZATION WOULD HELP TO OPTIMIZE

RESOURCE ALLOCATION

GRAND CHALLENGES

1. Water security

2. Energy security

3. Disease

4. Sustainable

development

5. Aging & demography

6. Globalisation

7. Social cohesion

8. Work-life balance

9. Behavioural change

10. Trust in governments

11. Urbanisation

12. Prosperity & Stability

13. Exclusion & poverty

14. Social pathologies

15. Coexistence &

conflicts

16. Crime & corruption

17. Ethics of science &

technology

18. Knowledge divides

19. Techno-security

20. Food security

FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME 7 (FP-7)

RESEARCH PRIORITISATION

1. Information & Communication

Technology

2. Health (including medical)

3. Transport

4. Nanotechnology

5. Energy (including

renewable/green energy)

6. Food and Agro (including

consumption)

7. Environment (including climate

change)

8. Space

9. Security

10. Social Sciences & Humanities

1. Ideas (blue-sky res.)

2. People

3. Capacities

4. EUratom

5. Joint Research Capacity

Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (3/5)

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ROBUST INSTITUTIONAL SETUP WOULD THEN TAKE AGENDA INTO SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION

Institutional linkage and framework of coordination – UK example

Funding and Research Direction

EU Level |European Research Council

UK Level |UK Research Council

Research and Commercialisation

Universities and Patent Office

Private Sector Third Sector

Research Prioritisation and

Localisation

Local/ Regional Agencies

Researc

h fie

ld R

esearc

h f

ield

Remarks

•Clear & measurable research agenda and

priorities evaluation

•State direction, but organic evolution and

emergence NOT forced.

•S&T Act 1967: ministries have great

flexibilities to make/change adopt systems

of innovation can coordination be

legislated?

Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (4/5)

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LESSON LEARNED FROM OTHER REGIONS

Some lessons learned • EU – strong research policy

o ‘Aho report’ criticising failure to meet Lisbon target

o Triple Helix as norm, despite (heavy) criticisms

• BRIC – strong leadership

o Clear technology policy (or at least, technological visions)

o State plays a central role

• SEA – clear objective

o Singapore: clear policy, lead by state, influenced by business, ‘supplied’ by university; (civil) society

left behind market; services and service industries

o Thailand: policy transfer, referring to EU techno park as manifestation of TH practices; strong role

of government; central role of culture creative and services industry

o Malaysia: technology centre; strong role of government, high level of institutional coordination; high

participation of (civil) society; but lacking systems at national level

• India – wide participation

o Strong role of (civil) society, clear policy objective, facilitated by state, influenced by brain circulation

Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (5/5)

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Critics to the Triple Helix Model

(Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000)

On Emergence Innovations and Why

engaging the Third Sector

• “When separate, local efforts connect

with each other as networks, then

strengthen as communities of practice,

suddenly and surprisingly a new

system emerges at a greater level of

scale.”(Wheatley & Frieze, 2006)

• Knowledge is also produced in the third

sector

• ‘Jugaad’ innovation in India one of a

clear example that explains Emergence

ACADEMIA

STATE INDUSTRY

THIRD

SECTOR

Emergence innovations introduce the needs to transform collaboration

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Radio

Komunitas K

FM Dukun

MGL

Radio

Komunitas

Lintas Merapi

Deles Klaten

Radio

Komunitas

MMC FM Selo

Boyolali

Radio

Komunitas

Gema Merapi FM

Cangkringan

Sleman

Radio

Komunitas

LAHARA FM

Jumoyo MGL

Connecting 5 community radio in Merapi's slope with online media, as disaster awareness and preparedness media in normal situation. When crisis occurs, JALIN Merapi functions as early warning system and coordinating stakeholders (local community members, volunteers, donors, media, etc.). In 2010, mainstream media used JALIN Merapi's information as the main reference on Mt. Merapi's eruption.

JALIN Merapi’s Media Convergence: Community Radio + Two-way Communication Radio + CCTV + Fixed Telephone+ SMS Gateway + Website + Instant Messenger + Live Audio Streaming + Social Media

Selected Case Study Local example – Jalin Merapi

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100 NATIONAL

PRIORITIES 2015

335 NATIONAL

PRIORITIES 2016

10 CLUSTERS

OVERSIGHTED BY KSP

Current national focus and priorities are in need of quality STI and Research outputs

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Research and Evidence Based Policy Making is key to Improve National Competitiveness

Competitiveness pillars can be leveraged through STI, research and

evidence based policy making

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We need to improve our current Science, Technology, Innovation (STI) ‘Inputs’ and ‘Outputs’

International Publication Comparison Among

The ASEAN Countries - 1996-2014 Registered Patent Comparison Among Selected ASEAN

Countries (USPTO 2005-2014)

Researchers/

Million Citizen 1,071 765 2,590 7,000 8,000

GERD/ PDB 0.08% 0.39% 1.1% 2.0% 4.1%

Indonesia’s STI ‘inputs’ lags behind the neighboring countries…

…resulting in unsurprisingly poor ‘outputs’

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Key Takeaway - Revitalizing management of STI with Epistemic Community being the centerpiece is imperative

STI Management

Revitalization

STI resource and

ecosystem

improvement

Push for Evidence

Based Policy Making

Recommendations Action Items

• Revisit roles and functions of the STI actors (DRN, Ristekdikti, LIPI,

BPPT, AIPI, etc.) to create an Epistemic Community in Indonesia which has

the technocratic/ scientific influence rather than political

• Strengthening network and collaboration within the community and among

STI stakeholders, including government, academic, private, and third sector

• Integrate research and STI agenda in Indonesia including harmonization

with the nation’s development agenda

• Reforming researchers career path as the attempt to boost research output

and productivity

• Develop clear roadmap to support the case of increasing R&D

expenditure to GDP or national budget ratio

• Ensuring policy makers to make decision based on data while optimizing

findings based on research

THANK YOU

Appendix

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PEOPLE INNOVATION SHOULD NOT BE OVERLOOKED - Jalin Merapi (2/2)

“It was 5 November 2010, 19.30 [Indonesia time], when a call from a voluntary fieldworker alerted us. We received an emergency request from our Post at Wedi, Klaten, who just received refugees … and now needed 6,000 portion of nasi bungkus (rice meal). That phone call was so desperate, asking us to tell the public about the need. We did not dare to promise anything as it was already night time. Who could have provided that much rice meal in such circumstance? However, we kept trying. Our admin team did everything they could. Some called other Posts …but we did not get what we needed. Not even close. At 19.55, Nasir tweeted: #DONASI nasbung utk 6000 pengungsi di Pusdiklatpor Depo Kompi C, Wedi, Klaten. MALAM INI | Candy 081XXXXXXXXX [literally: #DONATION ricemeal for 6000 refugees at Pusdiklatpor Depo Kompi C, Wedi, Klaten, TONIGHT | Candy 081XXXXXXXX].

…We knew the tweet was re-tweeted by the followers of @Jalin Merapi. In half an hour, the phone rang again. The very volunteer in Klaten told us, gladly, that they have received the rice meal for the 6000 refugees. He wanted us to tell the public about the matter so that there would be no excess of rice meal. We were so glad and felt relieved. One of us tweeted: #DONASI Puslatpur Depo Kompi C, Wedi, Klaten sdh kelebihan stok nasbung. Air minum masih dibutuhkan [literally: #DONATION Puslatpur Depo Kompi C, Wedi, Klaten has received more than enough rice meals. Fresh water is still needed]. (ASD, Jalin Merapi volunteer, interview and written testimony, emailed 15/12/10)

@JalinMerapi > 44.000 follower

From Outside

Indonesia 45% Other 61%

COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

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PEOPLE INNOVATION OFTEN RESULTS IN A MORE EFFICIENT SOLUTION

Sub-district mobile internet service centre

(M-PLIK) vs. ICTs for Emergency Situation

(TIKUS DARAT)

o Government vs. Civil society initiatives

o Top-down vs. Bottom-up

o 40-50k USD per unit vs. 5-15k USD per unit

COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

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RESULTS OF MULTI STAKEHOLDERS COLLABORATIONS LEARNING FROM OTHER COUNTRIES (2/2)

The Jaipurfoot

• The need: prosthetics for the poor, which are durable, can be used for religious purposes (sitting on the floor), can be produced by low-skilled labours

• Result: Jaipurfoot costs US$30 (in the US: US$8k)

Buffalo School by Chaipattana Foundation

• Modernisation in agriculture has brought modern machinery, rapidly replacing buffaloes that in the past always played an important role in rice cultivation and had a close relationship with the farmer's life.

• Tractors start to be used widely but there are problems: tractor damages the soil and farmers fall deeply into debt to buy tractors.

• When the farmers want to use buffaloes again, they do not know how to control them; and vice versa, the buffaloes, which have been away from the field, cannot plough anymore.

COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

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Selected Case Studies (1/2) Examples from India

Mangalyaan

• India becomes the first Asian country to reach Mars, the 4th in the world

• Costs only US$75 million, three-quarter of the cost to make ‘Gravity’ movie (compared to NASA’s US$600 million mission to Mars)

Tata Swach • The need: clean, affordable water in remote, excluded

society.

• Tata Chemicals innovated and invented a portable water purifier using nanotechnology, which does not require energy or electricity to operate, and has a replaceable filter (swach means ‘clean’ in Hindi).

• Technology: rice-husk ash combined with nanotechnology

• Result: Each Swach costs Rs999 (US$22.50); sale projection: one million units per year; won the Gold Medal of the Asian Innovation Awards 2010; market expansion to Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America

18 Sept 2011 15 Sept 2012 5 Nov 2012 31 December 2012

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RESULTS OF MULTI STAKEHOLDERS COLLABORATIONS LOCAL EXAMPLES

Multistakeholder

‘action research’ :

PENCERAH

NUSANTARA

• Deployment of voluntary, team-based healthcare service at the most remote areas of Indonesia to be integrated with the local system

• Involvement of government (central and local), private sector, civil society, media, academics.

• Data collection and subsequent analyses over time

• Started 2011, in 7 locations, with 35 volunteers

Outcomes:

o Improvement of health and well being in the locations of deployment

o The model is adopted as the government’s priority in 2015, in 120 locations, with nearly 1,000 health workers

SMS 1708

Website

http://lapor.ukp.go.id

Mobile Apps.

Blackberry / Android

Social Media Apps.

@lapor_UKP4

By November 2013: - Over 200.000 users - 1,400 reports per day - Connected to 534 municipals - Connected to 64 ministries

+6285277227XXX (12 Sept 2011):

“A bridge at North Singkil District collapsed due to 2006 earthquake and has never been

fixed since. Probably, this is because we do not have a local parliamentarian

representing us at provincial level. The existence of this bridge is crucial to connect

villages in the region.

COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

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REFLECTIONS: WHY INNOVATION AND COLLABORATIONS MATTER

o Fostering public participation in development policy making

o Mobilising public knowledge and intelligence in shaping the future (foresight) through participatory policymaking and budgeting

Widening citizens’

participation: Beyond ‘click

activism’

Collectively creating safer

environment

Pushing for clean, transparent,

accountable, and effective

bureaucracy that delivers

quality public services

o Wider public participation (including private sector and civil society) in developing and monitoring development using ICTs (social/new media, mobile technologies) is one of the factors that make development sustainable.

o With ICT innovations, citizens can strategise their movement to demand for better public services, which will also drive for more transparent, accountable, and effective government performance.

COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION